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This is the second of two papers which report on a survey of 600 articles related to marriage and the family. The articles were published in 12 journals between 1962-1968. This paper deals primarily with 444 of the articles which were based on empirical data and focuses on approaches to the family as a researchable unit, current trends and problems and prospects in the area of family study. Findings include: uneven attention to component parts and minimal attention to the family as a whole. Frequent use of data collection techniques which involve minimal contact with the family, increased use of very large and very small samples, increased use of longitudinal studies, and more efficient use of data through application of a wider range of statistical techniques were also noted. The predominant use of static variables as independent variables and dynamic variables as dependent indicates little progress in viewing the family as an institution which shapes its own course as well as that of other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on key issues relevant to the use of statistical techniques by middle management. A group of student economists taking the statistics course of the Executive Program of the University of Chicago during 1952, 1953, and 1954 were required by their professor, W. Allen Wallace, to turn in a term paper analyzing the effect communication patterns have upon the operation of groups. The author focuses on examining the information compiled from the term papers, including general problems that the students observed as well as inefficiencies generated in eight specific categories including business forecasting, predictive techniques, and scheduling and inventory control. Marketing techniques are called into question. Common mistakes made in the interpretation of data are also discussed.

This research paper intends to aid in the development of sound statistical procedures and appropriate statistical inference in the analysis of small area data. It is clear that the optimum delineations of areas depend upon the number of areas to be delineated. By any statistical criterion, as the number of areas increase, the precision of estimation need not decrease, and, in the usual circumstances, the precision will increase. Three kinds of data resulting from data collection processes were identified. Two kinds of theoretical interpretations of these data were posed, and the remainder of the paper stressed the interpretation in term of aggregates as specified by a particular definition of structure and a theoretical statement of social structure. Four major problems of statistical inference were identified. Various approaches to these inference problems were examined critically. In some cases specific statistical procedures were recommended for use, while in other cases certain difficulties in present procedure were indicated but solutions were not presented.

The article presents a critical discussion of the paper by Clark Kerr, Martin Bronfenbrenner and Harold M. Levinson about the effect of collective bargaining on national income. According to the author all the three papers shows that the data on national income show surprisingly little influence on the part of collective bargaining, in so far as the distributive shares are concerned. Levinson finds a tendency for labor's share to rise slightly in the industry groups which are rather well unionized, while no such rise in labor's share seems to have occurred, on the average, in certain parts of the economy wherein unionism is weak. Bronfenbrenner gives hesitant support to Levinson's conclusion that the shifts toward labor's share maybe attributed to the strength of unionism. Kerr can find no significant relationship between degree of unionization and labor's share, when industry-by-industry comparisons are made. The consistency of the employee compensation share of national income is noteworthy, considering the several influences which might be expected to alter it over the years.

