60 results
Search Results
2. Discussion paper: studies on the differentiation within the immune system.
- Author
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Haskill JS
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibody-Producing Cells, Antigens physiology, Binding Sites, Antibody, Cell Division, Cell Fractionation, DNA biosynthesis, Graft Rejection, Sheep immunology, Skin Transplantation, Spleen cytology, Spleen immunology, Thymus Gland immunology, Antibody Formation, B-Lymphocytes immunology, Immunity, Cellular, T-Lymphocytes immunology
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Discussion paper: in vivo and in vitro studies of suppression of the antibody response by anti-macrophage globulin.
- Author
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Stevenson JR and Stavitsky AB
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic analysis, Bacteriophages immunology, Cells, Cultured, In Vitro Techniques, Lymph Nodes immunology, Rabbits immunology, Antibody Formation, Immunoglobulins, Immunosuppression Therapy, Macrophages immunology
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Discussion paper: isolation and characterization of functional antigen-carrying T cells.
- Author
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Plescia OJ and Hursch JS
- Subjects
- Animals, Binding Sites, Antibody, Hemagglutination, Histocompatibility, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Sheep immunology, Spleen immunology, Time Factors, Antibody Formation, Epitopes, Erythrocytes immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Discussion paper: biological significance of macrophage RNA.
- Author
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Marshall WH
- Subjects
- Antigens, Humans, Macrophages analysis, Protein Binding, Antibody Formation, Macrophages immunology, RNA metabolism
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Studies on the polylysine immune responder gene. The rank order of immunogenicity of dinitrophenyl conjugates of basic homopolyamino acids in guinea pigs.
- Author
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Levine BB
- Subjects
- Animals, Arginine, Chromatography, Freund's Adjuvant, Guinea Pigs, Haptens, Hemagglutination Tests, Immunization, Ornithine, Paper, Serum Albumin, Bovine, Skin Tests, Trypsin pharmacology, Amino Acids, Antibody Formation, Dinitrophenols, Genes, Regulator, Hypersensitivity, Delayed immunology, Lysine
- Published
- 1969
7. Uptake of carbohydrate by polyribosomes during the immune response to ragweed antigen.
- Author
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Callaghan OH, Spitzer R, Kaplan MA, and Leija JG
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon Radioisotopes, Centrifugation, Density Gradient, Chromatography, Paper, Glucosamine metabolism, Immunization, Isotope Labeling, Liver metabolism, Lymph Nodes metabolism, Pollen, Puromycin, Rabbits, Ribonucleases, Spleen metabolism, Submandibular Gland cytology, Sucrose, Tritium, Uridine metabolism, Uridine Diphosphate Sugars metabolism, Antibody Formation, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Polyribosomes metabolism
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Immunological responses to sheep red blood cells in experimentally induced chronic uremia of rats.
- Author
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Raskova J and Morrison AB
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies analysis, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Chromatography, Paper, Hemagglutination Tests, Hemolytic Plaque Technique, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Kidney Failure, Chronic etiology, Kidney Failure, Chronic immunology, Male, Nephrectomy, Rats, Sheep immunology, Spleen cytology, Spleen enzymology, Thymidine biosynthesis, Thymidine Kinase metabolism, Antibody Formation, Antibody-Producing Cells immunology, Antigens, Erythrocytes immunology, Uremia immunology
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Antibody production in goat milk serum after virus instillation of goat mammary gland. V. Biochemical isolation and further characterization of antibodies to various influenza and mumps viruses.
- Author
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Pasieka AE, Guerin LF, and Mitchell CA
- Subjects
- Acetone, Acridines, Ammonium Sulfate, Animals, Chemical Precipitation, Chromatography, Gel, Chromatography, Paper, Electrophoresis, Goats, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Lactoglobulins isolation & purification, Mammary Glands, Animal microbiology, Molecular Weight, Neutralization Tests, Sodium Chloride, Spectrophotometry, Ultracentrifugation, Antibodies isolation & purification, Antibody Formation, Mammary Glands, Animal immunology, Milk immunology, Mumps virus immunology, Newcastle disease virus immunology, Orthomyxoviridae immunology
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Development of antibodies to porcine calcitonin during treatment of Paget's disease of bone.
- Author
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Dube WJ, Goldsmith RS, Arnaud SB, and Arnaud CD
- Subjects
- Animals, Binding Sites, Antibody, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Paper, Humans, Iodine Radioisotopes, Osteitis Deformans drug therapy, Swine, Time Factors, Antibody Formation, Calcitonin therapeutic use, Osteitis Deformans immunology
- Published
- 1973
11. Studies on thyroid immunity. VII. Splenectomy and monkey immune thyroiditis: thyroidal function and thyroxine transport
- Author
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Andrada, J. A., Comini, E., and Premachandra, B. N.
- Subjects
Male ,endocrine system ,Thyroiditis ,endocrine system diseases ,Complement Fixation Tests ,Freund's Adjuvant ,Thyroid Gland ,Articles ,Complement System Proteins ,Haplorhini ,Thyroid Function Tests ,Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ,Autoimmune Diseases ,Thyroxine ,Agglutination Tests ,Iodine Isotopes ,Antibody Formation ,Splenectomy ,Animals ,Macaca ,Electrophoresis, Paper ,Female ,Spleen - Abstract
The role of the spleen in humoral antibody formation and in the pathogenesis of immune thyroiditis was studied by splenectomizing four monkeys (Macaca mulatta) prior to thyroid isoimmunization. Splenectomized animals, as well as intact controls, were subjected to sequential immunizations and the course of the immune disease was followed by periodic thyroid biopsies and frequent humoral antibody measurements over a period exceeding 1 yr. Extirpation of the secondary lymphoid organ markedly inhibited agglutinating antibody response, prevented formation of complement-fixing antibodies, but had no effect on thyrocytotoxic antibodies. In animals subjected to immunization in complete adjuvant a trend towards a decrease in serum complement levels was evident at the terminal stages of the experiments. Despite the inhibitory effects on some immunological parameters, splenectomy in monkeys prior to thyroid isoimmunization did not interfere with the initiation and progression of pathological processes in the thyroid. Indeed in all splenectomized animals immunized with thyroid plus complete adjuvant, fibrotic thyroid lesions (4+) with virtual obliteration of thyroid follicles were evident, in some as early as 120 days after primary immunization; in contrast, non-fibrotic and less severe lesions were noted in the intact animal despite being repeatedly subjected to similar immunization procedures over a period of 340 days. Immunization in the absence of complete adjuvant did not induce thyroid lesions in the presence or absence of spleen. In all animals with severe thyroid lesions, thyroid function decreased as revealed by T4 and 131I-T3 resin uptake measurements. Paper electrophoresis of serum specimens from a monkey subjected to thyroid isoimmunization in complete adjuvant (and after equilibration with 125I-T4) showed a pronounced retention of 125I-T4 radioactivity at the gamma globulin region indicating formation of antibodies to thyroxine. On the other hand, in sera with a low thyroid antibody titre as in splenectomized monkeys or in those animals immunized within complete adjuvant, T4-binding antibodies were not evident. It is concluded that removal of the spleen prior to thyroid isoimmunization in monkeys, rather than inhibiting the severity of the disease may even aid and abet immunopathogenic events destructive to the thyroid.
