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The use of acrylic fibers has increased rapidly during the past several years. The major obstacles to the continued growth of both markets and production capacity of acrylic fibers seem to have been removed. This paper discusses the growth and development of the acrylic market, problems in dyeing the fibers, and suggests methods of overcoming difficulties. The advantages and disadvantages of various classes of auxiliaries, along with current industry dyeing procedures, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The more important durable flame retardants used as additives or coreactants in fibers or in finishes for fabrics are reviewed. Flame retardaets used as additives include propoxyphesphazene for rayon; tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate for acetates; hexabromobenzene, 2,5-dibromaterephthalic acid, a brominated tetrabramobisphenol A diol, phenylhesphonate polymer or E-7269 for polyester; and a variety of high melting halogenated polycyclics for polyelefin fibers. Acrylics are made flame retardant by modification with halogenated consumers. Flame retardant finishes for cotton fabrics include THPC and THP0H, Pyruvatex CP, MCC/100/200/300 and Fyrol 76. Tris(2,3-dibromoprepyl) phosphate is effective for 100% polyester fabrics, while Pyrovatex 3752 is being evaluated as a durable finish for polyester/cotton blends. Treatments for Wool carpets and fabrics are generally based en titanium or zirconium salts. Current trends indicate that modification of base polymer, the use of additives and the application of finishes all will continue to be developed and used to solve flame retardance problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This series of three papers will describe in general terms the great diversity of coating materials available today for application to textile substrates. Although some of the products and processes are more typical of Europe than of America, the principles discussed are generally applicable. The first article of this series deals with polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylates, and prevulcanized natural rubber latices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There appears to be some relationship, although it is not the most prominent dosage factor, between nicotine and psychological addiction to cigarettes. Investigations of physiological or pharmacological addiction to cigarettes have concentrated upon the primary importance of nicotine in the addictive process. Results of the analyses performed here would therefore suggest the independence of psychological addiction to cigarettes from the unvalidated concept of physiological or pharmacological addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extraction procedure to successively remove various additives from the fabric undergoing analysis is described. The resulting extracts are examined by infrared spectroscopy and identified by comparison with a catalog of Infrared spectra. In this study fluorochemical and flame retardant finishes are added to the functional categories previously examined. A comparison of extraction techniques is discussed and the need for a reliable catalog of reference spectra is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large loss in bursting strength encountered during crosslinking of cotton jersey knit fabric was almost entirely eliminated by knitting the fabric from mercerized plied yarn. The yarn-mercerized fabrics showed extraordinarily high strength retention when crosslinked with DMEU. The bursting strength not only equalled or exceeded that for the unmercerized, untreated fabric, but also reached 96-100% of the values for the same yarn-mercerized fabric prior to crosslinking. Also, the durability to abrasion damage during repeated laundering was higher for yarn-mercerized knit cuffs treated with 9% DMEU than for treated, unmercerized cuffs. Treated yarn-mercerized cuffs withstood 50-60 laundering cycles with high durable press and crease sharpness ratings, and with considerable dimensional stability. Unmercerized cuffs treated at this resin level withstood 32-39 cycles. Dimensional stability of the cuffs was further improved by addition of polyvinyl alcohol to the DMEU formulation, without affecting the laundering life or durable press performance. Theoretical and practical implications of unusual crosslinking effects observed in yarn-mercerized cottons are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further research on the mild cure finishing process for producing wrinkleresistant cotton has been carried out with the prime objective of reducing the time necessary for the curing step. Laboratory studies showed that the treatment of print cloth could be achieved by heating in a forced draft oven for two minutes at 100C without prior drying. The use of soluble carbohydrates, polymers and inorganic salts as additives in the process also was investigated. Treatments, with many modifications of processing variables, have been carried out on a semi-pilot plant scale With industrial type equipment. The mild cure finished fabrics have high wet wrinkle resistance in combination with high conditioned Wrinkle resistance which afford good durable press ratings upon line or tumble drying. Mild cure finished fabrics exhibited better soil release than untreated cotton upon laundering after aqueous and oily soiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

liquid glucose and dextrose be used as dyebath additives to reduce the consumption of sodium hydrosulfite in vat dyeing? Dyebath and blank dyebath stability studies based on redox titrations revealed such a possibility witb dextrin. Although sodium borobydride raises tbe dyebatb potential, it fails to reduce tbe rate of oxidation of the dyebath. Tbe enhanced rate of initial oxidation of tbe dyebatb by liquid glucose and dextrose sbows that these substances cannot be used as dyebatb stabilizers. A small quantity of dextrin can replace 10-15% of the sodium hydrosulfite normally used for vat dyeing. The results on dyebath stability have been confirmed by laboratory hank and jig dyeing, and by large scale mill dyeing trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a method for identifying softeners used for the treatment of durable press cotton fabrics. The method involves solvent extraction of the fabric and examination of the extract by infrared spectroscopy. Samples were prepared by treating mercerized printed cloth with commercial preparations of a long-chain ammonium compound, a modified polyethylene, a polyacrylate and a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene. Spectra of the softeners were obtained by casting a film of the softeners on an Irttran plate.

Various hydrophilic polymers with reactive alcohol moieties have been attached to the cellulose molecules within cotton fabrics by crosslinking agents. Changes in the chemical structure of the attached polymer groups have a pronounced effect on certain properties of the resultant textile fabrics. In this study, particular emphasis was placed on the changes in physical test properties and fabric hand achieved by the use of various hydrophilic polyether additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preliminary study was done on the role of some agents in inhibiting the demineralization of tooth enamel. The rate of dissolution of pressed pellets of hydroxyapatite was measured in unstirred acid buffers that contained various additives. Among several sucrose phosphates that reduced dissolution rates, the calcium salt appeared most valuable as a cariostatic agent in human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyebath stability studies have been made using dextrin and glucose as additives in the presence of sodium bisulfite. Redox curves reveal the possibility of increasing the stability of the dyebath containing only 50% of the hydrosulfite required for normal dyebath by using a combination of two additives, dextrin and sodium bisulfite. Dextrin increases the stability of leuco vat dye and sodium bisulfite retards the rate of oxidation of excess hydrosulfite. Laboratory dyeings and large scale mill dyeing trials confirmed the possibility of reducing the consumption of hydrosulfite by 50% by the addition of a combination of dextrin and sodium bisulfite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]