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[Display omitted] • High-valence Mo atoms embedded in FeNi (oxy)hydroxides are realized by boronation. • MoFeNi ultrathin nanoflakes promote mass diffusion and electron transfer for OER. • Mo can modulate electronic structure and optimize intermediates adsorption energy. • AEM electrolyser produce hydrogen continuously for several hours at 500 mA cm−2. The incorporation of high-valence transition metal atoms into FeNi (oxy)hydroxides may be a promising strategy to regulate the intrinsic electronic states, thereby reducing the thermodynamic barrier and accelerating oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, a high-valence Mo atoms doping route is proposed by an efficient self-reconstruction strategy to prepare MoFeNi (oxy)hydroxides for efficient alkaline OER. By using borides (MoNiB) as sacrificial template and Mo source, FeNi (oxy)hydroxides nanoflakes embedded with high-valence Mo atoms (MoFeNi) is successfully synthesized, which can modulate the electron coordination to improve the intrinsic catalytic activity. Remarkably, the obtained MoFeNi exhibits extremely low overpotential (η 100 = 252 mV and η 500 = 288 mV) and small Tafel slope (18.35 mV dec-1). The robust catalyst can run stably for hours at 500 mA cm−2. Characterization results and theoretical calculations confirmed that the addition of high-valence Mo effectively modulated the intrinsic electronic structure of metal sites and optimized the adsorption/desorption energy of the intermediates, accelerating OER reactions kinetics. By coupling MoFeNi anode with Pt/C cathode, anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyser can operate stably at 500 mA cm−2 with about less than 2.2 V. This research introduces a novel approach to develop ideal electrocatalysts through the incorporation of high-valence molybdenum species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The presence of ZGV is predicted and confirmed in the CFRP-Nomex honeycomb structure. • The ZGV formation mechanism in the honeycomb structure is analyzed and elaborated. • A new debonding detection method is proposed using ZGV feature. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) − Nomex adhesive honeycomb structures are widely used in aerospace due to their excellent properties. However, debonding defects pose a significant challenge to structural safety due to their hidden nature and high risk. In this work, to address the debonding detection in the CFRP-Nomex honeycomb structure, a method based on the zero group velocity (ZGV) feature is proposed. By calculating the dispersion curve of the structure, it is found that there is the ZGV on the S 1 branch. Further analysis revealed that this ZGV feature is generated by the repulsion between the S 2 and S 1 branches. The simulation and experimental analysis of the acoustic propagation characteristics in the honeycomb structure confirmed the presence of the ZGV feature with its energy localized near the exciting point. When debonding defects occur in the honeycomb structure, this feature disappears. Therefore, the ZGV feature can be used for the debonding detection of CFRP-Nomex honeycomb structures. Compared with ultrasonic C-scan, the results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately detect and locate debonding defects with a diameter of 20 mm. Due to its simplicity, the method does not require sophisticated equipment or complex signal processing procedures, making it suitable for in-service inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ·Three chromosomes-level genomes were obtained, including Trichoderma harzianum Tha739, T. asperellum Tas653 and T. atroviride Tat488. • · T. harzianum Tha739 had an advantage in sensing environmental stimulus, secreting antibiotic and stress tolerance. • ·IAA in Tha739 was mainly 3-indole acetonitrile and indole acetaldehyde, but in Tat488, it was indole-3-acetamide. • ·Tha739 was more related to soil phosphorus metabolism, but in Tat488 was mainly involved in soil nitrogen metabolism. • ·The significant differences among different Trichoderma strains/species indicated the composite application of multiple species and strains could avoid functional shortcomings of a single strain. Trichoderma is an excellent biocontrol agent, but most Trichoderma genomes remained at the scaffold level, which greatly limits the research of biocontrol mechanism. Here, we reported the chromosome-level genome of Trichoderma harzianum CGMCC20739 (Tha739), T. asperellum CGMCC11653 (Tas653) and T. atroviride CGMCC40488 (Tat488), they were assembled into 7 chromosomes, genome size were 40 Mb (10,611 genes), 37.3 Mb (10,102 genes) and 36.3 Mb (9,896 genes), respectively. The positive selected genes of three strains were associated to response to stimulus, signaling transduction, immune system and localization. Furthermore, the number of transcription factors in Tha739, Tas653 and Tat488 strains had significant difference, which may contribute to the differential biocontrol function and stress tolerance. The genes related to signal