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AbstractThis practitioner paper describes an inquiry-based approach applying the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) framework to facilitate instruction of September 11, 2001 history, and its impact on post-9/11 society. An upper elementary level inquiry teaches the Boatlift Rescue from Manhattan Island, and a secondary level inquiry addresses the concepts of loss and persistence. Enduring issues are humanity and resiliency. The featured sources are children’s and youth literature related to 9/11 history and post-9/11 society. Children’s and youth trade books offer educators a valuable starting point to teach about 9/11 and post-9/11 history. For each inquiry instructional strategies are highlighted that encourage students to make their thinking visible when reading trade books and using primary sources from 9/11 repositories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a roundtable discussion among opera professionals about the importance of collaboration in opera productions. The participants discuss the challenges of directing and acting in Wagner's operas, emphasizing the importance of personal direction and understanding the characters. They also discuss their experiences working on specific productions and the rewards and challenges of the rehearsal process. The participants highlight the collaborative nature of opera production and the transformative power of live performances. They emphasize the need to value and promote opera as a form of spiritual nourishment. [Extracted from the article]

Distinctive among memorials for its rurality and its integration of the natural landscape, the Flight 93 National Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania narrates the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 through an embodied experience of trauma and relief. In this article, we analyze the rhetorical interaction between the memorial's pastoral setting and the Visitor Center's traumatic and temporal reenactment of the doomed flight. Contributing to scholarly understanding of how pastoral landscape functions in memorialization, we argue that the memorial's materiality interpellates visitors into the subject position of a safety-seeking citizen, which facilitates the unquestioned militarization of the nation-state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the question of whether New York City has killed indie rock. It discusses how New York's dominance in the indie rock scene is a relatively recent phenomenon, with college towns and second-tier cities like Chapel Hill, Athens, Minneapolis, and Seattle being the centers of indie rock in the 1980s and 1990s. The article also examines the impact of the mass migration of musicians, critics, and fans to New York City, and how it has reshaped the indie rock landscape. It concludes that while New York's influence on indie rock cannot be denied, other factors such as changes in production and performance requirements, the rise of electronic media, and the dilution of local press outlets have also played a role in shaping the indie rock scene. [Extracted from the article]

In recent decades, disruptive media events, such as major terrorist attacks, have gained increasing relevance in news coverage around the world. Despite the growing importance of such globally broadcast media events, little research to date has examined cross-national variation in event coverage or the predictors of this variation. This study examines news coverage about the 9/11 terror attacks in the United States across 51 countries to analyze whether the topical focus and emotional tone of news coverage about the attacks varied according to a country's proximity to the United States and the dominant role perceptions of its journalistic culture. We show that these macro-level predictors are associated in varying degrees with the country-level topical focus and emotional tone of reporting over the 30 days following this salient event. Moreover, our analysis also suggests that temporal developments may have uniformly structured much of this worldwide coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a review history of online collecting of current moments, including Hurricane Katrina, September 11, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which have been digitized.