- Published
- 1973
12. Antigenic Variants of Influenza B Virus
- Author
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W. K. Chang, Marguerite S. Pereira, G. C. Schild, Pratima Chakraverty, Walter R. Dowdle, and M. Coleman
- Subjects
Immunodiffusion ,Orthomyxoviridae ,Neuraminidase ,Cross Reactions ,Antibodies, Viral ,H5N1 genetic structure ,Virus ,Microbiology ,Disease Outbreaks ,Japan ,Influenza, Human ,Antigenic variation ,Humans ,Antigens, Viral ,General Environmental Science ,biology ,Immune Sera ,General Engineering ,Outbreak ,virus diseases ,Genetic Variation ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,United Kingdom ,United States ,Immunization ,Influenza Vaccines ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Hong Kong ,Seasons ,Antibody - Abstract
From 1967 to 1971 little antigenic variation was detected in the prevalent influenza B viruses but in December 1972 a new antigenic variant of influenza B was isolated in Hong Kong from sporadic cases of influenza. The new variant, B/Hong Kong/5/72, possessed a haemagglutinin antigen which showed considerable antigenic differences from that of former influenza B strains while its neuraminidase antigen was closely related to that of the earlier, 1967-71, isolates. The B/Hong Kong/5/72 variant became the predominant influenza B strain in the United Kingdom by early summer 1973, and in both the United Kingdom and Japan this strain was associated with outbreaks of influenza. Strains antigenically intermediate between the 1967-71 isolates and B/Hong Kong/5/72 were isolated in a number of countries, often concurrently with B/Hong Kong/5/72-like strains. Serological studies indicated that antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 was infrequent in the populations in the United Kingdom and the U.S.A., suggesting the possibility of future epidemic activity associated with the new variant. In addition, conventional inactivated influenza vaccines containing the older influenza B isolates given to volunteers stimulated poor antibody responses to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus. These studies indicate the desirability of immunizing high risk patients against B/Hong Kong/5/72-like viruses before the coming influenza season. Vaccine containing the new variant influenza B strain are currently available in the United Kingdom.
- Published
- 1973
13. Controlled Trial of Various Anti-D Dosages in Suppression of Rh Sensitization following Pregnancy: Report to the Medical Research Council by the Working Party on the Use of Anti-D Immunoglobin for the Prevention of Isoimmunization of RH-Negative Women During Pregnancy
- Subjects
Clinical Trials as Topic ,Erythrocytes ,Rh-Hr Blood-Group System ,Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic ,Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood ,Infant, Newborn ,Papers and Originals ,Fetomaternal Transfusion ,Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic ,Erythroblastosis, Fetal ,Isoantibodies ,Pregnancy ,Immunoglobulin G ,Antibody Formation ,Humans ,Female ,Adsorption ,Antigens ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
In a controlled trial phials containing 200 mug, 100 mug, 50 mug, or 20 mug of IgG anti-D were given to nearly 2,000 D-negative primiparae whose infants were D-positive and ABO-compatible. Only mothers whose serum lacked anti-D were included and the dose of anti-D was always given within 36 hours of delivery. Each phial contained the same total volume of immunoglobulin and the particular dose given to any patient was not known to the clinician. The anti-D content of the phials was estimated three times during the course of the trials and remained fairly constant. Six months after delivery the incidence of a positive indirect antiglobulin test result, indicating the presence of anti-D, in the four dose groups (with about 450 women in each group) was as follows: 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.44%, and 1.35%. The trend towards an increase in the frequency of failures as the dose decreases was significant at the level of P=0.02.In each dose group about 200 women were followed to the end of a second pregnancy with a D-positive infant. The failure rates (in order of decreasing dosage) as judged by a positive indirect antiglobulin test result at the second delivery were as follows: 1.5%, 1.1%, 1.5% and 2.9%. The differences between the dose groups were not statistically significant. The overall failure rate (1.7%) was about one-tenth of that expected in an untreated series. Though the results failed to prove any differences in success rates between doses of 200, 100, 50, and 20 mug of anti-D, they do suggest, in conformity with other evidence, that a dose of 20 mug is suboptimal for routine use. The results support the belief that a dose of 100 mug is adequate.
- Published
- 1974
14. Maternal HL-A Antibodies and Fetal Sex
- Author
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Karl Johansen and Hilliard Festenstein
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Locus (genetics) ,Fetus ,HLA Antigens ,Pregnancy ,Fetal sex ,Internal medicine ,Histocompatibility Antigens ,Medicine ,Humans ,Sex Ratio ,General Environmental Science ,biology ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Infant, Newborn ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Histocompatibility ,Parity ,Endocrinology ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,Antibody ,business ,Male to female ,Sex ratio - Abstract
In a study of 960 pregnancies a significantly higher male to female birth ratio was found among primigravidae who developed HL-A antibodies, which was highest where these were monospecific. In the whole group male births predominated in women with antibodies to HL-A 1 and 11 (first locus) and HL-A 5, 12, and 13 and TYT (second locus).
- Published
- 1974
15. Clinical and Laboratory Studies with Rubella Vaccines in Adults*
- Author
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Catherine Peckham, J. A. Dudgeon, G. T. Hawkins, and W.C. Marshall
- Subjects
Male ,Prevalence ,medicine.disease_cause ,Rubella ,Virus ,Rubella vaccine ,Blood serum ,Pregnancy ,Medicine ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,General Environmental Science ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,Vaccination ,General Engineering ,Rubella virus ,Viral Vaccines ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Immunology ,Antibody Formation ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Three live attenuated rubella vaccines were tested in adult volunteers. Clinical reactions were mild, but were more noticeable in vaccinated non-immune subjects than in control subjects. With the exception of two individuals, all of the remaining 54 subjects developed an immune response; the level of antibodies found was somewhat lower than that resulting from natural infection. Though virus could be isolated from some of the seronegative volunteers after vaccination, no evidence was found of transmission of infection.
- Published
- 1969
16. Secretory IgA in Urinary Tract Infections
- Author
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Roger Katz, Donald B. Kaufman, and Rawle M. McIntosh
- Subjects
Male ,Immunodiffusion ,Urinary system ,Urinary Bladder ,Urine ,Immunoglobulin G ,medicine ,Humans ,Child ,General Environmental Science ,Radial immunodiffusion ,Urinary bladder ,biology ,business.industry ,Immune Sera ,General Engineering ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Gamma globulin ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunoglobulin M ,Child, Preschool ,Immunology ,Antibody Formation ,Chronic Disease ,Urinary Tract Infections ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,gamma-Globulins ,business - Abstract
Secretory IgA, measured by radial immunodiffusion, was compared in the urine of children with chronic and recurrent non-obstructive urinary tract infections with that in normal children. IgA, IgG, and IgM were also measured. Absent and low levels of IgA(s) were found in both groups; however, the mean levels of IgA(s) were significantly higher in the infected group compared with normals—3·3 to 0·78 mg./24 hours, respectively. Secretory IgA was found to be locally produced in the bladder. It is suggested that IgA(s) levels reflect an antibody response to infection.
- Published
- 1970
17. SUPPLEMENT
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Coxsackievirus Infections ,Articles ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,Cardiac Tamponade ,Disease Outbreaks ,Electrocardiography ,Feces ,Neutralization Tests ,Antibody Formation ,Humans ,Pericarditis ,Female ,Child ,Aged ,Enterovirus - Abstract
During a widespread Coxsackie B5 epidemic which occurred in Finland in the autumn of 1965 18 patients with acute myopericarditis were admitted to Kuopio Central Hospital (530 beds, representing a hospital district with 270,000 inhabitants) within a period of three months.The mean age of these patients was 28 years. Twelve were males and six were females.In 12 cases Coxsackie B5 virus and in one case Coxsackie A9 virus were isolated from the faeces. A significant increase in neutralizing antibodies or high antibody titres (/=1:128) were noted in 16 cases against Coxsackie B5 and in one case against Coxsackie A9. In two cases the cause of the myopericarditis remained obscure.All the patients had fever. Six showed all classical criteria of pericarditis: chest pain, pericardial rub, E.C.G. changes, and radiologically observable enlargement of the heart. As regards the various criteria, E.C.G. changes were found in all cases. Signs of cardiac tamponade were observed in one patient. Five, in addition, showed aseptic meningitis.All the patients recovered. Twelve were re-examined at an average of seven months after discharge from hospital. All were symptom-free except one, who still showed E.C.G. changes.
