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Commentary is provided for the article "The National Security Dilemma: Challenge to Management Scientists," by Marshall K. Wood, published in the April 1, 1961 issue of the periodical "Management Science." The author disagrees with Wood's assertion that the development of international law be contingent on the development of a United Nations military force. Also discussed are Wood's views concerning potential protocols in the case of a nuclear attack, including the implementation of a population shelter initiative.

The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

The article focuses on the reorganization of the U.S. National Security Council (NSC) under the presidency of Dwight David Eisenhower. The author provides an analysis on the performance of NSC under the administration of former president Harry S. Truman and identifies its weakness. Some of which is the informal nature of NSC proceedings during that time and that NSC had been always late in the policy-making process in matters concerning national security. But with the powerful tandem of Robert Cutler and Eisenhower, several significant changes occurred in the NSC. The NSC structure was strengthened and the Council mechanism was implemented for all major foreign and military policy-making.

Research sponsored by government has now reached major proportions and has general significance for higher education, for national security, and for free inquiry. This paper reports some results of an extended study conducted in the major research agencies of the federal government. Despite the distinctive character of research, the processes of administering contract and grant research parallel those identified for other types of activities. The relative newness of these programs permits the study of administrative processes as they are developing. The specific processes involved in contract research administration are those of determining areas of research interest, evaluating and selecting proposals for support, negotiating and supervising research projects, and evaluating results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about the proposal intended for national security in the U.S. The proposal is the outgrowth of a series of informal, entirely unofficial meetings between Herman Kahn of Princeton University, James E. King, Jr. of Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research, Evron Kirkpatrick of the American Political Science Association and others. The author stresses the paper is his interpretation and explanation of the discussion, rather than being a formal report approved by all participants.

The article presents a discussion of the importance of world security in response to the threat of nuclear destruction, adapted from a conference paper at the World Brotherhood Conference held in New York City on January 10, 1957.

The article presents discussion on multifarious and perplexing problems of national security in the U.S. Professor Kenneth E. Boulding makes an urgent plea for the development of a science of threat systems. His article provides a powerful stimulus and some indicated direction for such study. Professor Richard R. Nelson detailed analysis of the impact of arms reduction on Research and Development (R and D) is both worth while and comforting, worth while because of the dominant position of R and D in the nation's total R and D effort and comforting because of its conclusions that the impact of disarmament on R and D at the universities should not be particularly great and it is not likely that unemployment of scientists and engineers as a result of arms reduction will be more than a very short-run problem. The model developed by Nelson does indeed shed some light on the problem it attacks-by emphasizing its complexity and by calling attention to the number of factors which require consideration.

The article focuses on the concept of freedom of the press in relations to the case of the disclosure by the "New York Times" magazine of secret report on the involvement of the U.S. in Indochina. It states that the magazine disclosed excerpts of the report commissioned by Robert McNamanra in 1967-1968 as defence secretary, which shows that the government was much interested in their share of global power than the consequences for South Vietnamese. It says that the U.S. Government called to stop the publication which they argued could affect the national security and international relationship with other governments. However, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to allow the publication of other excerpts wherein the Supreme Court Justices argued that it is within the freedom of the press.

This paper was presented as the banquet address at the 7th International Meeting of TIMS in New York City, October 20, 1960. The following paper, by Anatol Rapoport, was also on the program of this meeting. In view of the interest aroused by the contrasting positions taken, the Editor asked each author to submit his paper for publication in Management Science along with comments on the other's paper. The four resulting papers appear together in this issue of Management Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the Harris Survey after the U.S. Department of Defense's flurry in the summer of 1971 which revealed behind-scenes decisions in the making of the Vietnam war. For example, 70 percent agreed that if there was any doubt about violating the national security in publishing documents such as the Defense department's papers on the Far East, then the documents should not be published. But obviously the revelations were not widely judged dangerous, for 58 percent simultaneously agreed that in a democracy such as ours, it is necessary to tell people the truth about how we got into the war in Vietnam, even if it means top secret documents, as long as they are not about today's situation there. And although the public has never exhibited overweaning concern for freedom of the press, Harris further reported that 45 per cent were of the opinion that if a newspaper had to get permission from the government to print inside information, then the public would not be told the truth. This collection of questions reveals some facts about presidential administrations and the historical periods they encompassed. Before Vietnam none of the phraseology was in personal terms. Wording referred to the government, officials or just news about the war or foreign relations.