transduction and gene clusters related to antimicrobial compounds in Tha739 were more than those in Tas653 and Tat488, which showed Tha739 may keenly sense other fungi and quickly secret antimicrobial compounds to inhibit other fungi. Tha739 also contained more genes associated to detoxification, antioxidant and nutrition utilization, indicating it had higher stress-tolerance to hostile environments. And the substrate for synthesizing IAA in Tha739 was mainly 3-indole acetonitrile and indole acetaldehyde, but in Tat488, it was indole-3-acetamide, moreover, Tha739 secreted more phosphatase and phytase and was more related to soil phosphorus metabolism, Tat488 secreted more urease and was more related to soil nitrogen metabolism. These candidate genes related to biocontrol function and stress-tolerance laid foundations for construction of functional strains. All above proved the difference in biocontrol function of Tha739, Tas653 and Tat488 strains, however, the defects in individual strains could be compensated for through Trichoderma -biome during the commercial application process of biocontrol Trichoderma strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the three-dimensional stochastic chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes (SCNS) system subjected to a Lévy-type random external force in a bounded domain. Until recently, the existed results concerning global solvability of SCNS system mainly concentrated on the case of two spatial dimensions, little is known about the SCNS system in dimension three. We prove in the present work that the initial-boundary value problem for the three-dimensional SCNS system has at least one global martingale solution under proper assumptions, which is weak in both the analytical and stochastic sense. A new stochastic analogue of entropy-energy inequality and an uniform boundedness estimate are derived, which enable us to construct global-in-time approximate solutions from a suitably regularized SCNS system via the Contraction Mapping Principle. The proof of the existence of martingale solution is based on a stochastic compactness method and an elaborate identification of the limits procedure, where the Jakubowski-Skorokhod Theorem is applied to deal with the phase spaces equipped with weak topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 2D peptide nanosheets with uniform structure are designed and synthesized. • Biocompatible 2D PNSs serve as a support matrix for assembling 2D nanoplatform. • 2D nanohybrids possess good biocompatibility, high PTC capability, and clear bioimaging effects. • It offers profound guidance for the development of novel 2D nanoplatforms for tumor treatment. Fluorescent bioimaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) techniques have potential significance in cancer diagnosis and treatment and have been widely applied in biomedical and practical clinical trials. This study proposes the molecular design and biofabrication of a two-dimensional (2D) nanoplatform, exhibiting promising prospects for synergistic bioimaging and PTT of tumors. First, biocompatible 2D peptide nanosheets (PNSs) were designed and prepared through peptide self-assembly. These served as a support matrix for assembling polyethylene glycol-modified Ag 2 S quantum dots (PEG-Ag 2 SQDs) to form a 2D nanoplatform (PNS/PEG-Ag 2 SQDs) with unique fluorescent and photothermal properties. The designed 2D nanoplatform not only showed improved photothermal efficacy and an elevated photothermal conversion efficiency of 52.46 %, but also demonstrated significant lethality against tumors in both in vitro and in vivo cases. Additionally, it displays excellent imaging effects in the near-infrared II region, making it suitable for synergistic fluorescent imaging-guided PTT of tumors. This study not only provides a facile approach for devising and synthesizing 2D peptide assemblies but also presents new biomimetic strategies to create functional 2D organic/inorganic nanoplatforms for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The simple preparation of mesoporous NiS 2 //MoS 2 composite catalyst through a one-pot solvothermal method is presented. The improvement of the specific surface area (220 m2/g) and the construction of the porous structure are realized by this method in the case of no support. The organics acts as a microscopic binder contribute to uniform stacking of MoS 2 with NiS 2 clusters. The composite structure including NiS 2 and MoS 2 was obtained (proved by XRD, XPS, TEM, IR, UV–vis and RAMAN) and changed the microelectronic environment of the active metal surface (DFT calculation). The mesoporous NiS 2 //MoS 2 catalyst (Ni 1 Mo 1 -200) showed an excellent hydrodesulfurization performance of dibenzothiophene (DBT conversion: 78 % at 260 °C) and a high ratio of direct desulfurization pathway (S DDS/HYD = 16.6) at a low reaction temperature. By combining the characterization and theoretical calculation results, the advantages of this NiS 2 //MoS 2 composite structure in synergistic catalysis was further confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Molybdenum