- Published
- 1968
18. Rubella Vaccine Trial in Children
- Author
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C. C. Draper, Irene B. Hillary, A. H. Griffith, P. N. Meenan, and G. D. Laurence
- Subjects
medicine.disease_cause ,Rubella ,Serology ,Rubella vaccine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Rubella Vaccine ,Child ,General Environmental Science ,Transmission (medicine) ,business.industry ,Viral Vaccine ,General Engineering ,Infant ,Rubella virus ,Viral Vaccines ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Vaccination ,Immunization ,Child, Preschool ,Immunology ,Antibody Formation ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,bacteria ,Female ,Joint Diseases ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A study with RA 27/3 attenuated rubella virus vaccine (Plotkin strain) showed that this produced a significant antibody response in all of twenty-one vaccinated non-immune children without any appreciable marked clinical reactions. Serological examination of 53 non-immune and 29 immune siblings living in the same households failed to show any evidence of transmission of infection.
- Published
- 1969
19. Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia and Mefenamic Acid Therapy
- Author
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G. L. Scott, A. B. Myles, and P. A. Bacon
- Subjects
Drug ,Male ,Mefenamic acid ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,In Vitro Techniques ,Warm antibody ,Arthritis, Rheumatoid ,Mefenamic Acid ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Osteoarthritis ,medicine ,Humans ,ortho-Aminobenzoates ,Methyldopa ,Heinz Bodies ,General Environmental Science ,media_common ,Antihuman globulin ,biology ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,In vitro ,Immunology ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune ,Antibody ,business ,medicine.drug ,Heinz body - Abstract
Three patients developed autoimmune haemolytic anaemia while being treated with mefenamic acid. In each case the autoimmune haemolytic anaemia was of the warm antibody γG type, and the antibodies had some rhesus specificity. All three patients recovered when the drug was withdrawn. Attempts to inhibit or enhance the activity of the antibody in vitro were unsuccessful. Direct antihuman globulin tests were made in.the red cells of 36 patients receiving long-term mefenamic acid therapy, but only one was found to be transitorily positive.
- Published
- 1968
20. Immunological Studies in Kaposi's Sarcoma in Uganda
- Author
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J. F. Taylor, J. L. Ziegler, S. K. Kyalwazi, and S. P. Master
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Biology ,Delayed hypersensitivity response ,Immunoglobulin G ,Antibodies ,Antigen ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,Humans ,In patient ,Hypersensitivity, Delayed ,Uganda ,Antigens ,Kaposi's sarcoma ,Sarcoma, Kaposi ,Nitrobenzenes ,General Environmental Science ,Skin Tests ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Immunoglobulin M ,Immunology ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Sarcoma ,Antibody - Abstract
An evaluation of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms was performed on patients with Kaposi9s sarcoma in Uganda. Antibody responses and immunoglobulin levels were normal in all patients studied. Nevertheless, a striking impairment in the delayed hypersensitivity response to dinitrochlorobenzene was noted in patients with the “malignant” type of tumour.
- Published
- 1970
21. Human Polyomavirus Infection in Renal Allograft Recipients
- Author
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A. M. Field, D. V. Coleman, and S. D. Gardner
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,medicine.medical_treatment ,viruses ,Prednisolone ,Population ,Biology ,Urine ,Virus ,Serology ,Inclusion Bodies, Viral ,Postoperative Complications ,Cytology ,Azathioprine ,medicine ,Humans ,Transplantation, Homologous ,education ,Child ,Cyclophosphamide ,Kidney transplantation ,General Environmental Science ,Immunosuppression Therapy ,education.field_of_study ,General Engineering ,Immunosuppression ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Kidney Transplantation ,Transplantation ,Microscopy, Electron ,Virus Diseases ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,Kidney Diseases ,Antibody ,Polyomavirus - Abstract
Cytological and virological studies on 74 patients with functioning renal allografts were undertaken to detect polyomavirus infection of the renal tract. Ten patients (13.5%) were excreting polyomavirus. Virus particles were seen in the electron microscope in urine samples from eight patients. B.K. polyomavirus was isolated from four patients. Infection with a different polyomavirus was probable in one patient. Virus isolation was most readily achieved when large numbers of intact virus particles were seen in the urine. Patients who were excreting large amounts of polyomavirus shed numerous inclusion-bearing cells which could be detected by cytology. A serological study showed that the prevalence of B.K. antibody was similar to that found in the general population and 38% of this series of transplant patients had evidence of active infection with B.K. virus.
- Published
- 1973
22. Reduction in Incidence of Ampicillin Rash by Purification of Ampicillin
- Author
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E. T. Knudsen, Janet M. Dewdney, and J. A. P. Trafford
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Immunoglobulin G ,Microbiology ,Ampicillin ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,General Environmental Science ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,biology ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,General Engineering ,Proteins ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Haplorhini ,Rash ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Drug Eruptions ,Rabbits ,medicine.symptom ,Antibody ,Drug Contamination ,Antibody formation ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Purification of ampicillin (Penbritin) with respect to protein impurities has been found significantly to reduce the incidence of rashes in treated patients. This may be related to findings in animals that injections of the isolated protein impurity can induce the formation of circulating IgG antibodies and skin-sensitizing antibodies.
- Published
- 1970
23. Antigenic variation in influenza viruses, with special reference to Hong Kong influenza*
- Author
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Webster, R. G.
- Subjects
Adult ,Adolescent ,Neuraminidase ,Discussion Papers—Session II ,Cross Reactions ,Middle Aged ,Orthomyxoviridae ,Birds ,Child, Preschool ,Antibody Formation ,Influenza, Human ,Animals ,Humans ,Horses ,Antigens ,Child ,Aged - Published
- 1969
24. Prevention of Rhesus Immunization. A Controlled Clinical Trial with a Comparatively Low Dose of Anti-D Immunoglobulin
- Author
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G. J. Kloosterman, C. Dudok de Wit, Ch. M. v. D. Weerdt, and Els Borst-Eilers
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Active immunization ,Gastroenterology ,Erythroblastosis, Fetal ,Pregnancy ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Maternal-Fetal Exchange ,General Environmental Science ,Treated group ,Rh-Hr Blood-Group System ,biology ,business.industry ,Low dose ,Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic ,General Engineering ,Infant, Newborn ,Transplacental ,Gamma globulin ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Delivery, Obstetric ,Fetomaternal Transfusion ,Clinical trial ,Parity ,Immunology ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,gamma-Globulins ,Antibody ,business - Abstract
A controlled clinical trial was carried out to test the effectiveness of a comparatively low dose of anti-D immunoglobulin (250 μg) in preventing rhesus immunization. In the control group 17 out of 329 women (5%) formed rhesus antibodies, whereas in the treated group only 3 out of 333 women (0.9%) showed active immunization, all three of whom had an exceptionally large transplacental bleeding.
- Published
- 1968
25. Agglutinin Response to Pertussis Vaccination in the Child
- Author
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R. I. Mackay, J. D. Abbott, and N. W. Preston
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Whooping Cough ,Antibodies ,Agglutinin ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Whooping cough ,General Environmental Science ,Pertussis Vaccine ,Booster (rocketry) ,Tetanus ,business.industry ,Diphtheria ,Vaccination ,General Engineering ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Immunization ,Immunology ,Antibody Formation ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Pertussis vaccine ,Rabbits ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Children were immunized with plain pertussis vaccine made by three manufacturers in 1967. After a primary course of three injections at monthly intervals, starting at 3-4 months of age, the agglutinin response was poor. Even after a “booster” dose, given five months later, not all of the vaccines had stimulated a response to all three pertussis agglutinogens. A further investigation with current vaccines of different kinds administered according to more than one schedule is recommended.
