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This review presents an overview of recent developments and advancements in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) and based materials. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) has received great amount of attention because of its potential as a clean and sustainable energy source and PHI based materials have emerged as promising candidates for this purpose due to their distinct structural properties, improved light absorption, charge separation and reduced recombination. This review discusses the essential concepts of PHE and the potential of poly(heptazine imide) materials and their derivatives as photocatalysts and also the limitations of these materials in photocatalytic activity. It addresses the synthetic routes and strategies adopted to enhance the photocatalytic activity of these materials including surface modifications, band engineering, doping, loading co‐catalysts and composites & heterojunction construction. Furthermore, the recent works in photocatalytic H2 evolution using PHI and based materials have been summarized and discussed. Additionally, we examined the challenges and future outlooks in this field, emphasizing the need for scalable and cost‐effective production methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possible impact of antivirals on ecosystems and the emergence of antiviral resistance are the reasons for concern about their environmental release. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in curiosity regarding their presence in both organic and synthetic systems in recent years. The primary objective of this review is to address the void of information regarding the global presence of antiviral drugs in both wastewater and natural water sources. Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants is an eco-friendly, cost-effective method that effectively addresses environmental degradation. The development of efficient photocatalysts remains a significant issue in accelerating the degradation of pollutants, especially when employing solar light. Thus, the development of Z-scheme and S-scheme semiconductor heterojunctions has emerged as a viable method to improve light absorption and enhance the redox capability of photocatalysts. The principles of Z-scheme and S-scheme are reviewed extensively. The degradation route and occurrence of antiviral are discussed briefly. Finally, a short preview of the degradation of antiviral using Z-scheme and S-scheme is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Overview of fundamentals of Nb 2 O 5 as photocatalyst-structure and properties. • Heterojunction photocatalysts -Z and S scheme- charge transfer routes. • Recent advances in Nb 2 O 5 based heterojunctions for photocatalytic applications. • Strategies for improving the photocatalytic performance Nb 2 O 5 based heterojunctions. Significant advancements in the field of photocatalysis in recent years have highlighted the heterojunctions based on Nb 2 O 5 as a focal point of research. This comprehensive review diligently analyses the progress in Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions for their application in photocatalysis, focusing on synthesis, characteristics and their pivotal role in addressing crucial energy and environmental challenges. The review emphasizes the fundamental principles of photocatalysis in pollutant removal and H 2 generation, elucidating key processes such as light absorption, charge generation and surface reactions. The different types of heterojunctions, their basic principles and role in enhancing the charge separation and overall photocatlytic performance have been discussed. The recent advances in Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions are extensively discussed for the photocatalytic applications such as pollutants removal and H 2 evolution. Furthermore, the review delves into strategies employed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions such as doping, oxygen vacancies modification, morphological engineering and atomic control, as well as loading with support materials. Each strategy is explained, emphasizing its impact on charge separation and overall efficiency. The review concludes by highlighting existing challenges and providing insights into potential future directions that integrates synthetic processes, novel methods for photoelectric characterization, and an in-depth understanding of the local structure of Nb 2 O 5. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers in the field, offering a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in Nb 2 O 5 -based heterojunctions for advanced photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oxygen vacancies fundamentals and importance in photocatalysis. • Oxygen vacancies rich heterojunction-Synthetic strategies. • OVs rich Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions- Photocatalytic mechanism. • Applications for Hydrogen production and water treatment. • The existing challenges and future perspectives. Photocatalytic removal of pollutants and energy production is a green, low cost and environment friendly technology for addressing the mounting pressure of energy crisis and environmental deterioration. Developing efficient photocatalysts is still a big challenge for accelerating the photocatalytic hydrogen production and pollutant degradation especially utilizing solar light. Therefore, constructing oxygen vacancies rich Z-scheme and S-scheme semiconductor heterojunctions emerged as a promising approach to enhance the light harvesting and increasing the redox capability of photocatalysts. This review comprehensively summarises the state of art focus on oxygen vacancy's role in photocatalysts especially in Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions including synthesis process and modifications. In particular, the functions of oxygen vacancy in supporting the main processes in photocatalytic energy production and pollutant removal, such as light absorption, charge separation and conversion are highlighted in this review. The current issues and future prospective in oxygen vacancies rich heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic removal of pollutant and energy production are also addressed. Finally, a brief discussion on challenges and future prospects is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fundamentals of phosphorene (PN) and graphdiyne (GDY) are briefly discussed. • Structure, fabrication routes and modification strategies. • Advances in PN and GDY based heterostructures for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. • Environment stability, challenges and future perspectives. Hydrogen evolution from water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysis is regarded as a sustainable and clean energy solution. Among various new age materials, the two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental materials as graphdiyne (GDY) and phosphorene (PN) showing excellent performance owing to their 2D atomic structure and unique properties, have drawn considerable attention. Graphdiyne (GDY) is a two-dimensional carbon-based compound having