The article presents information about a symposium on military operations research, held at the Fourteenth National Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America, in Saint Louis, Missouri, on October 23, 1958. Six papers were presented by the representatives of the six principal operations-research agencies of the national-defense establishments of the United States and Canada. Joseph H. Engel's "Operations Research for the U.S. Navy Since World War II," focuses on the U.S. Navy's operations-research program since World War II. Various conclusions have been extracted by several researches over the years shows that a group, which is centrally organized, can provide, with economy and little duplication, the continuity of leadership and experience to do useful operations research for a complex organizations such as the U.S. Navy on a continuing basis, and that such a central group has the flexibility to react properly emergencies. W.L. Whitson's "The Growth of the Operations Research Office in the U.S. Army," states that operations research had its formal initiation in the U.S. Army ten years ago with the formation of ORO at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Massachusetts. At the present time the Chief of Research and Development of the Department of the Army spends about $11 million per year on operations-research type contracts with 25 to 30 different companies.

The article presents a discussion on difference between economic development in Japan and rest of Asia. Japanese ruling classes has been aware of dangers of colonial exploitation and strove consciously to avoid them. Japan alone among Asian nations had a strongly developed spirit of nationalism, economic as well as political, which led to government development of public utilities and industries connected with the national defense. Japan had a higher degree of geographic and governmental unity than other Asiatic nations. Japan had a strong internal government. The factors responsible for poverty in Southern Asia was lack of education, lack of health facilities, lack of industrialization, lack of awareness about other developed countries and many more. The evidence is clear that the Southeast in recent years has gained rapidly on the national avenge in such basic measures of economic welfare as per capita income, percentage of higher value-added industries, and percentage of the labor force with higher skills.

The article focuses on the development of civil defense in relation to American regions. In considering this development this article begins with three assumptions. First, it assumes that civil defense comprises a needed protection for communities during the nuclear age. A second assumption of this paper is that the regional approach to the study of civil defense is a valid, appropriate, and promising one to be used along with other approaches. Thirdly, this paper makes a pair of specific assumptions for practical working purposes, one applying to civil defense, the other to regions. In citing the development of civil defense activities it relies exclusively on the official data of the Federal Civil Defense Administration as published in its annual reports. By this study, authors' concluded that the need for civil defense protection varies considerably in the sense that some regions have far greater urban-industrial concentrations than others, and such concentrations would be expected to be the preferred targets of enemy attack; civil defense activities and accomplishments have also been shown to vary significantly according to regions.

The article offers news briefs concerning the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in the U.S. AEC Commissioner John von Neumann was given a Medal of Freedom for his exceptionally meritorious service in the furtherance of the nations security. The AEC has appointed a special team of 35 experts to evaluate classified papers in order to hasten the flow of information to the industry. One hundred and twenty-nine tons of heavy water has been sold to six countries for research and power reactors use.

The article discusses the nature of the U.S. security officers and their duties and responsibilities. The author states that some of the U.S. security officers are lawyers who have experience with military intelligence service, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or with other law enforcement agencies. He asserts that there are second-rate security officers who use their position for their own advantage. He explains that the security officer is the one responsible for safeguarding the government's military, technical, and other secrets. He stresses that the security officer does not have the power to investigate.

The article reports that the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission has denied security clearance for nuclear physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer. It is reported that Oppenheimer has full access including some vital secrets in the possession of the U.S. However, the Personnel Security Board has denied any clearance to the nuclear physicist on the grounds of the Atomic Act of 1946. Some pertinent papers and records from the board, military intelligence and the Federal Bureau of Investigation presented to the Commission have suggested that Oppenheimer should not be reinstated for the concern of national security.

The article presents the atomic energy commission's interest in bioenvironmental research. This paper focuses on the requirements needed for the development, usage and control of atomic energy for the benefit of the national defense and national security. It has been proposed by the Atomic Energy Act (AEC) that atomic energy be used for the general welfare of humankind in uplifting the standard of living, promote world peace, and for strengthening free competition in private enterprises. AEC has developed and been pushing for various researches in the advances of technology in atomic energy.