- Published
- 1971
26. Roles of T and B lymphocytes in the termination of unresponsiveness to autologous thyroglobulin in mice.
- Author
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Clagett JA and Weigle WO
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibody Specificity, Autoradiography, Bone Marrow immunology, Bone Marrow Cells, Cattle, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Goats immunology, Hemolytic Plaque Technique, Horses, Immune Sera isolation & purification, Immunization, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Iodine Radioisotopes, Isotope Labeling, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Nitrogen analysis, Rabbits immunology, Spleen immunology, Thymus Gland immunology, Thyroid Gland pathology, Thyroiditis pathology, Antibody Formation, Autoantibodies biosynthesis, B-Lymphocytes immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Thyroglobulin, Thyroiditis immunology
- Abstract
The data presented in this paper support the hypothesis that unresponsiveness to autologous thyroglobulin (Tg) exists in the T cells and responsiveness exists in the B cells. Such a conclusion is based on the results of antigen-binding studies where few, if any, thymocytes recognized syngeneic Tg. Comparable numbers of antigen-binding lymphocytes for syngeneic Tg were found in the spleens of normal intact mice and of nude mice. The latter fact suggested that B cells exist which recognize self-constituents. From antigen-suicide experiments, a clearer picture of the susceptibility of B cells to iodinated self-antigen and of the obligatory role of antibody in the induction of lesions was developed. Only bone marrow cells (B cells) were affected by [(125)I]syngeneic Tg, in which case the incidence of lesions was diminished. From adoptive transfer experiments, the results demonstrate that unresponsiveness may be terminated by immunization with a mixture of heterologous (cross-reacting) Tg's. In this situation T cells are required since a B-cell reconstituted host failed to make antibody (plaque-forming cells) and to develop lesions. T cells in this form of an unresponsive state may recognize determinants on the heterologous Tg unrelated to autologous Tg and as such stimulate the normal complement of B cells to produce antibody that both reacts with autologous and heterologous Tg.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Genetic control of immune responses in vitro. 3. Tolerogenic properties of the terpolymer L-glutamic acid 60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) for spleen cells from nonresponder (H-2s and H-2q) mice.
- Author
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Kapp JA, Pierce CW, and Benacerraf B
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibody-Producing Cells, Cells, Cultured, In Vitro Techniques, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred DBA, Mice, Inbred Strains, Polymers, Alanine pharmacology, Antibody Formation, Genetics, Glutamates pharmacology, Immune Tolerance, Spleen immunology, Tyrosine pharmacology
- Abstract
Although nonresponder, H-2(s) and H-2(q), mice fail to develop GAT-specific PFC responses to GAT, they do develop GAT-specific PFC responses when stimulated by GAT complexed to an immunogenic carrier such as methylated bovine serum albumin. The studies described in this paper show that injection of nonresponder mice with GAT specifically decreases their ability to develop anti-GAT PFC responses to a subsequent challenge with GAT-MBSA. Addition of GAT to cultures of spleen cells from nonresponder mice also prevents development of the GAT-specific PFC responses stimulated by GAT-MBSA. Thus, interaction of nonresponder spleen cells with GAT leads to the induction of unresponsiveness in vivo and in vitro. Various parameters of the tolerance induction have been investigated and described. A comparison of the effects of GAT on B cells indicates that nonresponder B cells are more readily rendered unresponsive by soluble GAT than are responder B cells. The significance of these data for our understanding of Ir gene regulation of the immune response is discussed.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Cell to cell interaction in the immune response. 3. Chromosomal marker analysis of single antibody-forming cells in reconstituted, irradiated, or thymectomized mice.
- Author
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Nossal GJ, Cunningham A, Mitchell GF, and Miller JF
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Bone Marrow Cells, Immunity, Injections, Methods, Mice, Thoracic Duct, Thymus Gland, Antibody Formation, Antigens, Chromosomes, Radiation Effects, Spleen cytology, Thymectomy
- Abstract
Two new methods are described for making chromosomal spreads of single antibody-forming cells. The first depends on the controlled rupture of cells in small microdroplets through the use of a mild detergent and application of a mechanical stress on the cell. The second is a microadaptation of the conventional Ford technique. Both methods have a success rate of over 50%, though the quality of chromosomal spreads obtained is generally not as good as with conventional methods. These techniques have been applied to an analysis of cell to cell interaction in adoptive immune responses, using the full syngeneic transfer system provided by the use of CBA and CBA/T6T6 donor-recipient combinations. When neonatally thymectomized mice were restored to adequate immune responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes by injections of either thymus cells or thoracic duct lymphocytes, it was shown that all the actual dividing antibody-forming cells were not of donor but of host origin. When lethally irradiated mice were injected with chromosomally marked but syngeneic mixtures of thymus and bone marrow cells, a rather feeble adoptive immune response ensued; all the antibody-forming cells identified were of bone marrow origin. When mixtures of bone marrow cells and thoracic duct lymphocytes were used, immune restoration was much more effective, and over three-quarters of the antibody-forming mitotic figures carried the bone marrow donor chromosomal marker. The results were deemed to be consistent with the conclusions derived in the previous paper of this series, namely that thymus contains some, but a small number only of antigen-reactive cells (ARC), bone marrow contains antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP) but no ARC, and thoracic duct lymph contains both ARC and AFCP with a probable predominance of the former. A vigorous immune response to sheep erythrocytes probably requires a collaboration between the two cell lineages, involving proliferation first of the ARC and then of the AFCP. The results stressed that the use of large numbers of pure thoracic duct lymphocytes in adoptive transfer work could lead to good adoptive immune responses, but that such results should not be construed as evidence against cell collaboration hypotheses. Some possible further uses of single cell chromosome techniques were briefly discussed.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Cell to cell interaction in the immune response. IV. Site of action of antilymphocyte globulin.
- Author
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Martin WJ and Miller JF
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Antilymphocyte Serum pharmacology, Chromium Isotopes, Erythrocytes, Hemolysin Proteins, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Injections, Intravenous, Mice, Radiation Effects, Sheep, Spleen immunology, Thymus Gland, Antibody Formation drug effects, Binding Sites drug effects, Immune Sera pharmacology, Immunosuppressive Agents, Lymphocytes, Spleen cytology
- Abstract
In this series of papers it has been shown that the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes requires the participation of two classes of lymphoid cells. Thymus-derived cells initially react with antigen and then interact with another class of cells, the antibody-forming cell precursors, to cause their differentiation to antibody-forming cells. Antilymphocyte globulin depressed the ability of mice to respond to sheep erythrocytes. This effect was more marked when the antigen was injected intraperitoneally than intravenously, and occurred only when the antilymphocyte globulin was given before or simultaneously with antigen. Injection of thymus cells restored to near normal the ability to respond to an intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes. Spleen cells from antilymphocyte globulin-treated mice gave a weak adoptive immune response in irradiated recipients. The addition of thymus cells however enabled a response similar to that given by normal spleen cells. When thymectomized irradiated recipients were used, normal spleen cells continued to give a higher response to a challenge of sheep erythrocytes at 2 and 4 wk postirradiation than did spleen cells from ALG-treated donors. This result is more consistent with the notion that thymus-derived target cells are eliminated, rather than temporarily inactivated, by antilymphocyte globulin. These findings suggest that, in vivo, antilymphocyte globulin acts selectively on the thymus-derived antigen-reactive cells.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Lymphoid cellular responses in the blood after immunization in man.