Determination of temperature distribution on the face of the cutting tool is one of the vital problems of metal cutting. The solution of the problem is considered to be a significant step forward in studies in the field of machinability and metal cutting. Analytical solutions of this problem are available but these remain to be confirmed by foolproof experimental techniques.
The work described in this paper and the data presented are largely experimental, though not completely. Experimental data were obtained by using the work-tool thermocouple and tool thermocouple techniques together--supplementary to one another. This approach largely succeeded, though a gap remains and this, for the present, has been filled analytically. It is felt, however, that with improvements, as discussed in this paper, a solution based entirely on experimental data will be possible.
It is shown that the maximum cutting tool temperature is not at the cutting edge but away from it. For a given condition of cutting the location of maximum temperature has been found to be between 0.015 in. to 0.031 in. away from the side cutting edge. The temperature distribution on the face of the cutting tool has been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based upon questionnaire data from nurses working in out-patient departments, deals with interaction within and across hierarchical lines. The chief findings are: (1) The extent of the respondents' self-initiation is inversely related to the status of the other party (0), provided that peers are omitted. The level of self-initiation with peers closely approximates that with subordinates. (2) O's status, is related to the content of the interaction such that the transmission of organizational material is maximized with superordinates; interpersonal content goes more to peers than to others, while task content is minimized with subordinates. The latter finding is questioned in the discussion, in which some general hypotheses are suggested. (3) Frequency of contact is inversely related to O's status. (4) The importance and satisfaction with interactions are positively related to O's status. Explanations of the data are explored and related to previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an approach to data analysis that assists the investigator in discriminating among specific relations corresponding to alternative scientific predictions about qualitative variates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a large number of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Systems have been planned, implemented, and tested over the past few years, insufficient attention has been given to the collection and interpretation of important data needed for evaluation. We describe some of the defects common to almost all of the reported systems, single out one recent report for detailed discussion and argue in favor of collection and correct interpretation of data on one important and frequently overlooked evaluation factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the use of multiple ranking procedures to analyze data generated from computer simulation experiments with models of management systems. After outlining the rationale for the use of multiple ranking procedures with computer simulation experiments and defining some basic terminology, we examine several specific multiple ranking procedures. Careful attention is given to the assumptions underlying the different multiple ranking procedures and the extent to which these assumptions are satisfied by the data generated by simulation experiments. An example model is included to illustrate the applicability of multiple ranking procedures to simulation experiments in management science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the amount of money involved in a decision rises, so does the burden of making the decision. Thus, it is not surprising or rare that the question arises: should a study be instituted before the decision is made to lessen the risks involved? Of course, such a study will itself cost something depending on the cost of analyzing data, the number of people involved and the value of the information gathered. The decision maker is then confronted with two courses of action, to make a decision based on existing information or to institute a study program, i.e., to invest in information before making a decision. In this paper we develop a procedure by which the decision maker can choose between these alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study in the application of some statistical theory, and a mathematical model, to an actual business problem. The problem was to determine the pattern of mortality of subscriptions to a daily newspaper, and thereby to ascertain the average life of such subscriptions. The method of solution, herewith indicated, involved the collection of data from a probability sample of subscribers to the newspaper, and use of these data to construct a Markov chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most efforts to analyze and forecast interregional population growth and distribution are hampered by the general paucity of reliable data on interregional migration. This has led demographers to rely on crudely constructed measures of net migration. Recent efforts to express the population growth process in matrix form, however, suggest a means whereby the schedule of growth that operates in an interregional system may be estimated solely on the basis of historical data on interregional population distributions. Such a method is described and illustrated in this paper. The method estimates a growth regime which, when applied to the initial interregional population distribution in the time series, most closely reproduces the remaining population distributions in the historical sequence.

Professor Jones has observed that one of the most important contributions of the Institutional Investor Study was the collection and editing of a vast quantity of new data. Because of limitations of time and resources, the staff of the study was unable to analyze these data as thoroughly as they might have wished. It was the hope of many investigators, both within and outside the Securities and Exchange Commission, that these data, collected at great cost to the government and possibly at an even greater cost to the respondents, would eventually be made available for more complete analysis. So far, only one of the myriad of files developed by the study has been made public and then in such an aggregated form that many types of empirical investigations are precluded. The SEC appears to be devoting very little, if any, resources towards making these files available to "interested scholars." Professor Jones' presentation highlights one of the major weaknesses of the Study. The policy recommendations contained in it appear generally quite reasonable at least on the surface, but it is not always clear how these recommendations follow from the empirical analyses. Further, a discussion of the interrelationships of the different chapters is almost non-existent. This lack of integration of the Study undoubtedly stems from the pressures of deadlines and the resulting fragmentation of the efforts of the different members of the staff. These remarks are not meant as hostile criticism but rather as an indication of the limitations of the Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on models of change for panel data. Panel studies are important for substantial as well as methodological reasons. By analyzing data from repeated observations, people are able to test hypotheses about underlying processes which constitute changes observed at the aggregate level. Many panel models for attitude and behavior change have been construed. One is the pure random model, which assumes that there is no true change going on, all observed change is caused by response uncertainty and/or measurement errors. Another model, in some respects the opposite of the random model, is the Markov chain model. All observed change is assumed to be systematic, the probability of changing from one category i to another category j is constant between all subsequent observations. A stationary Markov process has several attractive mathematical properties. The patterns of change observed in empirical data seldom, however, fit any of these "pure" models. The models are formulated in a way that makes it possible for the analyst to specify the nature of the transition process. Providing one is willing to make a number of assumptions one can, from the observed patterns of change, estimate both the proportion of individuals in each true class and the latent probabilities. A method of estimating the accuracy of the model to observed data is also suggested. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how a given rate of response uncertainty, given the distribution of the variable meaured, can produce a sometimes very strong impression of change in observed data, leading to false conclusions about the real transition process.