With the aim of characterising the evolution of the phenomenon of terrorist attacks in the 20 years since 9/11, this paper conducts a broad analysis of terrorist events from 2000 to 2019, based on information made available by the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The first part of the document illustrates the evolution of terrorist attacks worldwide, while the second part focuses on the type of targets favoured by terrorists. As a key result of the analysis, it will be shown that in recent years many attacks have been directed against simple public and private buildings, targeting and killing individuals, typically civilians. These types of targets have been referred to in the literature as soft targets , as opposed to the term hard targets or hardened structures, government, military, police and intelligence buildings and sites. In the work, specific definitions of soft target and hard target related to GTD information fields are proposed and evaluated over the period 2000-2019. Furthermore, detailed items of the terrorist targets, such as houses, schools, universities, restaurants, theatres etc., were considered and analysed. The evidence obtained provides an up-to-date view of terrorists' recent approaches to selecting targets and conducting attacks. The understanding of the evolution of these approaches can allow for better organisation of future prevention and protection of potential soft and hard targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, along with the process of digitalisation of businesses and state apparatuses, the world has faced a new major issue that can produce physical / non-physical damage, and equally threaten individual security and the state’s sovereignty: cyberattacks. Confronted with the strategic competition – within a multipolar world – coupled with this new challenge that can redefine the nature of war, NATO member states have tried to find a common answer by linking cyberattacks to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, NATO’s collective defence principle. Understandably, Article 5 was drafted while having in mind the aspects of deterrence and defence related to conventional wars. However, it has been invoked by the Allies only once, i.e., after the 9/11 terrorist attacks against the USA, which represented quite an unconventional scenario, certainly unanticipated by the Alliance’s Founding Fathers. Given the current trend, and reflecting on the increase in the complexity, intensity and persistence of the known cyberattacks, it is important to study the potential game-changing circumstances of such unconventional attacks, which might trigger Article 5 and its collective defence principle. The present paper seeks to depict the complexities and consequences of cyberattacks within the framework of the collective defence principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between terrorism and human rights has attracted considerable research and policy attention. As countries grapple with formulating effective strategies to combat terrorist groups, governments have faced criticism for resorting to increased repression in the name of counterterrorism. One common response by states to terrorism has been the implementation of counterterrorism legislation, with numerous countries enacting such laws in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks to establish a legal framework for addressing the terrorist threat. In this paper, we delve into the impact of counterterrorism legislation on abuses by the state, with a specific focus on the use of torture and political imprisonment. We argue that the introduction of counterterrorism legislation has exposed more citizens to the threat of being detained and the risk of torture by state forces. We contend that this relationship is particularly pronounced in countries adopting new counterterrorism legislation after 9/11. To substantiate our argument, we utilise data on counterterrorism legislation and conduct empirical testing, uncovering some supportive evidence for the relationship between the introduction of counterterrorism legislation and the prevalence of torture and political imprisonment, especially in cases where new laws were introduced in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war between Russia and Ukraine which started on the 24th of February 2022, has heightened concerns about the implications of rising military expenditure on the spread of weapons and world security. Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States, studies have indicated that state military spending has increased, raising concerns among policymakers throughout the world. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate how an increase in military spending may affect both human security and the proliferation of weapons. Data for this study were gathered from secondary sources using a historical research approach, and content analysis was used for analysing the data. This study makes the case that increasing military spending has detrimental effects on human security in a variety of contexts, including the political, socio-psychological, and economic components of daily living. On the economic front, funds that could be utilised to raise citizen welfare are instead being spent to buy military hardware and software. In the political realm, it results in invasion and the funding of proxy wars, while on the social front, it has sparked hostility and concerns among nations. Lastly, this study recommended among other things that there is the need for collective efforts by member states of the United Nations through collective security to pressurised erring states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism research has gained much traction since the 9/11 attacks, but some sub genres of terrorism, such as right-wing terrorism, have remained under-studied areas. Unsurprisingly data sources to study these phenomena are scarce and frequently face unique data collection obstacles. This paper explores five major, social-scientific terrorism databases in regards to data on right-wing terrorist events. The paper also provides an in-depth examination of the utilization of criminal legal proceedings to research right-wing terrorist acts. Lastly, legal case databases are introduced and discussed to show the lack of available court information and case proceedings in regards to right-wing terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Au regard de l'accroissement des attaques terroristes au niveau mondial ces dernières années et du caractère particulièrement dévastateur de celles-ci, les travaux de recherche succédant à ces événements, notamment les attentats du