- Author
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Crowther D, Fairley GH, and Sewell RL
- Subjects
- Autoradiography, Carcinoma immunology, DNA biosynthesis, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Hodgkin Disease immunology, Humans, Lymphocytes cytology, Lymphocytes metabolism, Melanoma immunology, Methods, Microscopy, Electron, Stomach Neoplasms immunology, Thymidine, Time Factors, Tritium, Antibody Formation, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Immune Tolerance, Lymphocytes immunology, Plasma Cells immunology
- Abstract
A combined morphological and metabolic study has been made of the lymphoid cells in the blood during the immune response in man. Similar changes were observed in both primary and secondary responses to a number of different microbial antigens. The cellular response involved an increase in numbers of three types of cell; hyperbasophilic medium lymphocytes, plasma cells, and large lymphoid cells. The large lymphoid cells were about 20 micro in diameter with large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and an intensely basophilic cytoplasm with numerous polyribosomes. About 30% of these cells were in the DNA synthetic phase of cell growth. Electron microscopy has shown that many of the basophilic medium-sized cells have sufficient well-organized endoplasmic reticulum to be included in the plasma cell series. The hyperbasophilic cells labeled more heavily with tritiated uridine and tritiated leucine than the normal small and medium lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients not under antigenic stimulation. The evidence in this paper supports the argument that the atypical mononuclear cells first described by Türk and others in the blood of patients with infections are immunoblasts, plasma cells, and other reactive lymphoid cells representing a circulating population of lymphoid cells derived from lymphoid tissue responding to antigenic stimulation. The presence of such cells may be a valuable indication that an immunological reaction is in progress when direct proof is lacking.
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
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31. The primary immune response in mice. II. Cellular responses of lymphoid tissue accompanying the enhancement or complete suppression of antibody formation by a bacterial endotoxin.
- Author
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McMaster PD and Franzl RE
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Female, Hemolysin Proteins, Lymphoid Tissue cytology, Mesentery cytology, Mesentery immunology, Mice, Spleen cytology, Spleen immunology, Antibody Formation, Endotoxins pharmacology, Lymphoid Tissue immunology
- Abstract
The effects of a single injection of a bacterial endotoxin on the cellular changes of a primary immune response to a standard dose of sheep red blood cells were studied in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice. Daily histological comparisons of these organs in mice, injected with endotoxin, or with antigen, or both, showed that endotoxin given simultaneously with sheep red blood cells, as antigen, significantly enhanced all of the cellular changes that appear in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of mice that form antibody when that antigen is given alone. First, in the white pulp of the spleens and cortical regions of the nodes, there appeared an early and excessive proliferation of the large pyroninophilic cells which seems to be responsible for the earliest formation of antibody, as judged by this work and that of others cited in the body of the paper. Polymorphonuclear cells invaded the spleens of these animals early after simultaneous challenge with antigen and endotoxin, and in far greater numbers than have ever been seen in mice given the same antigen without endotoxin. "Activated" germinal centers formed in the lymphoid tissue either 1 day before the appearance of antibody in the blood stream or on the same day, and they became larger than in the mice given antigen only. On the other hand, these specific and characteristic cellular changes failed to appear in mice prevented from forming any antibody at all by injections of endotoxin given 2 days before the antigenic challenge. These findings are discussed in the light provided by data from recent reports of others as well as in the light of the accompanying paper (1) which demonstrated not only the enhancement of antibody formation following simultaneous injections of antigen and endotoxin, as already known, but a totally unexpected, complete suppression of its formation when endotoxin was given 2 days before antigen.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
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32. Immune response to chemically modified flagellin. 3. Enhanced cell-mediated immunity during high and low zone antibody tolerance to flagellin.
- Author
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Parish CR and Liew FY
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn immunology, Antigens, Bacterial, Cyanogen Bromide, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Antibody Formation, Antigens, Bacterial Proteins, Flagella immunology, Immune Tolerance, Immunity, Cellular
- Abstract
High and low zone antibody tolerance to bacterial flagellin can be induced in adult strain W Wistar rats by multiple injections of a cyanogen bromide (CNBr) digest of flagellin at two widely spaced dose levels. Intermediate doses of the CNBr digest produce enhanced antibody titers to flagellin rather than antibody tolerance. Studies reported in this paper revealed that both high and low zone antibody tolerance to flagellin were accompanied by heightened levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Conversely, when enhancement of the antibody response occurred, suppression of delayed hypersensitivity was observed. This inverse relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunity was very striking in strain W Wistar rats but was not quite so clear-cut in another strain of Wistar rats (strain J). Strain J rats were resistant to the induction of antibody tolerance and gave higher immunological responses to flagellin than strain W animals. In addition, it was observed that, in contrast to adult tolerance, administration of the CNBr digest to neonatal rats induced complete tolerance at the level of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These findings were discussed in the light of earlier studies with flagellin and provide further evidence for a previously described hypothesis.
- Published
- 1972
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33. Disquisitions on Original Antigenic Sin. II. Proof in lower creatures.
- Author
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Fazekas de St Groth and Webster RG
- Subjects
- Animals, Rabbits, Radiation Effects, Antibody Formation, Antigens pharmacology, Influenza Vaccines pharmacology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections immunology
- Abstract
Experiments in rabbits were designed to test the two unproven assumptions of the hypothesis proposed in the companion paper (1): that Original Antigenic Sin is fundamentally a restricted anamnestic response, and that there exists a trapping mechanism capable of deflecting antigen from one kind of cell and guiding it to another. It is shown that whole-body X-irradiation, sufficient to abolish primary but not secondary production of antibodies, leaves all manifestations of the Original Antigenic Sin untouched. This proves the first assumption. Primary immune animals challenged with very large doses of a related antigen produce an immediate response of cross-reactive antibodies, followed by a standard primary response to the challenging antigen. When boosted with an appropriate mixture of both antigens, the response is of standard secondary type to the homologous antigen, followed by a standard primary response to the crossreacting antigen. When animals are primarily vaccinated with a mixture of two related antigens, small booster doses of either will stimulate a standard secondary response only. When such animals are given very large booster doses of either antigen, the response is a compound of a homologous secondary and of an Original Antigenic Sin-type against the related antigen. Each of these findings demonstrates a corollary of the second assumption. The results are discussed in terms of the limitations they impose on theories concerned with the production of antibodies.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
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34. Autoradiographic studies on the immune response. II. DNA synthesis amongst single antibody-producing cells.
- Author
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MAKELA O and NOSSAL GJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Rats, Antibodies, Antibody Formation, Antibody-Producing Cells, Antigens, DNA metabolism, DNA Replication, Immunization, Immunoglobulins, Plasma Cells, Thymidine
- Abstract
The DNA-synthesizing capacity of single antibody-forming cells was tested by a combination of micromanipulatory and autoradiographic techniques. Rats were immunized with S. adelaide flagellin, a protein antigen known to contain significant contamination with somatic (O) antigen. Single cells from secondarily immunized rats were tested for production of anti-H and anti-O antibodies by previously described and newer techniques. Positive antibody producers were transferred onto clean dry slides by micromanipulation, and autoradiographs were performed. When rats had received tritiated thymidine 1 hour before killing, labeling of antibody-forming cells was taken to imply that the cell was preparing for further mitotic division. It was found that on the 2nd and 3rd day of a secondary response, many of the antibody-producing cells in the nodes (chiefly plasmablasts) were incorporating tritiated thymidine. At the height of the cellular response, however, at 4 and 5 days, the majority of active antibody producers (chiefly mature plasma cells) were incapable of DNA synthesis. There appeared to be an inverse relationship between the antibody-forming and DNA-synthesizing capacities of the cell population under study; as more of the cells studied formed detectable antibody, fewer of them incorporated the DNA precursor. The age of plasma cells was also studied. Animals were killed at the height of the cellular immune response, having previously received an injection of tritiated thymidine 1 to 48 hours before killing; i.e., at 63 to 110 hours after their secondary stimulus. As the interval between isotope injection and killing increased, the proportion of antibody-forming cells showing labeling increased. With an interval of 30 hours, about half the antibody-forming cells were labeled and of 48 hours, over 95 per cent were labeled. This was taken as evidence that, few, if any, antibody-forming cells found at the height of a secondary response were more than 48 hours old. On the basis of these experiments and those reported in the accompanying paper, a simplified scheme showing the development of an antibody-forming clone in the secondary response was proposed.