carbide materials with unique electronic structures have received special attention as water-splitting catalysts, but their structural stability in the alkaline water electrolysis process is not satisfactory. This study reports an in situ pyrolysis method for preparing NiMo-based metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived chain-mail oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts and bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotube (NCNT)-encapsulated Ni-doped MoC nanoparticles (NiMoC-NCNTs). The NCNTs can provide chain mail shells to protect the inner highly reactive Ni-doped MoC cores from electrochemical corrosion by the alkaline electrolyte and regulate their catalytic properties through charge redistribution. Benefiting from high N -doping with abundant pyridinic moieties and abundant active sites of the periodic bamboo-like nodes, the as-prepared NiMoC-NCNTs display an outstanding activity for the OER with an overpotential of 310 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a superior long-term stability of 50 h. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the excellent electrocatalytic activity of NiMoC-NCNTs comes from the electron transfer from NiMoC nanoparticles to NCNTs, resulting in a decrease in the local work function at the carbon surface and optimized free efficiencies of OER intermediates on C sites. This work provides an effective approach to improve the structural stability of fragile catalysts by equipping them with carbon-based chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phylogenies of Potentilla were built based on bi-organellar genomes. • Mitochondrial data fully resolved the phylogenetic relationships among the eight clades of Potentilla and are not always linked with plastome in evolutionary history. • Loci with short sequence length or containing limited informative sites should be used cautiously in multispecies coalescent analyses. Phylogenomic conflicts are widespread among genomic data, with most previous studies primarily focusing on nuclear datasets instead of organellar genomes. In this study, we investigate phylogenetic conflict analyses within and between plastid and mitochondrial genomes using Potentilla as a case study. We generated three plastid datasets (coding, noncoding, and all-region) and one mitochondrial dataset (coding regions) to infer phylogenies based on concatenated and multispecies coalescent (MSC) methods. Conflict analyses were then performed using PhyParts and Quartet Sampling (QS). Both plastid and mitochondrial genomes divided the Potentilla into eight highly supported clades, two of which were newly identified in this study. While most organellar loci were uninformative for the majority of nodes (bootstrap value < 70%), PhyParts and QS detected conflicting signals within the two organellar genomes. Regression analyses revealed that conflict signals mainly occurred among shorter loci, whereas longer loci tended to be more concordant with the species tree. In addition, two significant disagreements between the two organellar genomes were detected, likely attributed to hybridization and/or incomplete lineage sorting. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial genes can fully resolve the phylogenetic relationships among eight major clades of Potentilla and are not always linked with plastome in evolutionary history. Stochastic inferences appear to be the primary source of observed conflicts among the gene trees. We recommend that the loci with short sequence length or containing limited informative sites should be used cautiously in MSC analysis, and suggest the joint application of concatenated and MSC methods for phylogenetic inference using organellar genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CP) is a microalga that has been used as a sustainable protein and food source. However, its green color from chlorophyll and low processability have limited its broad application in food. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) in conjunction with alcohol treatment in removing chlorophyll from CP and its impact on the quality and techno-functionality of the resulting decolorized CP meal. The method was found to be efficient, eco-friendly, and allowed easy recovery of CP components and solvents. It removed chlorophyll effectively and increased CP whiteness from 43.5 ± 1.26 to 86.6 ± 0.55. The combination processing strategy also significantly (p < 0.05) improved the protein quality (e.g. , essential amino acid ratio) and functionality (e.g. , foaming, emulsification, and gelation) of CP. The results of morphological and electrophoretic analyses indicated that the aggregation behavior of CP molecules was altered in the decolorized sample. Thermochemical and infrared analyses revealed that the decolorization processing reduced CP's heating enthalpy and disrupted hydrophilic β-turns on its globulin surface, causing more random coils. These findings suggest that HPH combined with alcohol treatment can enhance CP sensory characteristics and