This article focuses on a study that presents a new methodology for the delineation of a prestige hierarchy amongst the specialty areas in sociology. Typically, studies in this area have focused on publication volume as a prestige index, an approach, it is proposed, with serious limitations. Following a presentation of the methodology, the results of data analyses based on the 2,653 biographical entries in the 1970 ASA Directory of Members, which met criteria for inclusion in the study, are presented. Finally, the specialty area rankings obtained are compared with three quality indexes, based on publication rates, which have been previously reported in the literature. The lack of correspondence between the findings of this study and those of others may be due to the more inclusive nature of the prestige measures used here, as compared with the highly specific measures employed by other researchers. The present method utilizes data based on all individuals who had met the criterion of "recognized contribution," attainment of the rank of associate or full professor, and who had also designated an area of specialization in the 1970 45A Directory of Members.

A previous paper (Hinings et al. 1967) described an approach to the study of the structure of bureaucratic organizations based on the creation of scaleable dimensions for multivariate analysis. The present paper considers in detail the process of the scaling of an organizational variable and the use of two multidimensional analyses, namely, factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. These are illustrated by analysis of the operationally defined concept of functional specialization. The central points made are: (i) that any data analysis is a function of a theory of organizational behaviour, an error theory, and a computing algorithm; and (ii) that the choice of a method of analysis necessarily implies a choice of a theory of organizational behaviour. In the case of scaling, Guttiman's scalogram method and item analysis, borrowed from psychological test theory, are compared. They are found to differ more in computing technique and in their representation of error than in their measurement theory. It is pointed out that the multivariate analyses employed are both compensatory theories of organizational behaviour; the implications of this are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that there are problems in the analysis of life-history data. Clearly, solutions might be of more interest, and at various points it suggests devices of possible utility. But this is very much a preliminary report on "work in progress", since the author feels that adequate tools, conceptual and computational, for the handling of sociological life-histories are unavailable. This apparent absence of apt analytic techniques has not received the attention it deserves. Though this article does not attempt a systematic overview of work in the areas considered, it bears the literature in mind. Despite technical sophistication it has yet to be demonstrated that such work as it contains is sociologically relevant. This is a paper about the doing, not the thing done. Of course one does not set out merely to "analyse life histories" in the abstract; one would have some questions in mind for which life histories might be appropriate source of data. This isolation of "analysis" helps point the dependence of conceptualization upon techniques, facilitates exploration.

Classification of areal units by population size has been suggested as a useful tool for studies of within-urban and within-rural variations. Size of population is doubtless one of the most important factors affecting mans collective life. But in studying within-urban or within- rural variations, population size will be a powerful tool only if the places so classified are approximations of communities in the sense of a collective phenomenon. That is, population size may not differentiate organizational characteristics of areal units unless the aggregates studied are inter-dependent wholes, organized units, entities exhibiting a high degree of unit character. Data from India presented in this paper illustrate this point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper focuses on the use of accounting data for a specific purpose of "Control". The very first question arises "What does the control process consist of?" A survey of the accounting and management literature seems to indicate the control process generally thought of in one of three ways. Sometimes it is defined as the analysis of present performance in light of some standard or goal in order to determine to what extent accomplishment measures up to the plan or standard. Sometimes it is defined as a process of securing conformity to a plan, and sometimes as an idea of information feedback i.e. data collected as part of the control process might be reported systematically and used in future planning decisions. According to the author the second concept of control (without feedback) is probably the most widely accepted concept and much improvement in the control process can be made by giving greater emphasis to the feedback idea. Hence the author examines several different accounting control techniques with a view toward implementing the concept of information feedback and attempts to show some areas of possible improvement that can be made in order to use accounting data more effectively in the control and planning process.