- Published
- 1962
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35. Cell interactions between histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes. I. Allogeneic effect by irradiated host T cells on adoptively transferred histoincompatible B lymphocytes.
- Author
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Hamaoka T, Osborne DP Jr, and Katz DH
- Subjects
- Animals, Genes, Immunity, Cellular, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Spleen cytology, T-Lymphocytes radiation effects, Antibody Formation, B-Lymphocytes immunology, Histocompatibility, T-Lymphocytes immunology
- Abstract
The adoptive transfer of 2,4-dinitrophenyl(DNP)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH)-primed lymphocytes into a heavily irradiated allogeneic recipient permits the development of a secondary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-bovine gamma globulin(BGG) whether or not the irradiated allogeneic host possesses BGG-specific helper T cells. This "allogeneic effect" has been demonstrated to result from the capacity of residual, apparently radioresistant, T cells in the irradiated host to exert an active effect on the transferred histoincompatible B lymphocytes. This conclusion derives from two corroborative experiments. In the first, an allogeneic effect was shown to occur on DNP-primed F(1) spleen cells that had been adoptively transferred to irradiated parental recipients; the second experiment demonstrated the development of an allogeneic effect on anti-theta-treated, DNP-specific donor cells transferred to irradiated allogeneic hosts. These results emphasize the extreme caution required in designing and interpreting experiments that may involve adoptive cell transfers into histoincompatible hosts, and illustrate why such models are unsuitable for investigation of the question of physiologic cooperative interactions between T and B lymphocytes. Suitable approaches are described in the accompanying paper.
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION IN MALAYA BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION AND MULTIPLE PUNCTURE. HAEMAGGLUTININ-INHIBITING ANTIBODY RESPONSES IN PERSONS WITH AND WITHOUT PRE-EXISTING ANTIBODY.
- Author
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SMITH CE, MCMAHON DA, and TURNER LH
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Malaysia, Mice, Antibodies, Antibody Formation, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, Hemagglutinins, Injections, Injections, Subcutaneous, Neutralization Tests, Punctures, Research, Tropical Medicine, Vaccination, Vaccines, Yellow Fever, Yellow fever virus
- Abstract
In view of the risk of introduction of yellow fever into South-East Asia, comparative studies have been made of yellow fever vaccination in Malayan volunteers with a high prevalence of antibody to related viruses and in volunteers without related antibody. In a previous paper the neutralizing antibody responses of these volunteers were reported. The present paper describes the haemagglutinin-inhibiting (HI) antibody responses of the same groups of volunteers and discusses the relationship of these responses to the neutralizing antibody responses.The HI responses to yellow fever following vaccination closely paralleled the neutralizing antibody responses whether vaccination was subcutaneous or by multiple puncture. Volunteers with a high level of YF HI antibody due to infection with other group B viruses were found to be less likely to show a significant YF HI response than those without antibody. 90% of HI responses could be detected by the 21st day after vaccination.As with neutralizing antibody responses, volunteers given vaccine doses of 50-500 mouse intracerebral LD(50) subcutaneously gave greater responses than those given higher doses.
- Published
- 1963
37. Enhanced immune response after immunosuppression by Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin.
- Author
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Hanna EE and Watson DW
- Subjects
- Antibody-Producing Cells, Antibody Formation, Immunosuppression Therapy, Streptococcus pyogenes metabolism, Toxins, Biological
- Abstract
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) was shown previously to be a potent immunosuppressant. This paper presents data documenting that immunosuppression frequently was followed by elevated antibody and plaque-forming cell levels as noted in our earlier report. The data are interpreted as a differential effect of SPE upon suppressor T cells and secreting B cells.
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
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38. THE MECHANISM OF TOLERANCE PRODUCED IN RATS TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES. I. PLAQUE-FORMING CELL AND ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO SINGLE AND MULTIPLE INJECTIONS OF ANTIGEN.
- Author
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ROWLEY DA and FITCH FW
- Subjects
- Animals, Rats, Sheep, Animals, Newborn, Antibodies, Antibody Formation, Antigens, Erythrocytes, Immune Tolerance, Immunization, Injections, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Research, Spleen, Vaccination
- Abstract
Previous studies suggested that an active immune response was partially responsible for maintaining immunological unresponsiveness to sheep erythrocytes. Measurement of the plaque-forming (antibody-releasing) cell response proved to be a sensitive indicator of an immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the absence of detectable circulating antibody to the antigen. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether an active immune process, measured by the plaque-forming cell response, was partially responsible for induction and maintenance of tolerance. Rats injected intraperitoneally with large doses of sheep erythrocytes beginning at the day of birth develop tolerance to the antigen. In this paper, the plaque-forming cell and antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was characterized for rats receiving a single antigen injection at various ages and for rats which received repeated antigen injections as adults. The dose of antigen was the same as that used to produce tolerance; the injection schedule for repeated immunizations was also the same as that used to produce tolerance. Rats receiving a single antigen injection on the day of birth or at age 7 days had no measurable response to the antigen. Rats receiving a single antigen injection at age 17 days and sacrificed 4 days later had an unequivocal response to the antigen. The spleens had about one-tenth as many plaque-forming cells as spleens of adult animals immunized similarly, but the antibody titers were as high as titers for adult animals. Presumably the high titers of these young animals resulted from the high ratio of plaque-forming cells to body weight and blood volume. Adult animals receiving a single antigen injection had a peak or near peak plaque-forming cell response 4 days after immunization; at this time, sera contained high titers of 19S antibody and the numbers of plaque-forming cells in spleens correlated reasonably well with circulating antibody titers. 7S antibody appeared in serum 5 or 6 days after immunization. The numbers of plaque-forming cells declined progressively 2 and 3 weeks after immunization. Repeated twice weekly, injections of the antigen in adult rats produced a marked decline and then stabilization of numbers of plaque-forming cells in spleens. Although the numbers of plaque-forming cells were fewer, titers of 19S and 7S antibody stabilized at high levels. A progressive recovery of the plaque-forming cell response and a rise in antibody titer occurred when the interval between the last 2 injections was increased from 3 to 10, 17, or 32 days. These findings suggested that repeated closely spaced antigen injections interfered with either cell division or maturation of antibody-forming cells. As the interval between injections was increased, additional antibody-forming cells matured or were formed through cell division. Thus, relatively constant antigenic stimulation provided a mechanism for controlling or limiting the response of antibody-forming cells. In the following paper, it will be shown that this mechanism operating together with a homeostatic mechanism which prevents induction of new antibody-forming cells serves to regulate the immune response to repeated injections of antigen.
- Published
- 1965
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39. Role of the thymus in immune ractions in rats. I. The immunologic response to bovine serum albumin (antibody formation, Arthus reactivity, and delayed hypersensitivity) in rats thymectomized or splenectomized at various times after birth.
- Author
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JANKOVIC BD, WAKSMAN BH, and ARNASON BG
- Subjects
- Animals, Rats, Antibody Formation, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Immunity physiology, Serum Albumin pharmacology, Serum Albumin, Bovine, Spleen physiology, Thymus Gland physiology
- Abstract
Rats thymectomized at birth gained weight and otherwise developed normally, but were found to be very susceptible to intercurrent infections. Both Arthus reactivity and delayed hypersensitivity to BSA were markedly impaired in rats thymectomized during the first week of life and significantly impaired in rats thymectomized as late as 3 weeks after birth. The inhibition of Arthus reactivity in thymectomized rats was well correlated with their failure to develop significant titers of precipitating or hemagglutinating antibody. However, natural heteroagglutinin titers were not altered in these animals, and no abnormality of serum proteins, including gamma-globulin could be detected by paper electrophoresis. The loss of immunologic activity could not be corrected by injecting homogenates of spleen or thymus before and during the sensitization period. Splenectomy at birth did not influence Arthus or delayed reactivity.
