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The article presents abstracts of geographic education presented at the Annual Meetings. They include "The Face of Northern Interior California," by David W. Lantis, "Six Nights in Baluçhistan, or …," by David E. Sopher, and "Blueprint for Latin America: Factories or Farms," by Langdon C. White.

From the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli U41/14 (serotype 03 :K2ab(L) : H2) an unusual amino sugar was isolated. By sequential oxidation with periodate and hypoiodite and by oxidation with periodate, followed by detection of acetaldehyde formed, the ammo sugar was characterized as a 2-amino- dideoxyaldose. The hydrochloride of the amino sugar, in comparison to those of 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-glucose, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose, 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-mannose, 2-amino-2, 6-di- deoxy-D-allose, and 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-gulose, was studied with aid of ion exchange column chromatography. The N-acetylated amino sugar was compared with the N-acetylated reference amino sugars with regard to their relative mobihties in paper chromatography. The ammo sugar alcohols and reference amino sugar alcohols were studied using paper electrophoresis in molybdate buffer. On the basis of the results obtained the unknown amino sugar was identified as 2-amino- 2,6-dideoxymannose (rhamnosamine). Its optical rotation showed it to be of the L-configuration. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of L-rhamnosamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinate dehydrogenase flavocoenzyme (‘SD-flavin’), previously shown to be an 8α-substituted riboflavin derivative containing a tertiary nitrogen homoconjugated to the flavin nucleus, was subjected to further hydrolysis and to reduction under acid conditions. Both conditions resulted in the liberation of 1 mole of histidine per mole of flavin. This proves histidine to be the covalent link between flavin and peptide backbone in succinate dehydrogenase and imidazole to be the tertiary nitrogen function homoconjugated to the flavin. 8α-Histidyl-riboflavin has been synthesized starting from riboflavin chemically and shown to be completely identical with the natural product in optical, ESR and NMR spectra, pH-fluorescence curve and behavior on thin-layer and paper chromatography, as well as paper electrophoresis. [This equation cannot be represented into ASCII Text] 3. Both the natural compound isolated by acid hydrolysis of flavin peptide and the synthetic one contain two isomers, which may be separated by high voltage electrophoresis. The isomers appear to be the N(1)- and N(3)-imidazole substituted compounds. Digestion of the flavin peptide with aminopeptidase M yields only one isomer but on treatment with 6-N HCl this is gradually converted to a mixture of the two isomers. The absolute assignment of the natural isomer is suggested as 8α-[N(3)-histidyl]-riboflavin on the basis of imidazole quaternization with CH3I, reductive cleavage of the flavin-imidazole bond and identification of the methyl-histidine liberated as 1-methyl-histidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4 UDP-trisaccharides present in the mammary gland and colostrum of the ewe were isolated and identified. The nucleotides, extracted by means of trichloracetic acid, were purified in the following way: 2 ion-exchange chromatographies on Dowex 1 (formate), filtration on Sephadex G-25, paper electrophoresis, pH 5, followed by paper chromatography in 3 different solvents. Using these fractionation techniques, 4 uridine derivatives (X1', X2', Y1', Y2') with positive reaction to the Warren neuraminic acid test, were obtained. UDP-5', which constitutes the nucleotidic part of the 4 derivatives, was defined more accurately after various acid or enzymatic analyses. The isolation of UDP-5' was made by ionexchange or paper chromatography and the total and labile phosphate was estimated. The Warren positive substances released from by neuraminidase or mild acid hydrolysis were identified as N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid for the X1', Y1' nucleotides, and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid for the X2', Y2' nucleotides. The behaviour of asialylated nucleotides to ion-exchange and paper chromatography is described as well as that of asialylated oligosaccharides. The 4 asialylated oligosaccharides contain galactose and an N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, the latter being N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the case of X1' and X2', and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in the case of Y1' and Y2'. Total analysis of UDPoligosaccharides shows a 1:1:1:1 ratio between uridine, N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, galactose, and neuaminic acid. The 1-P-trisaccharides and the trisaccharides were identified after phosphodiesterase hydrolysis followed by phosphatase hydrolysis. The N-acetyl-D-hexosamine carried the reducing group (sodium borohydride). Some structural characteristics of the 4 nucleotides were determined using β-galactosidase, neuraminidase, periodate, and periodate borohydride. Two of the nucleotides contain N-acetyl-glucosamine and are identical to those previously isolated from the goat colostrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to indicate something of