The often unwelcome fact of returns from dissatisfied customers can be of help to garment manufacturers if they regard returns as a source of information. Returns, although not large in number, can provide manufacturers with information about specific areas of customer dissatisfaction not obtainable in any other manner. This paper tells how data from returns, along with that developed from wear trials and laboratory tests, can aid the manufacturer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists a variety of situations in which the dispersion of data, rather than their mean or other central value, is of interest. The coefficient of variation, which is a measure of dispersion divided by the appropriate measure of central tendency, is preferable to a raw measure of dispersion for this purpose. However, these measures do not have a constant range, and the common practice of dividing the variation value obtained by 100 and expressing the result as a per cent is particularly inappropriate, a-s all have maxima larger than unity for n > 2. The present paper provides standardization procedures for coefficients of variation. The resulting standardized coefficients (called S-measures) have a zero-to-one range, and the common practice of dividing the variation value obtained by 100 and deviation) for descriptive purposes is demonstrated. it is suggested that 5-measures replace, or at least supplement, coefficients of variation and raw dispersion measures when the problem of interest is relative dispersion between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the school years 1969-1971, a set of objectives expressed by Dr. John M. Fowler of the Commission on College Physics was used to evaluate the divergent physics laboratories at New Mexico State University. The result indicated greater achievement of two of the objectives by students enrolled in divergent laboratories than by students enrolled in traditional laboratories. Additionally, the need for revising some elements of the divergent laboratory was indicated, as well as a need for special training of the graduate assistants who conducted the divergent laboratories. A synopsis of this paper was presented to the 14th Annual Idaho Academy of Science Meeting in April, 1972. In the past, much has been written about laboratories. Questions have been raised at all levels regarding the number and type of laboratory experiences that should be offered or required of a student. More recently, there has been a growing concern regarding what is accomplished by instruction in laboratories. In the "traditional or conventional laboratory," deductive in nature as evidenced by many laboratory manuals, explicit instructions are given on what to do and what data to collect. In addition, directions for data analysis are often included, as well as indications of what conclusions to reach. The "project laboratory," inductive in nature and usually reserved for advanced students, differs greatly from the "traditional laboratory." In the "project laboratory," the student is assigned or chooses a project and then proceeds as he determines, with or without assistance from a staff member. A third laboratory, known as the "divergent laboratory," is an attempt to combine the project and traditional laboratories. It is described by Dr. J. W. Ivany as follows: "The divergent laboratory can be regarded as a realistic compromise between free and formal labs, independent project work and mechanical cookbookery. In the divergent lab, there should be parts of the experiment that are predetermined and standard for all members of the class, but there should be as many possible directions in which the experiment can develop after the initial stage. The divergent lab would provide the student with tasks similar to those he would encounter in a free or project laboratory within a framework that is compatible with the various restrictions imposed as a result of the wider system of instructional organization of the school". [1] For a meaningful evaluation to take place, it is important to have developed a set of objectives whose attainment may be measured. In 1956, at the Storrs conference on Improving the Quality and Effectiveness of Introductory Courses, it was recognized that the laboratory portion of a physics course not only contributed to the principle objectives of the course, but had objectives of its own. The objectives were divided into two parts, the "Knowing" and the "Feeling". The "Knowing" area is that which has been referred to in some studies as knowledge gained. The "Feeling" area is aimed at having the student experience physics as the physicist does [2]. Dr. John M. Fowler, director of the Commission on College Physics, formulated a set of objectives for the introductory physics laboratory in the late summer of 1969. A "rough draft" of this set of objectives was made available to Dr. Harold A. Daw, Head of the Physics Department at New Mexico State University. It was decided to seek from the students enrolled in the divergent laboratories, their opinions regarding the attainment of the objectives of the divergent laboratory as expressed by Fowler. Although other sets of objectives