functionality, which would facilitate its application in the food industry. • High-pressure homogenization with alcohol decolorized Chlorella effectively. • Combination treatment increased the essential amino acid proportion in Chlorella. • Decolorized Chlorella meal showed prominent foam stability and gelling activity. • Sensory acceptance and techno-functionality of decolorized Chlorella were enhanced. • Decolorized Chlorella has potential applications in various food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread metastasis is the primary reason for the high mortality associated with ovarian cancer (OC), and effective targeted therapy for tumor aggressiveness is still insufficient in clinical practice. Therefore, it is urgent to find new targets to improve prognosis of patients. PDE4A is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development in various malignancies. Our study firstly reported the function of PDE4A in OC. Expression of PDE4A was validated through bioinformatics analysis, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, its impact on cell growth and motility was assessed via in vitro and in vivo experiments. PDE4A was downregulated in OC tissues compared with normal tissues and low PDE4A expression was correlated with poor clinical outcomes in OC patients. The knockdown of PDE4A significantly promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of OC cells while overexpression of PDE4A resulted in the opposite effect. Furthermore, smaller and fewer tumor metastatic foci were observed in mice bearing PDE4A -overexpressing OVCAR3 cells. Mechanistically, downregulation of PDE4A expression can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and nuclear translocation of Snail, which suggests that PDE4A plays a pivotal role in suppressing OC progression. Notably, Rolipram, the PDE4 inhibitor, mirrored the effects observed with PDE4A deletion. In summary, the downregulation of PDE4A appears to facilitate OC progression by modulating the Snail/EMT pathway, underscoring the potential of PDE4A as a therapeutic target against ovarian cancer metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A rare benzothiazole meroterpenoid granulathiazole A (3 , GA) along with two other new compounds were isolated from the co-cultivation of Alternaria brassicicola and Penicillium sp. HUBU0120. • GA ameliorated neuron ferroptosis in both in vitro and in vivo models of MPP+/MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease. • GA inhibited ferroptosis via activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway for attenuating the decreased expressions of SLC7A11, GPX4, and FSP-1 and the increased level of ACSL4 as well as ameliorated the accumulation of α-syn in 6-OHDA-induced PD model. Two pairs of enantiomers (1a – 2b), namely (±)-alterpyrone F and (±)-alterpyrone G, along with a rare benzothiazole meroterpenoid granulathiazole A (3 , GA), and two undescribed compounds called respectively granulahydeoate (4) and granulaone (5), were obtained from the co-cultivation of Alternaria brassicicola and Penicillium sp. HUBU0120. Exhaustive analyses of NMR, single crystal XRD, Mo 2 (OAc) 4 -induced circular dichroism data, and a modified Mosher's method distinguished the absolute configurations of isolates. Bioactive evaluations exhibited that GA possessed promising anti-PD activity in both in vitro and in vivo PD models viz. 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells and 6-OHDA-induced zebrafish, respectively. Moreover, our research demonstrated that ferroptosis activated by 6-OHDA was mitigated in PD models after treated with GA. Extensive molecular mechanism studies in PD-modelled cells manifested that GA attenuated the decreased expressions of SLC7A11, GPX4, and FSP-1, and the increased level of ACSL4 via activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway as well as ameliorated the accumulation of α-synuclein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The statistical model on change point detection offers a new window to stratify the diverse trajectories of cognitive decline in the temporal domain. • The relationship between tau biomarkers and MMSE manifests multiple change points occurring at the ages of 72, 78, and 83. • T biomarker exhibits higher sensitivity in tracking cognitive decline than A and [N] biomarkers. AT[N] biomarkers are more sensitive to the decline of executive function compared to memory performance. • Biological sex moderates the rate of cognitive decline associated with APOE4 genotype. • Higher levels of education, a marker of cognitive reserve, may moderate the effects of APOE4 and play an important role on cognitive decline. Current diagnostic systems for Alzheimer's disease (AD) rely upon clinical signs and symptoms, despite the fact that the multiplicity of clinical symptoms renders various neuropsychological assessments inadequate to reflect the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Since putative neuroimaging biomarkers play a crucial role in understanding the etiology of AD, we sought to stratify the diverse