- Published
- 1962
- Full Text
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40. In vitro stimulation of antibody formation by peritoneal cells. II. Cell interactions and effects of immunochemical or metabolic inhibitors.
- Author
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Bussard AE, Nossal GJ, Mazie JC, and Lewis H
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic, Culture Techniques, Dactinomycin pharmacology, Hemolytic Plaque Technique, Immune Sera, Mice, Puromycin pharmacology, Rabbits, Antibody Formation, Antimetabolites pharmacology, Lymphocytes immunology, Peritoneum cytology
- Abstract
Peritoneal cells (PC) from normal, unimmunized mice were placed in ultra-thin monolayer cultures containing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and complement, and tested for the appearance of plaques of lysis. The behavior of PC from young male mice and from female mice that had given birth to several litters (retired breeder mice) was studied. It was found that cells from spleen, mesenteric lymph node, thymus, bone marrow, thoracic duct lymph, or Peyer's patches could not form plaques in the CMC microcultures. Also, various combinations of these cells did not lead to plaque formation. When cells from any of these sources were mixed with PC, there was either no effect or an actual inhibition of plaque formation, the plaque counts being lower than would have been expected from the number of PC present in the mixture. Optimal plaque formation by peritoneal cells was found to be dependent on an optimal cell concentration, this optimum being around 5 x 10(6)/ml for young male mice and 0.5 x 10(6)/ml for retired breeders. Inhibition of plaque formation was found with either supra- or suboptimal cell concentrations. The inhibition by excess cell concentration may have been a simple nutritional or nonspecific overcrowding effect, as it could also be induced by an addition of an excess of spleen or lymph node cells. The failure of more dilute PC preparations to give adequate numbers of plaques appeared to be more specific, as plaque numbers could not be restored to normal by addition of spleen cells. The suggestion was that some cell to cell interaction between PC was involved. This dependence on cell concentration was not seen with immunized spleen PFC. Plaque appearance could be specifically and reversibly suppressed by placing PC in a medium containing rabbit anti-mouse IgM serum. Anti-IgG serum had no such effect. These experiments strengthened our view, expressed in the accompanying paper, that plaque formation was due to the formation of IgM, hemolytic antibody to SRBC by the PC. Metabolic inhibitors were incorporated into monolayer cultures and had different effects with the different types of PFC used. In the case of spleen cells from mice actively immunized against SRBC 4 days before killing, actinomycin D had no effect on plaque counts and puromycin reduced plaque numbers by a factor of 2. In the case of PC from young male mice, actinomycin D in concentrations above 0.01 microg/ml caused reductions down to < 2% of control values in plaque counts, and puromycin (10 microg/ml) had a similar effect. The PC from retired breeder mice occupied an intermediate position between the two cases just discussed. A compartment of cells, equal to about one-fifth of the total normal PFC compartment, was identified as resistant to high concentrations of either actinomycin D or puromycin, being similar in these respects to PFC from spleens of intentionally preimmunized mice. The mitotic poison, Colcemid, did not affect plaque counts in any situation tested. The theoretical implications of these results are briefly discussed.
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
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41. Carrier function in anti-hapten immune responses. II. Specific properties of carrier cells capable of enhancing anti-hapten antibody responses.
- Author
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Paul WE, Katz DH, Goidl EA, and Benacerraf B
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibody Specificity, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Dinitrophenols, Epitopes, Glycine, Guinea Pigs, Hemagglutination Tests, Immune Tolerance, Immunization, Immunization, Passive, Lymphocyte Transfusion, Lysine, Ovalbumin, Peptides, Proteins, Rabbits, Species Specificity, Antibodies analysis, Antibody Formation, Haptens, Lymphocytes immunology
- Abstract
Transfer of live lymphoid cells from BGG-immunized strain 2 guinea pigs into syngeneic animals primed with DNP-OVA prepares the recipients for a markedly enhanced secondary anti-DNP antibody response upon challenge with DNP-BGG. This phenomenon has been demonstrated when the recipients were challenged 1 day after cell transfer, but it was considerably more striking when an interval of 6 days was allowed between transfer of cells and challenge with antigen. As demonstrated in the preceding paper (6), BGG preimmunization enhanced anti-DNP antibody responses to challenge with DNP-BGG. An analysis of the characteristics of substances to which preimmunization was effective in enhancing subsequent anti-hapten responses was made. It was shown that preimmunization of strain 13 guinea pigs with a copolymer of glutamic acid and lysine (GL), to which these animals are genetically unable to accord an immune response, failed to prepare them for an enhanced anti-DNP response to DNP-GL. Tolerance to BGG specifically abrogated the capacity of subsequent BGG immunization to prepare DNP-OVA primed rabbits for an enhanced anti-DNP response to DNP-BGG. Sensitization of animals to haptens by preimmunization with hapten-protein conjugates failed to prepare them for enhanced primary or secondary antibody responses to other determinants associated with that hapten on a different carrier. These studies indicate that the enhancing effect of carrier preimmunization reflects a cooperative interaction between lymphoid cells specific for carrier and cells specialized for haptenic determinants. Furthermore, the capacity of a substance to behave as a carrier requires more than its possession of a variety of antigenic determinants.
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS.
- Author
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SHEPEL M and KLUGERMAN MR
- Subjects
- Animals, Horses, Mice, Rabbits, Antibody Formation, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Blood Protein Electrophoresis, Complement Fixation Tests, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine, Encephalomyelitis, Encephalomyelitis, Equine, Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine, Freund's Adjuvant, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, Neutralization Tests, Research, Sodium Chloride, gamma-Globulins
- Abstract
Shepel, Michael (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and Maxwell R. Klugerman. Effect of adjuvants on antibody response of rabbits inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Bacteriol. 85:1150-1155. 1963.-Hemagglutination-inhibition, neutralization, and complement-fixation tests were performed on sera of rabbits inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus in combination with Freund's adjuvants and in Hank's salt solution. This study indicated that the complete adjuvants (i.e., with mycobacteria) considerably increased the antibody response to VEE virus. Mycobacterium butyricum (M. smegmatis) appeared to be more effective than M. tuberculosis H37Ra. In the absence of mycobacteria, the response was much less pronounced. Paper electrophoretic studies of the antisera demonstrated a marked increase in gamma-globulin production, an increase in the beta-globulin, and an increase in total protein as the result of adding VEE virus to the complete adjuvants. A decrease in the albumin fraction appeared to be caused by the complete adjuvants rather than by the VEE virus itself. The incomplete adjuvant (without mycobacteria) plus virus contributed little, if any, stimulation toward the production of gamma-globulin, nor did it appear to affect the serum-albumin levels.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Immunoreactions involving platelets. IV. Studies on the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia in drug purpura using test doses of quinidine in sensitized individuals; their implications in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
- Author
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SHULMAN NR
- Subjects
- Humans, Antibodies, Antibody Formation, Blood Platelets, Megakaryocytes, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic etiology, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic, Quinidine pharmacology, Thrombocytopenia
- Abstract
Regulated intravenous doses of quinidine were given to patients with the antibody of quinidine purpura to produce controlled thrombocytopenia without clinical sequelae. The degree of thrombocytopenia and the rate at which it developed were dependent on the relative plasma concentration of quinidine and antibody. By relating in vivo changes in platelet levels to concurrent in vitro tests for antibody activity and to quantitative relationships between reactants determined in Papers I and III of this series, it was concluded that the amount of antibody which attaches to platelets when thrombocytopenia develops is insufficient to cause complement fixation or platelet agglutination. Platelets do not appear to be destroyed directly by reaction with antibody in vivo. The minimal amount of antibody which does attach to platelets in vivo appears to increase their susceptibility to the usual mechanisms of sequestration. Megakaryocytes and blood vessels do not appear to be affected directly by the antibody which causes quinidine purpura, and hemorrhagic manifestations of the disease appear to be consequent to changes in platelets alone. A safe method of performing in vivo tests for the presence of an antibody of drug purpura is described. The implications of the present work in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura are discussed.