have been formulated, those expressed by Fowler most nearly paralleled the unwritten objectives for the laboratory held by the Physics Department at New Mexico State University. Over the following two years (1969-1971), the general and specific objectives as outlined by Fowler were used. Fowler's axioms: 1. It is in the "lab" and only in the "lab," that the student can experience physics as it actually is. 2. For learning to take place most effectively, the student must be motivated through interest. Fowler's objectives: 1. The student should have the opportunity to make personal investigative decisions. a. At some stage in the work the student must choose an experimental path and the choice must be based on work already completed. b. The experiments should be capable of differing degrees of precision so that the student can decide on the basis of his own work when greater precision is needed. c. The student should have an opportunity to exercise control over some aspect of nature. d. The student should be allowed to follow up incorrect decisions occasionally without being immediately corrected by the instructor. II. The laboratory should broaden a student's exposure to the behavior of nature and to the physicist's description and predictions of that behavior. a. An opportunity should be provided for the student to experience a broad range of phenomena. b. Whenever possible, some theoretical analysis should be demanded as part of the lab experience. This should consist of application of broadly based principles rather than computation of formulae. c. The student should have the opportunity in the lab to test some simple model of a phenomenon and to construct and test a more complex model based on his experimental findings. d. Natural phenomena are often a complex interaction of many processes. In the lab, a student should learn by experiment the importance of these various processes and evaluate their magnitude. III. The lab instruction should provide an environment in which discovery by the student is both possible and encouraged. a. As many experiments as possible should lead to results that are not likely to be known to the student in advance. b. Lab interaction with phenomena is often provided prior to lecture exposition. c. Student questions which appear as appropriate for exploration in the lab are allowed to take precedence over preconceived routines. d. The lab should be the source of "dis-equilibrating" experiences, experimental results which are unexpected and difficult to explain, for such experiences facilitate learning. IV. The lab, the lecture, the recitation, the textbook, etc. should provide learning experiences which complement and reinforce each other. a. Opportunity should be provided for both quantitative measure and analysis and qualitative experience [3]. In order to obtain some type of comparison, the opinions of students enrolled in more traditional laboratories were collected as well as opinions of students enrolled in divergent laboratories. The comparisons were somewhat superficial, since the students enrolled in divergent laboratories were enrolled in a different course and were studying different subjects from those enrolled in the more traditional laboratories. The two laboratories used were Introductory Mechanics, and Introductory Electricity and Magnetism, both for calculus level students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a model that extends and generalizes the methods of the bio-assay analysis by incorporating differing stopping rules, samples per level, and level magnitudes, and applies it to the problem of artillery registration in a decision-theoretic setting. It finds that significant improvements in the procedure currently used by the US Army and Marine Corps field artillery units (in terms of accuracy, timeliness, and ammunition expenditures) may well be possible. The method of analysis is applicable in a wide range of contexts involving ‘calibration’ problems where the variance of the population being tested is known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to examine the efficacy of the means-end schema, the conceptual core of a voluntaristic theory of action which, it is claimed, emerged from the positivistic tradition in the work of various researchers and from the idealistic tradition in the work of researcher Max Weber. Postulates which underlie the means-end schema may be enumerated briefly. Most of its apologists insist, as rigidly as any positivist, that social science use all of the observational and mensurational techniques available. They claim that they respect the necessity for the objectification of social data and that their results are derived in such a way as to be consistent with the most stringent methodological criteria. They resist attempts to indict them as opponents of whatever objective instruments have been developed for the advancement of sociological research, whether these instruments be observation, measurement, statistics, symbolic logic, or anything else. The conclusion seems inevitable that the means-end schema violates most of the canons and repudiates most of the criteria of objective scientific methodology.