relationships between AD biomarkers and cognitive decline in the aging population and uncover risk factors contributing to the diversities in AD. To do so, we capitalized on a large amount of neuroimaging data from the ADNI study to examine the inflection points along the dynamic relationship between cognitive decline trajectories and whole-brain neuroimaging biomarkers, using a state-of-the-art statistical model of change point detection. Our findings indicated that the temporal relationship between AD biomarkers and cognitive decline may differ depending on the synergistic effect of genetic risk and biological sex. Specifically, tauopathy-PET biomarkers exhibit a more dynamic and age-dependent association with Mini-Mental State Examination scores (p < 0.05), with inflection points at 72, 78, and 83 years old, compared with amyloid-PET and neurodegeneration (cortical thickness from MRI) biomarkers. In the landscape of health disparities in AD, our analysis indicated that biological sex moderates the rate of cognitive decline associated with APOE4 genotype. Meanwhile, we found that higher education levels may moderate the effect of APOE4 , acting as a marker of cognitive reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • First P. gingivalis RNAP structure at 3.5 Å resolution revealed new features. • P. gingivalis RNAP obtained is active and physiologically relevant. • The new orientation of its RNAP SI2 is ∼90° rotated from the one in E. coli. • Inserted region in its RNAP β' shelf may influence transcription complex assembly. • α2 in P. gingivalis RNAP ω subunit is twice as long, suggesting ω-σ interaction. Porphyromonas gingivalis , an anaerobic CFB (Cytophaga , Fusobacterium , and Bacteroides) group bacterium, is the keystone pathogen of periodontitis and has been implicated in various systemic diseases. Increased antibiotic resistance and lack of effective antibiotics necessitate a search for new intervention strategies. Here we report a 3.5 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of P. gingivalis RNA polymerase (RNAP). The structure displays new structural features in its ω subunit and multiple domains in β and β' subunits, which differ from their counterparts in other bacterial RNAPs. Superimpositions with E. coli RNAP holoenzyme and initiation complex further suggest that its ω subunit may contact the σ4 domain, thereby possibly contributing to the assembly and stabilization of initiation complexes. In addition to revealing the unique features of P. gingivalis RNAP, our work offers a framework for future studies of transcription regulation in this important pathogen, as well as for structure-based drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus is a ubiquitous facultative pathogen that routinely infects important crops leading to formation of aflatoxins during crop development and after harvest. Corn and peanuts in warm and/or drought-prone regions are highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Controlling aflatoxin using atoxigenic A. flavus is a widely adopted strategy. However, no A. flavus genotypes are currently approved for use in China. The current study aimed to select atoxigenic A. flavus endemic to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region with potential as active ingredients of aflatoxin biocontrol products. A total of 204 A. flavus isolates from corn, peanuts, and field soil were evaluated for ability to produce the targeted mycotoxins. Overall, 57.3% could not produce aflatoxins while 17.15% were incapable of producing both aflatoxins and CPA. Atoxigenic germplasm endemic to Guangxi was highly diverse, yielding 8 different gene deletion patterns in the aflatoxin and CPA biosynthesis gene clusters ranging from no deletion to deletion of both clusters. Inoculation of corn and peanuts with both an aflatoxin producer and selected atoxigenic genotypes showed significant reduction (74 to 99%) in aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) formation compared with inoculation with the aflatoxin producer alone. Atoxigenic genotypes also efficiently degraded AFB 1 (61%). Furthermore, atoxigenic isolates were also highly efficient at reducing aflatoxin concentrations even when present at lower concentrations than aflatoxin producers. The use of multiple atoxigenics was not always as effective as the use of a single atoxigenic. Effective atoxigenic genotypes of A. flavus with known mechanisms of atoxigenicity are demonstrated to be endemic to Southern China. These A. flavus may be utilized as active ingredients of biocontrol products without concern for detrimental impacts that may result from introduction of exotic fungi. Field efficacy trials in the agroecosystems of Southern China are needed to determine the extent to which such products may allow the production of safer food and feed. Atoxigenic A. flavus isolates obtained from naturally contaminated sources, screened for aflatoxin production potential and molecular basis of atoxigenecity. Selected atoxigenic isolates effectively reduced aflatoxin formation in corn and peanuts when