the nature of "good programming." In this context, programming is taken to mean the entire process of communication between humans and computers. The programming process is sub- divided into nine tasks, and an elementary discussion of each of these tasks is presented. Although the paper is primarily directed to the student or novice programmer, more experienced people may find it a worthwhile aid in codifying or reinforcing their experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time and time again software projects, though undertaken by people of considerable intellectual ability, fail. This will doubtless be a continuing phenomenon, because software production is indeed a difficult task requiring wide-ranging skills. Certainly, no single paper can suddenly solve all the problems of software writing and eliminate the failures. The scope of this paper is limited to four stages in the execution of software projects, namely the planning, coding, testing, and final usage. These four crucial areas contain pitfalls that have been responsible for a large proportion of software failures, and it is hoped this paper will help avoid some of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the hidden-surface problem from tile point of view of sorting. The various surfaces of an object to be shown in hidden-surface or hidden-line form must be sorted to find out which ones are visible at various places on the screen. Surfaces may be sorted by lateral position in the picture (X I'), by depth (Z), or by other criteria. The paper shows that the order of sorting and the types of sorting used form differences among the existing hidden-surface algorithms. To reduce the work of sorting, each algorithm capitalizes on some coherence property of the objects represented. ‘Scan-line coherence,’ the fact that one TV scan line of output is likely to be nearly the same as the previous TV scan line, is one commonly used kind of coherence. ‘Frame coherence,’ the fact that the entire picture does not change very much between successive frames of a motion picture can be very helpful if it is applicable. By systematically looking for additional kinds of coherence and untried sorting orders and sorting types, the paper is able to suggest two promising new approaches to the hidden-surface problem. The first, a combination of three existing algorithms, is promising because it would capitalize on both frame and scan-line coherence. The second new approach would sort in the order Y, Z, X, … the only sorting order for which an existing algorithm could not be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to examine the range of ecosystems that is currently protected in national parks and reserves, to point out those examples that are unprotected and to establish a rational programme of priorities for protecting as complete a series as possible. The International Biological Programme has pioneered the field of large-scale survey work for the collection of data of relevance to this need and has contributed to the development of information retrieval techniques for handling the data. The first part of the paper discusses the rationale of the development of the data base and its modus operandi. The system is illustrated by two examples of retrieval and analysis for specific enquiries; the distribution of four species of Pinus, and the occurrence of grazing, logging and burning in national parks and equivalent reserves in the United States. The second part of the paper deals with system design, details of programming for the data base, and retrieval strategy. It is intended as an independent section which may be skipped if the reader has no interest in the finer points of the data base itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the school background of leaders in eight occupational groups: the civil service, foreign service, judiciary, Royal Navy, army, Royal Air Force, Church of England, and clearing banks. These elite groups were studied at four time intervals: 1939, 1950, 1960, and 1971. With the exception of the civil service, no significant change was discernible in the proportion of men who had attended public school. The paper also examines the university background of leaden in five of the groups: the civil service, foreign service, judiciary, Church of England, and clearing banks. Except for the Church of England, no significant change was recorded in the proportion of men who had attended Oxbridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the notoriously disordered and contradictory nature of Pareto's last and greatest work, the Trattato, is largely attributable to the place he was cast in the development of European social thought. Pareto set out to construct a rationalist-positivist model in the tradition of Bentham and Comte. But his acquaintanceship with a rising intellectual tradition, generally associated with the name of Nietzsche, confronted him with psychological and individualist themes which both revealed how little human action is governed by reason, and put in question the hypothetico-deductive model of Western science and its belief in objective truth. Pareto's resulting intellectual uprootedness translated itself into his last work. This work gained the virtue of presenting an original perspective on social behaviour, but suffered at the same time from not finding a methodology appropriate to its new interests. This paper also aims to show the centrality of Nietzsche's influence