This inquiry was initiated with the support of a grant from the Research Committee of the University of California-Davis. Further support was provided by a grant from the University of Kansas General Research Fund. The authors wish to thank Ronald Schwartz and Richard Pardini for their assistance on the study. This paper has been improved by the helpful attention it received from D. Stanley Eitzen and Gary M. Maranell. McKee McClendon provided the computer program that greatly facilitated the analysis of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study which aims at building a device for measuring the effects of science instruction on the scientific attitudes. The scientific attitude is named as "Conviction of Cause and Effect Relations." The study has followed the testing procedures of "Paper and Pencil" method. This method has been adopted because it involves fewer possibilities of misinterpretation. This testing procedure method involves equal appearing intervals. However some changes have been made in the method including shortening of the scale, ratings of statements by a few experts, values of scales are obtained by formula and items have been placed in categories. The accumulation of a satisfactory list of items was the most important and crucial step in the composition of an attitude scale. The data was collected from all resources including previous studies, popular books and magazines, newspapers, radio, motion pictures and classroom situations.

This paper contains an exposition of the types of family statistics derived and published annually from the Current Population Survey of the Bureau of the Census. The authors discuss the Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS) in terms of its relevancy and value to sociologists interested in the field of family studies. Recent improvements in data collection and processing techniques, as well as a discussion of the wide range of social and economic variables relating to family studies and obtainable from the CPS for the national population are presented. it is pointed out that the CPS is, and can be, an important source of recurring family data for supplementing independent research in many related fields. The Census Bureau's household and family projections program is discussed and a brief demographic sketch of the family in America in 1970 is offered as an illustration of the nature of the data currently available in the CPS programs and the "Current Population Reports" publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper attempts to estimate median age at marriage for Pakistan and its regions from census data. Urban-rural differentials and trend, in age at marriage have also been discussed. An effort has been made to analyze the errors in Pakistan's enumeration data, adjust the reported proportions single, and re-estimate age at marriage in that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews research data concerned with social and emotional adjustment characteristics of mildly retarded children and adolescents. Contrary to a number of statements appearing in various texts and review articles, little is known concerning the type and frequency of occurrence of behavior adjustment problems among the mildly retarded. In addition, there is no suitable evidence to indicate that the adjustment level of special class children is superior to that of retarded children attending regular grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investors are interested in a firm's financial reports for predicting future performance. Quarterly earnings reports, it is generally hoped or believed, contribute to the task of prediction by providing earlier and more sharply focused information. This paper offers additional data on and analysis of quarterly reports, approaching the subject through a study of revisions in reported quarterly earnings. Quarterly data are frequently revised. In many cases, no explanation is given as to the reason for the revision or the explanation given implies that the originally reported net incomes were inaccurate. There is no evidence, however, to lead one to suspect that the originally reported quarterly net incomes are overstated. In fact, it appears that if anything they tend to be conservatively reported. This article provides no conclusive evidence to lead one to believe that quarterly data are revised in order to improve the readers' image of the firm's performance for the current quarter. Although there is no evidence to support the opinion that the revised quarterly data are any better than the originally reported data, in terms of predicting the annual net income, it is concluded that these data are revised because subsequent information reveals that the originally reported data were inaccurate.

This article presents information regarding social immobility and inequality measurement. Starting from the probably best instrument devised up to now to analyze a mobility table from this point of view, i.e. Yasuda's Y, the article shows that the given index in the article could be considered as a particular element of a family of indices. In this family, a particularly important other member is X, which have been called an index of inequality. An illustrative example shows that X and Y may lead to different conclusions on the meaning of a mobility table or of a set of mobility tables. At a more general level, the present paper shows that the idea of a best mobility measure is probably a false and also dangerous idea. The problem is rather to make explicit the implicit ideas or assumptions used in the construction of any index. The article ignores the numerous methodological difficulties raised by a table. In general, intergenerational mobility tables are drawn from reports of a sample of sons on the occupation of their father. This procedure leads of course to all kinds of biases. In particular, the differential fertility of the social. classes will introduce a bias in the occupational distribution of the group of "fathers."

This paper deals with a task which is typical for sociological research. In the aspect of content it was stated in the following manner: supposing there is a set of occupations; sociologists can collect questionnaire data for analysis. The task is to scale these occupations according to the subjects' answers. The matter of scaling is in replacing the object designations by numbers in such a manner that the relationships on objects might be retained in numerical relations. The measuring procedure is in assigning numerical values to the objects, and it is executed by the third element of the scale, namely by the function. Depending on arbitrary definitions of the function, the following scale types are considered: absolute, interval, differential, ordinal and nominal. Thus, constructing a scale of designations would consist merely in replacing different names of occupations by different numbers. The representatives of the same occupation would not differ from each other. In constructing mathematical models such distinction is insufficient as the proportion of studies in which the results of nominal scaling are used is very small.

The article focuses on sex effects in the interviewing of young adults. Although periodic assessments of the perils of using an interview format to collect data have been made, many social scientists feel that the advantages of the interview outweigh its disadvantages in a wide variety of research situations. Incumbent on those who utilize the interview, however, are the responsibilities of identifying the situations where problems in measurement could occur in the interview, as well as ascertaining the extent of these problems should they occur. The focus of this paper is on the first of these responsibilities-identifying situations where measurement problems can arise due to the effect, in this case, of the interviewer on the subjects' responses. In a number of previous studies interviewer effects have been shown to be related to ascriptive characteristics of the interviewer such as age, sex, and race, as well as to somewhat less apparent traits including the interviewer's social class, his own attitudes about the interview items, and his psychological temperament for the interviewer's role. Other researchers have approached the problem of interview validity from a different angle by trying to identify which types of questions were most susceptible to interview effects.