- Published
- 1958
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. ANTIRABIES ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN MAN TO VACCINE MADE FROM INFECTED SUCKLING-MOUSE BRAINS.
- Author
-
FUENZALIDA E, PALACIOS R, and BORGONO JM
- Subjects
- Adult, Animals, Chick Embryo, Child, Chile, Humans, Male, Mice, Rabbits, Antibody Formation, Brain, Complement Fixation Tests, Encephalitis, Neutralization Tests, Paralysis, Rabies, Rabies Vaccines, Rabies virus, Research Design, Tissue Culture Techniques, Ultraviolet Rays, Vaccines, Virus Cultivation
- Abstract
Antirabies vaccines produced from infected brains of adult mammals have always had the potentiality of causing post-vaccinal paralysis or allergic encephalitis in man. Attempts in recent years either to remove the paralytic factor from brain-tissue vaccines or to use as the virus source infected tissue other than nervous tissue (e.g., chick embryos) have usually resulted in a substantial reduction of the specific antirabies potency.The authors' laboratory had previously developed a vaccine made from infected suckling-mouse brains in which the virus was inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation. This vaccine was found highly potent in animal tests and low in organ-specific antigens. Others have found the brains of newborn mammals to be free of the allergic encephalitic factor. The studies reported in this paper show that the antirabies antibody responses to a 14-dose course of this suckling-mouse-brain vaccine in children are at a high level even when the vaccine is used at a 1% tissue concentration. There was no evidence of deleterious reactions to this treatment in 31 children.It is concluded that these results justify a long-term trial of this vaccine for antirabies prophylaxis in man.
- Published
- 1964
45. Isolation of a herpes simplex virus-specific antigenic fraction which stimulates the production of neutralizing antibody.
- Author
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Cohen GH, Ponce de Leon M, and Nichols C
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Viral analysis, Carbon Isotopes, Carcinoma, Cell Line, Chromatography, Cricetinae, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Glycoproteins analysis, Humans, Immune Sera, Immunodiffusion, Kidney, Mouth Neoplasms, Neutralization Tests, Rabbits immunology, Simplexvirus growth & development, Tritium, Antibody Formation, Antigens, Viral isolation & purification, Simplexvirus immunology
- Abstract
Infection of mammalian cells with herpes simplex virus (HSV) results in the production of a number of virus-induced soluble antigens. Immunodiffusion analyses of the soluble antigen mixture (SAM) obtained from HSV-infected KB or BHK cells revealed at least six well-defined immunoprecipitin bands. Calcium phosphate chromatography (Brushite) was employed to separate one immunoprecipitin (designated CP-1) from the remaining viral and host antigens. We conclude that CP-1 is a viral-specific antigen because (i) specific antiserum, which had been repeatedly absorbed with uninfected cell extracts or serum components, still retained the capacity to react in gel diffusion with CP-1 antigen; (ii) anti-CP-1 serum reacted in gel diffusion with SAM, yielding one precipitin band in identity with the band formed against human gamma globulin; (iii) the CP-1 fraction stimulated the production of HSV-neutralizing antibody of high capacity. The last observation suggests that fraction CP-1 contains a biologically active structural component of the virus which is associated with the envelope. The CP-1 immunoprecipitin was separated from SAM by an alternative method by using a cyanogen bromide-linked immunosorbent prepared from anti-CP-1 gamma globulin. The observation that the CP-1 antigen isolated from the immunosorbent effectively blocked serum-neutralizing activity provided further evidence that neutralizing antibody was directed against CP-1. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunological experiments suggest that the CP-1 antigen is in part a glycoprotein. The finding that CP-1 contains only one antigenic component of the virus will permit future biological studies to be made with a monoprecipitin antiserum. In addition, the techniques described in this paper represent initial steps in the purification of HSV antigens.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Failure of cytotoxic drugs to suppress immune responses of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
- Author
-
Denman, E J, Denman, A M, Greenwood, B M, Gall, D, and Heath, R B
- Subjects
ANTINEOPLASTIC agents ,ANTIGENS ,BACTERIAL vaccines ,ENDOTOXINS ,GAMMA globulins ,IMMUNOLOGY technique ,IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE agents ,PROTEINS ,RADIOGRAPHY ,RHEUMATOID arthritis ,JUVENILE idiopathic arthritis ,SKIN tests ,SPECTRUM analysis ,STREPTOKINASE ,TETANUS ,AZATHIOPRINE ,CHLORAMBUCIL ,ANTIBODY formation - Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Experimental studies related to autoimmunity in myasthenia gravis.
- Author
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Kaufman, B M, Rushworth, G, and Wright, R
- Subjects
ANIMAL experimentation ,ANIMAL populations ,ANIMALS ,ANTIGEN-antibody reactions ,AUTOIMMUNE diseases ,CATTLE ,CYTOCHEMISTRY ,DOGS ,FLUORESCENT antibody technique ,HISTOLOGICAL techniques ,MUSCLES ,MYASTHENIA gravis ,OXIDOREDUCTASES ,RABBITS ,RATS ,THYMUS ,TISSUE extracts ,ANTIBODY formation - Published
- 1969
48. Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and control.
- Author
-
Denny, Floyd W., Clyde, Wallace A., Glezen, W. Paul, Denny, F W, Clyde, W A Jr, and Glezen, W P
- Subjects
ANIMALS ,BIOLOGICAL models ,ANTIBODY formation - Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE
- Author
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Robert E. Franzl and Philip D. McMaster
- Subjects
White pulp ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Lipopolysaccharide ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Immunology ,Intraperitoneal injection ,Spleen ,Hemolysin Proteins ,Article ,Microbiology ,Antigen-Antibody Reactions ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,Antigen ,Adjuvants, Immunologic ,Primary immune response ,medicine ,Mesenteric lymph nodes ,Immunology and Allergy ,Animals ,Antigens ,biology ,Germinal center ,Hemolysin ,Organ Size ,Salmonella typhi ,Endotoxins ,Lymphatic system ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Antibody Formation ,Injections, Intravenous ,biology.protein ,Female ,Antibody ,Injections, Intraperitoneal - Abstract
The effects of a single injection of a bacterial endotoxin on the cellular changes of a primary immune response to a standard dose of sheep red blood cells were studied in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice. Daily histological comparisons of these organs in mice, injected with endotoxin, or with antigen, or both, showed that endotoxin given simultaneously with sheep red blood cells, as antigen, significantly enhanced all of the cellular changes that appear in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of mice that form antibody when that antigen is given alone. First, in the white pulp of the spleens and cortical regions of the nodes, there appeared an early and excessive proliferation of the large pyroninophilic cells which seems to be responsible for the earliest formation of antibody, as judged by this work and that of others cited in the body of the paper. Polymorphonuclear cells invaded the spleens of these animals early after simultaneous challenge with antigen and endotoxin, and in far greater numbers than have ever been seen in mice given the same antigen without endotoxin. "Activated" germinal centers formed in the lymphoid tissue either 1 day before the appearance of antibody in the blood stream or on the same day, and they became larger than in the mice given antigen only. On the other hand, these specific and characteristic cellular changes failed to appear in mice prevented from forming any antibody at all by injections of endotoxin given 2 days before the antigenic challenge. These findings are discussed in the light provided by data from recent reports of others as well as in the light of the accompanying paper (1) which demonstrated not only the enhancement of antibody formation following simultaneous injections of antigen and endotoxin, as already known, but a totally unexpected, complete suppression of its formation when endotoxin was given 2 days before antigen.
- Published
- 1968
50. The Lymphocyte Surface. III. Function of Fc Receptor, C′3 Receptor and Surface Ig Bearing Lymphocytes: Identification of a Radioresistant B Cell
- Author
-
Parish, C. R. and Hayward, J. A.
- Published
- 1974
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