co-inoculated with toxigenic A. flavus. [Display omitted] • Atoxigenic biocontrol using native strains is a sustainable approach for aflatoxins mitigation. • The population of atoxigenic A. flavus endemic to Southern China and their genetic basis of atoxigenecity were explored. • Southern China atoxigenic A. flavus exhibited 8 gene deletion patterns in aflatoxin and CPA biosynthesis gene clusters. • Selected isolates were highly efficient in inhibiting aflatoxin formation in corn (up to 95.85%) and peanuts (99.49%). • AFB 1 degradation by atoxigenic isolates proved the second mechanism of aflatoxin mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that epigenetic factors are involved in the occurrence and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the role of N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation in RA has not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and regulatory mechanisms of hypoxia-induced expression of the m6A demethylase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Synovial tissues were collected from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and RA FLSs were obtained. ALKBH5 expression in RA FLSs and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model rats was determined using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT–PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Using ALKBH5 overexpression and knockdown, we determined the role of ALKBH5 in RA FLS aggression and inflammation. The role of ALKBH5 in RA FLS regulation was explored using m6A-methylated RNA sequencing and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of ALKBH5 was increased in RA synovial tissues, CIA model rats and RA FLSs, and a hypoxic environment increased the expression of ALKBH5 in FLSs. Increased expression of ALKBH5 promoted the proliferation and migration of RA-FLSs and inflammation. Conversely, decreased ALKBH5 expression inhibited the migration of RA-FLSs and inflammation. Mechanistically, hypoxia-induced ALKBH5 expression promoted FLS aggression and inflammation by regulating CH25H mRNA stability. Our study elucidated the functional roles of ALKBH5 and mRNA m6A methylation in RA and revealed that the HIF1α/2α-ALKBH5-CH25H pathway may be key for FLS aggression and inflammation. This study provides a novel approach for the treatment of RA by targeting the HIF1α/2α-ALKBH5-CH25H pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a widely acknowledged source of sustainable food protein, there has been limited research on the functional properties of photosynthetic microorganism proteins (PsmPs) applied in food. The nutritional and functional attributes for meat analogue production of Spirulina platensis protein (SpirP), Chlorella pyrenoidosa protein (ChloP), and Schizochytrium sp. protein (SchiP) were investigated and compared with two widely utilized proteins: soy protein isolate (SPI) and wheat protein (WheaP). At a neutral pH, SpirP and SchiP exhibited high emulsifying activities of 69 and 66 m2/g, while ChloP (20 m2/g) was comparable to SPI (15 m2/g) and WheaP (19 m2/g). Their remarkable foaming capacity indicated their potentials to produce meat analogues with fibrous structures. The water absorption capacity of PsmPs (4.4–4.8 g water/g protein) was comparable to WheaP (4.7 g water/g protein), while the oil absorption capacity (3.7–4.4 g oil/g protein) was higher than SPI (2.7 g oil/g protein) and WheaP (3.3 g oil/g protein), implying their potential to produce juicy and tasty meat analogues. Besides, the heat-induced photosynthetic microorganism protein gels had stable structures. In summary, SpirP, ChloP, and SchiP emerge as outstanding protein sources and viable alternatives to SPI for the production of meat analogues. • Photosynthetic microorganism proteins had higher solubility than SPI at pH 3−11. • Photosynthetic microorganism proteins had high emulsifying activity at pH 7−9. • Spirulina platensis and Chlorella pyrenoidosa proteins had high foaming capacity. • Photosynthetic microbe proteins had prominent water and oil absorption capacities. • Photosynthetic microorganism proteins could form stable gels at 150 g/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of martian layered ejecta craters (LECs), which have one or multiple distinctive fluidized layered ejecta deposits, is generally hypothesized to be directly related to subsurface volatiles. Using a high-resolution (5 m/pixel) context camera (CTX) mosaic as a base map, 525 LECs (including 157 newly identified) were catalogued in the Chryse Planitia and divided into three types according to the number of layered ejecta, i.e., single layer ejecta (SLE), double layer ejecta (DLE), and multiple layer ejecta (MLE). It is found that the minimum crater diameter (here called the onset diameter) decreases with increasing latitude, and could be as small as 1 km. The average ejecta mobility (EM) values usually increase from the low to the high latitude interval for each LEC type and gradually increase with the number of layered ejecta within each latitude interval. The lobateness values