The article presents a reply to a paper titled "Predicting Passenger Miles Flown," by sociologist Hornell Hart's, published in the February 1, 1949 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." The article states that the discussion in the paper by Hart falls into two parts, the fitting of curve to existing data and the extrapolation of those curves for prediction purposes. The author of the article is not as enthusiastic about the goodness of fitting curves to existing time series, as Hart appears to be. According to him, a curve can be fitted so well to a time series that it passes through every point. The fit is perfect and the correlation is 1. But the predictive value of such a perfect fit through extrapolation would be worse in general than a line with a poorer fit. In the analysis of time series for prediction purposes, the procedure should be to separate the trend from the cyclical or other fluctuation around the trend. Two series may have the same identical trend but in one case fluctuations around it may be twice as great as in the other and hence the fit twice as bad. The trend, though, is not unrelated to the fit, for if the trend is a curve and a straight line is used to measure the trend, the fit will be bad.

Progress in measurement theory and techniques of data analysis can be useful to both the management scientist and behavioralist. Recent developments in multidimensional scaling and nonmetric methods in analyzing associative data are discussed. The author further speculates that such techniques will lead ultimately to more realistic prescriptive models and more rigorous formulations of buyer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the accuracy of role definition on the part of individuals in dating situations. Data are based upon the responses of 417 college students to questionnaires. It was found that both males and females misread the sexual expectations of members of the opposite sex, and both always do so in the direction of increased permissiveness. A tentative suggestion is made that such inaccuracy in role definition will result in sexual standards being liberalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the applicability of the set theory in sociological research. The author notes that Donal E. Muir's paper "Searching Data for Predictive Variables: A Set-Theoretical Approach" contributes to the improved scientific status of sociology specifically by investigating one of its most ubiquitous and problematic predicates. In doing this, Muir displays the utility of set theory as a primitive but formidable tool for the construction of sociological sentences. The author further points out that set theory is a rich and sophisticated language, with an array of conjunctions with which to build complicated subject and object sets. Above all, it offers a variety of unambiguous predicates with which to build logically meaningful theory, that is, theory that has implications, which can be proven to be true by the rules of deductive logic. The article further reveals that Muir has attacked the basic scientific predicate, cause, and has come up with a useful if not revolutionary algorithm. He has moved toward the improvement of sociological sentence structure.

The article presents comments of the author on a paper by P.K. Bardhan and T.N. Srinivasan, titled "Cropsharing Tenancy in Agriculture: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis," published in the March 1971 issue of the journal "American Economic Review." Bardhan and Srinivasan constructed a simple theoretical model of sharecropping from which they were able to make several predictions and which they tested against Indian data. They claimed to have constructed a competitive theory of share tenancy in which the equilibrium share rental was parametrically given to all agents, which they contrasted with an earlier attempt at a general equilibrium model of sharecropping by S.N.S. Cheung. The author argues that Cheung was correct in describing a competitive theory of share tenancy, though the incompleteness of his treatment appears to have misled Bardhan and Srinivasan and possibly others. It follows that the analysis of Bardhan and Srinivasan is incorrect and that any attempt to modify their model while retaining the spirit of the original will ironically give rise to pure monopoly equilibrium.

PP-T-0014-0-1 The development of digital techniques has enabled the psychophysiologist to extend the range and complexity of his experiments. The functioning of digital devices can be divided into four aspects, namely: 1) data acquisition, 2) data storage, 3) data analysis, and 4) data output. The principles underlying these techniques are outlined, the most fundamental step being the conversion of the analog signal to the digital value. Digital instruments in psychophysiology are reviewed including the data logger, the instrumentation-coupler, the special purpose computer, and the general purpose laboratory computer. The authors' experience with laboratory computers is described and the great flexibility of these devices in psychophysiological research is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents several abstracts on the books and the articles pertaining to various aspects of the organization of information. The first one is "Notes on the German Classification of Patents," by Norman T. Ball. The German patent classification system established in 1877 had 89 classes arranged in alphabetical order by their German titles. To date the original German schedule of 89 main classes has been rigidly retained; the system has been developed by increasing the number of subclasses from time to time. Another abstract is "Description of an Automatic Data-Analyzing Machine," by B.S. Benson. It describes a machine developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company for the automatic analysis of bar-graph records.

The article focuses on the design and data analysis in educational research. The study conducted by the staff of the University of Illinois Center for Instructional Research and Curriculum Evaluation is an example of informed attention to the design aspects of educational research. Multivariate analysis is the method being used in an educational research that focuses on a single response and led to many incomplete descriptions of data, but it does not mean that the lack of emphasis on multivariate analysis is the main reason of an insufficient analysis.