on Pareto, an influence almost completely neglected in the secondary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is usually presumed that the function of education is that of selection and that this is the most important conception of education of which sociologists should be aware. This paper presents historical and comparative material from two contrasting societies-Graeco-Roman Antiquity and West Africa in the late Middle Ages-which shows that the selective function was relatively unimportant. The paper concludes by suggesting that educational conceptions take a variety of forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with curriculum decision making in the school and the attempts to apply a sociological analysis to this important area. Its focus is on the 'micro' rather than on the 'macro' decision making process, i.e. within the school rather than within the educational system, though the significance of macro decisions is recognized throughout the paper. Commencing with a discussion of the role that may be played by the study of decision making in curriculum content and method, the paper goes on to suggest some of the orientations that influence such decisions. Six such areas are identified. In the light of these areas four ideological variables are hypothesized. These are finally brought together as components of a model of the autonomy and interrelationship of educational personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the career of Maurice F. Parmelee, sociologist, government official, nudist, and author of thirteen books, including the first American criminology text (1918). The contents of the latter are examined and contrasts with contemporary textbooks are noted. Parmelee's career is an anomoly, for although he published abundantly, he faded into sociological obscurity. Some conjecture is offered about scholarly career paths generally, drawn out of the Parmelee case. Finally, the paper argues that historical accounts of the development of American criminology are incomplete, for they fail to mention a number of early figures, including Parmelee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Mexican American, Negro, and Anglo improvement in labor force status between 1960 and 1970 in Racine, Wisconsin. This paper is concerned with the level of economic absorption of immigrants (compared to the Anglo population in Racine) as measured by changes in their occupation, income, and employment status between 1960 and 1970-71. The paper utilized U.S. Census data for 1960 and 1970 in order to compare Mexican Americans and Anglos in Texas and Negroes and Whites in Mississippi with their counterparts in Racine. Statistics generated from the Texas, Mississippi, and Racine Census data were in turn compared with statistics based on the authors' survey research data. The latter were taken from a longitudinal study of the processes of economic absorption and cultural integration among samples of predominantly immigrant Mexican Americans and Negroes, whose 1960 and 1971 interview data were compared with that of a control group of Anglos, half of whom were themselves immigrants.

The article presents a paper that proposes a four step strategy for locating urban population service facilities. Although developed with regard to a specific problem, dealing with a system of public day care centers, the strategy has considerable generality and is applicable to a wide variety of situations and scales. Since population service agencies typically operate under budget, manpower, and other constraints that restrict the number and size of facilities and preclude serving the entire population, particular attention is given to applying the locational strategy to that situation. This includes illustrating the procedure by examining the need for public day care service among the poor in Columbus, Ohio, and locational options for a system of public day care centers in its Model Cities area. The total costs of implementing the locational strategy described in this paper were substantial. Those related to estimating and mapping the demand or need surface for day care service, which in itself would provide valuable information for a service or planning agency, are relatively small.

The article presents a paper that has attempted to illuminate the problem of the persistence of specific organizational forms, a problem which has received some theoretical attention, but for which few operational clues exist. A notable exception is researcher Arthur L. Stinchcombe's hypothesis stating that when organizational elite structures are compatible with the interests and purposes of relevant external elites who control the resources upon which the organization depends, then the organizational form has a better chance of survival. The example analyzed in this paper was that of a city police control system that by all odds should have died a hundred years ago. The first task of this paper was to show how the Police Control Board, gradually worked out a routine police control operation that proved to be of great comfort and satisfaction to nervous elites suspicious of the city's will and ability to keep the dangerous classes in check. The second task of this paper was to analyze the social backgrounds of commissioners in order to show that they could hardly be anything but acceptable to elites since they themselves were recruited from elites and brought an elite perspective into the organization.