sp and sp2 hybridized carbon, diacetylene linkage, triangular holes framework and customizable band gap. Different stacking arrangements and homogenous pores in GDY can produce electronic characteristics, opening the door to intriguing energy applications. On the other hand, phosphorene derived from black phosphorous (BP) exhibits strong hole mobility, a variable band gap and broad optical absorption spectrum. With a significant increase in photo-excited charge-separation efficacy, the development of heterostructured photocatalysts driven by BP/PN and GDY has recently become the subject of study in photocatalysis. The recent advancements in development of phosphorene and graphdiyne and their accompanying heterostructured photocatalysts is outlined here, along with their structure, characteristics, synthetic routes and photocatalytic applications. In addition, the photocatalytic applications of PN and GDY based composites and heterostructures have been reviewed and summarised for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution through water splitting. Environmental stability of these heterostructured photocatalysts and the difficulties they pose have been thoroughly investigated for their more effective and extensive uses in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population explosion and rapid economic development has led to tremendous increase in the per capita use of fossil fuel energy resulting in major environmental consequences. To tackle these significant energy and environmental concerns, semiconductor photocatalysis is viewed as a promising environmentally friendly and sustainable solution. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution utilizes solar energy into clean hydrogen energy which makes it green, environmentally friendly and effective technique to meet energy demands. This process requires workable catalysts to reach a significant reaction rate because of their multiple electrons and multiple proton nature. Among various visible light active photocatalytic materials, metal molybdates have been reported as emerging class of materials owing to their outstanding features as stable crystal structure, photo-corrosion inhibition, high redox efficiency, low cost and toxicity and suitable band structure. The present research provides an extensive review of the most recent advances and new insights into the utilization of metal molybdates in photocatalytic clean energy production and environment challenges. This review article summarizes the recent progresses in advanced strategies applied in metal molybdate based photocatalysts to enhance the photocatalytic performance. The advanced strategies are categorized as control over morphology and surface modification, doping of heteroatom, co-catalyst loading, noble metal deposition and construction of heterojunction, which are devoted to photocatalytic H 2 production and CO 2 reduction and to overcome the fast recombination of charge carriers and increasing the light absorption capacity. The fabrication strategies of metal molybdates and based materials are discussed in detail, as well as their usage as catalysts for H 2 evolution and CO 2 reduction have been analysed. Metal molybdates are promising photocatalysts for addressing present environmental issues, and this work paves the way for future photocatalytic research and development, which may assist in the development of highly effective photocatalysts for sustainable energy needs. [Display omitted] • Metal molybdates as photocatalysts-Structure and properties. • Introduced the synthetic routes: Effect on properties and photocatalytic performance. • Discussed strategies to improve the photocatalytic potential of metal molybdates. • Application for superior hydrogen evolution and CO 2 conversion-Recent advances. • Fundamentals and bottlenecks along with future prospects are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary era marked by pressing environmental and energy challenges, there is a growing imperative to create effective and eco-friendly approaches to combat pollution and promote the generation of clean and green energy. One such strategy that has attracted much interest recently is the photocatalytic generation of green energy and pollutant removal. Numerous photocatalysts have been created to treat water and generate clean energy. Zn-Ti LDH materials are two-dimensional materials that have unique physical and chemical properties, making them promising photocatalysts. Zn-Ti LDHs have a distinctive layered structure that makes them extremely adaptable for photocatalytic applications. This structure also provides large surface areas, customisable compositions, and abundant active sites. However, Zn–Ti LDH has a low solar energy efficiency because it is primarily triggered by ultraviolet light, which makes up around 5% of sunshine. Therefore, this investigation aims to provide a thorough summary of the latest advancements in the modification of the materials based on Zinc-Titanium Layered Double Hydroxides (Zn-Ti LDHs) for a broad spectrum of photocatalytic uses. This study also covers the fabrication methods for Zn-Ti LDHs and the creation of heterojunctions and composites based on Zn-Ti LDHs. Additionally, it delves into the mechanisms underlying the degradation of pollutants and the generation of clean energy. We have highlighted the potential for new prospects, existing challenges, and progress in this context. [Display omitted] • Fabrication and photocatalytic mechanisms of Zn-Ti LDH based materials for environmental solutions. • Latest advancements in heterojunctions and composites utilizing Zn-Ti LDH for applications in photocatalysis. • Various approaches for enhancing the photocatalytic capabilities of Zn-Ti LDH are explored. • The summary, challenges, and future outlook are all addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast development of urbanisation and industrialisation has led to a rise in nitrogen oxide (NO x) emissions, specifically nitric oxide (NO). One effective method for reducing the harmful effects of this dangerous air pollutant on both human health and the environment is the photocatalytic oxidation of NO. Z-scheme heterojunctions enhance incident light utilisation and increase photocatalytic activity, eventually leading to better NO oxidation performance by encouraging the effective separation of charges and migration. A comprehensive discussion of Z-scheme-based heterojunctions is provided in this review paper, with a focus on their applications in the photocatalytic oxidation of NO. Significant progress has been made in the fabrication of efficient photocatalytic devices in recent years, with Z-scheme-based heterojunctions proving to be particularly successful. The review looks into the various methodologies used to create Z-scheme-based heterojunctions as well as photocatalytic NO oxidation mechanisms. Recent studies on photocatalysts employing Z-scheme heterojunctions for the photocatalytic oxidation of NO are also discussed. The possibilities for new opportunities as well as the present challenges, barriers, advances, and solutions have been emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]