The article provides information related to international defense and strategy. A written agreement on missile bases was signed by the U.S. and Great Britain in Washington on February 22, 1958. The British government has issued an annual White Paper on Defense on February 13, 1958, which states that Great Britain would use nuclear weapons if any attack occurs in the country. John A. Wheeler, professor of physics, urged the Advanced Projects of the Defense Department to form a national defense research center which would pool the best talent working on the service's missile programs, nuclear weapons, and electronic programs.

This article presents information on the history of cases in the U.S. Supreme Court. In Niemotko v. State of Maryland, the Court reversed a conviction, which had been based on a disorderly-conduct statute, noting that a permit system, for speeches in a public park, in the absence of definite standards, constitutes prior restraint on freedom of speech, press, and religion. This liberal approach was somewhat modified in U.S. v. Rabinowitz. Here the defendant was arrested with a proper warrant and the police then searched the one-room office and secured evidence. This the Court upheld as reasonable, since the room was open to the public, was under the control of the accused, and the search did not extend beyond this room used for unlawful purposes. Congress in 1954 passed an Immunity Act providing that whenever in the judgment of the United States Attorney the testimony of any witness or the production of books, papers, or other evidence by any witness in any case before any grand jury or court in the United States involving any interference with, or endangering of, the national security is necessary to the public interest, the District Attorney, upon the approval of the Attorney General, may make application to the Court for an order to the witness to testify.

The net social cost to the nation of the oil import quota system is estimated to be between one and four billion dollars annually. Quotas were originally instituted and now wholly justified on national security grounds. But an alternative program is available which offers both a known present degree of national security at lower cost and a higher degree of long-run national security. This paper presents the case for that alternative program. A major motive of the oil industry in pressing for import quotas, as for any industry asking for a restriction in competition, was to obtain a higher price for its domestic product. The import quota system limits imports into Petroleum Administration Districts I to IV. The import quota system fails in several respects as a solution to the national security problem. Given import restrictions, domestic prices of crude oil and finished petroleum products rise above their free market levels. High domestic crude oil prices lead producers to develop submarginal fields and continue to produce from inefficient wells.

In common with most economists, under conditions of full employment, or even in an economy characterized by a high-level, if less than full, employment, inflationary dangers are ever present; that these dangers are perhaps increased by the extent to which large and powerful labor organizations and corporations "determine" wages and prices; that the magnitude of our expenditures for national security--for defense and international aid--almost inevitably increase these dangers. Nor can one dispute the assumption that the problem with which we are concerned is not transitory. This is also generally recognized. The Committee for Economic Development in commenting on national security expenditures of about 20 billion. The level of tax rates required to sustain a 42 billion dollar budget is well within the economy's taxable capacity. Even a budget of 6 billion dollars above that amount should not produce an adverse effect upon incentives and investments. In brief, the size of national income of the U.S., present and prospective, indicates that people can support such outlays without serious injury to the market economy.

There seems to be no reason to suppose that the crime statistics published by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) are an accurate measure of crime incidence. First, the crimes must be reported to the police. Whether people report crimes against property must be affected by their expectations that the police will recover their losses. Second, the crimes must be reported to the F.B.I. by the police. The degree of reporting is a convenient device available to a police administration to misrepresent the extent of criminal activity. For crimes against property there is an independent measure of the risk of crime; this is the premium rates on the various sublines of burglary insurance. A test of the accuracy of the statistics for crimes against property can be made by cross-sectional comparisons with the premium rates of insurance coverages. This paper reports the method and results of such a test; it considers some difficulties of the test and attempts to evaluate their importance.

The article focuses on the situation of the science education in the U.S. The reform movement to improve the teaching of science in the schools results from the awareness of the people of the basic role of science and technology in the present and future welfare and security of the free world. This reform movement in science has been confronted with the problem of modernizing the background preparation of the teachers of secondary education. Educational institutions in the state have felt a shortage of qualified instructors in the fields of science and engineering due to the attractive salaries available from the industry. The management of the industry have