The article presents a paper that summarizes the present status of output measurement in urban government--the state of the art as well as the use being made of it--and discusses briefly prospects for its use and further development in the immediate future. The paper is concerned with measurement of both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of local government services. Two services, solid waste collection and recreation, are used to illustrate problems of measuring output and how they are being resolved. An important quality factor of solid waste collection is the resulting cleanliness. To measure this output the Washington D.C. government has implemented a method of inspector ratings of street and alley litter conditions. Three general conclusions regarding the present state of output measurement in local governments emerge from the two surveys. First, most governments collect some data on quantitative outputs. Second, some local governments collect data on qualitative aspects of output. And third, the state of measurements varies dramatically by service or program area.

A hitherto unknown amino sugar was discovered in lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of chemotype III of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The sugar (2-3% of the lipopolysaccharides dry weight) is detected as a shoulder on the descending part of the glucosamine peak obtained when acid hydrolysates of the lipopolysaccharides are passed through an amino acid analyzer. It was separated from the other amino sugars of the lipopolysaccharide (i,e. glucosamine, galactosamine, quinovosamine) by high voltage paper electrophoresis and subsequent paper chromatography. The mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated sugar as deuterium-reduced alditol acetate revealed the presence of a 6-0-methyl-2-amino-2-deoxyhexose. Demethylation of the isolated sugar afforded glucosamine and the demethylation of its ninhydrin degradation product yielded arabinose, which showed that the parental amino sugar is glucosamine. Authentic 6-O-methyl-D-glucosamine exhibited identical properties in paper chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis as did its alditol acetate derivative in gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These data prove that the unknown amino sugar in lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas palustris is 6-0-methyl-glucosamine. The strong positive optical rotation of the isolated sugar indicates its D-configuration. 6-0-Methyl-D-glucosamine is part of the O-specific chain and not of the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. Periodate-oxidation studies revealed that the sugar, like the other amino sugars of this lipopolysaccharide, does not occupy non-reducing terminal positions to any appreciable extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by the phosphoglucomutase for Β-glucose 1-phosphate (Β-phosphoglucomutase) has been examined in purified extracts of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. 1. The incubation of Β-glucose 1-[32P]phosphate with Β-phosphoglucomutase in presence of high concentrations (0.1 mM) of a commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (prepared synthetically) yielded a labelled compound running electrophoretically and chromatographically as the sugar bisphosphate. Specificity studies with Β-phosphoglucomutase and muscle phosphoglucomutase (α-phosphoglucomutase) strongly suggest that the compound formed is Β-glucose 1,6-[32P]bisphosphate. The results would also indicate that the commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate contains Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as contaminant. 2. When synthetic Β-glucose 1-phosphate preparations were purified by paper chromatography and then incubated with Β-phosphoglucomutase, no glucose 6-phosphate could be detected. On the other hand the reaction readily took place when challenged with the chromatographic fraction that runs as sugar bisphosphate. Upon analysis with etectrophoresis, chromatography and weak acid hydrolysis, and experiments with Β-phosphoglucomutase and α-phosphoglucomutase it was concluded that this compound is Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. 3. It was established that the natural α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate not only fails to sustain the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase but rather inhibits the reaction when added to the whole Β-phosphoglucomutase system, it was also demonstrated that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate acts as inhibitor of the α-phosphoglucomutase system. 4. These results show for the first time that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is an active and necessary participant in the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase. The role played by Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in this reaction would be essentially the same as that of the α-anomer in the reaction catalyzed by α-phosphoglucomutase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]