of the SLE craters have a decreasing trend with increasing latitude, however, such a trend is not obvious for the DLE and MLE craters. The absolute model ages (AMAs) of 135 LECs were determined from the crater size-frequency distribution (CSFD) method to constrain the timing of the fluvial activities of the circum-Chryse outflow channels and to investigate the local temporal-spatial evolution of the subsurface volatile-rich layer. The superposition relationship between the LECs and circum-Chryse channels suggests fluvial activity might have extended into the early Amazonian. Floods that carved the Ares, Tiu, and Simud Valles likely ended before ∼μ2.7 Ga, while those relating to theVedra, Manmee, and Maja Valles ceased between ∼μ2.2 Ga and ∼ μ1.9 Ga. The fluvial resurfacing activities in the Kasei Valles likely did not last past ∼μ2.8 Ga. The dating results and excavation depths of LECs (diam. < 6 km) suggest that the minimal roof depth of the volatile-rich layer has remained relatively stable at least around 560– 590 m since the early Amazonian, and regional differences indicate that it could be as shallow as ∼440 m at high latitudes and ∼540 m at low latitudes. • 525 layered ejecta craters (LECs) in the Chryse Planitia are catalogued. • The distribution and morphology of different types of LECs are characterized. • The AMAs of 135 LECs are determined to investigate paleoenvironment implications. • Fluvial activities continued eroding the circum-Chryse channels during the early Amazonian. • The roof depth of the volatile-rich layer has remained relatively stable since early Amazonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bayesian learning is introduced to Transformer to randomize its attention weights. • A generalizable model called Bayesformer model is proposed. • A variational self-attention mechanism is designed to model the posterior and prior distributions of attention weights. • An ELBO optimization objective is defined to guide model training. Transformer has been widely applied in the research of rotating machinery fault diagnosis due to its ability to explore the internal correlation of vibration signals. However, challenges still exist despite the countless efforts. Generally, Transformer is more prone to overfitting than CNN on small-scale datasets. In practical engineering, collecting sufficient fault samples for training is difficult, resulting in poor generalization of Transformer. In addition, the measured signals are often accompanied with severe noise, further reducing the generalization performance of the model. Meanwhile, the collected signals often follow different distributions due to the changing operating conditions, which places higher demands on the generalizability of Transformer. This paper proposes a Bayesian variational Transformer (Bayesformer) to cope with the abovementioned problems. In Bayesformer, all the attention weights are treated as latent random variables, rather than determined values as the previous studies. This allows to train an ensemble of networks, instead of a single one, enhancing the generalizability of the model. Three experimental studies are conducted to illustrate the developed model and superior diagnostic performance is showed throughout the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause severe and permanent neurological damage, and neuronal apoptosis could inhibit functional recovery of damaged spinal cord greatly. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have great potential to repair SCI because of a series of advantages, including inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and multiple differentiation. The former may play an important role. However, the detailed regulatory mechanism associated with the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis after hUC-MSCs administration has not been elucidated. In this study, proteomics analysis of precious human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from SCI subjects receiving hUC-MSCs delivery indicated that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is largely involved in SCI repair. Furthermore, overexpression of HGF derived from hUC-MSCs could decrease reactive oxygen species to prevent neuron apoptosis to the maximum, and thus lead to significant recovery of spinal cord dysfunction. Moreover, HGF could promote phosphorylation of Akt/FoxO3a pathway to decrease reactive oxygen species to reduce neuron apoptosis. For the first time, our research revealed that HGF secreted by hUC-MSCs inhibits neuron apoptosis by phosphorylation of Akt/FoxO3a to repair SCI. This study provides important clues associated with drug selection for the effective treatment of SCI in humans. [Display omitted] • Proteomics analysis of human CSF suggests HGF is important in repairing SCI after hUC-MSCs delivery. • HGF secreted by hUC-MSCs repairs SCI by mitigating neuronal apoptosis. • HGF derived from hUC-MSCs reduces neuronal apoptosis by phosphorylating AKT/FoxO3a. • HGF is a promising factor in treating SCI clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]