World Trade Center le 11 septembre 2001, se sont intensifiés en portant une plus grande attention à la santé mentale des survivants. Afin d'évaluer les conséquences des actes terroristes sur les enfants et les adolescents, la présente revue systématique a utilisé les bases de données PubMed, Scopus, PsychINFO et ProQuest sans limites de dates de publication. Seules les études évaluant les symptômes de stress post-traumatique ainsi que les conséquences psychologiques, sociales et développementales chez les enfants et adolescents dans les mois et années suivants l'exposition directe ou indirecte à des actes terroristes ont été incluses. Les données ont été extraites d'après un éventail de champs prédéfinis et la fiabilité des études a été vérifiée par un outil d'évaluation de la qualité des études. Dix-huit articles ont été inclus : treize études quantitatives descriptives, quatre études qualitatives et une ayant utilisé un mixte des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives. Les articles mettent en évidence les diverses difficultés que sont amenés à rencontrer les enfants et adolescents ayant été exposé au terrorisme au cours de leur développement (tel qu'un trouble de stress post-traumatique, des troubles neurocognitifs, sensori-moteurs, émotionnels...), parfois concomitantes à la perte d'un être cher tué durant l'événement, et le traumatisme de leur parent ayant également des répercussions sur eux, effets d'autant plus importants moins ils sont âgés. Considering the increase in terrorist attacks worldwide in recent years and their particularly devastating nature, research following these events, including the World Trade Center attacks of September 11th, 2001, has intensified with greater attention to the mental health of survivors. To assess the impact of terrorist acts on children and adolescents, this systematic review used PubMed, Scopus, PsychINFO, and ProQuest databases without publication date limitations. Only studies assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms and psychological, social, and developmental consequences in children and adolescents in the months and years following direct or indirect exposure to terrorist acts were included. Data were extracted according to a range of predefined fields, and studies were checked for reliability using a study quality assessment tool. Eighteen articles were included: thirteen quantitative descriptive studies, four qualitative studies, and one that used a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods. The articles highlight the various difficulties faced by children and adolescents who have been exposed to terrorism during their development (such as posttraumatic stress disorder, neurocognitive, sensorimotor, emotional disorders, etc.), sometimes concomitant with the loss of a loved one killed during the event, and the trauma of their parent also having repercussions on them, effects that are even more important the older they are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the time-varying effects of global economic policy uncertainty (GEPU) shocks on macroeconomic activity in Turkey over the quarterly period of 1999q1 to 2020q4. To this end, the study uses the GEPU index developed by Davis (Working paper 22740, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016) and employs the time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) model. Empirical evidence shows that the GEPU shocks have adverse effects on the macroeconomic activity as they result in declines in share prices, investment, employment, consumption, and GDP growth. It is also evident that these effects vary over time, with the highest impact observed following the crises periods such as the 9/11 attacks, the Iraq invasion, the global financial crisis (GFC), and the Covid-19 pandemic. The time-varying impacts typically reach the maximum in the first and second lag periods, and the most severe impacts of uncertainty are observed on share prices and investment. The study also examines three substantial events (the 9/11 attacks, the GFC, and the Brexit referendum) and finds that the responses of the underlying variables to GEPU shocks vary both in magnitude and signs over the sample period. The responses of the variables are mainly more severe during the periods when geopolitical and economic concerns are high compared to periods of political crises. Overall, the findings from the analyses indicate that the Turkish economy still maintains its fragile structure and suggest that the adverse macroeconomic effects of foreign uncertainty shocks do not remain the same over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the subject matter of nativism and cultural trauma of Muslim migrants after 9/11 in Western countries in the novel Exit West (2017) by Mohsin Hamid through the lens of cultural trauma theory (Alexander, Jeffrey et al., 2004). The researchers focus on how nativists treat Muslim migrants as 'the other'. This "othering" is based on emotionally loaded beliefs that are based on socio-cultural differences between Western and Muslim cultures. Correspondingly, the response of Muslims to such treatment is a traumatic one—leading to anxiety, depression, nightmares, and existential crises—that is based on similarly-shaped beliefs: highly emotional and culturally based. The consequences of disrupting migrants' cultural or religious identity include becoming more radically religious or giving up their Muslim religious identity. The current study will lend insight into the pain suffered by Muslim minorities in Western countries and contribute positively to refugee literature. It may also assist in reducing an 'us-versus-them' belief system between those of the Global South and those of the Global North. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to understand how the conception of North Korea as a rogue state influenced the relations of Washington and Brussels with this eastern Asian country between 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001) and the outbreak of the pandemic crisis (2020). This is done by drawing on the analytical framework offered by Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, and Roselle that allows one to compare the US and EU strategic narratives vis-à-vis North Korea. Besides adding a novel comparative perspective to the available studies focused on rogue states, this work concludes that although the US and the EU utilised sanctions to coerce North Korea, they exhibited different conceptions of rogueness. While the US' system narrative characterised North Korea as a rogue, the EU's characterisation focused on its violations of international law. Yet, the two actors' identity and issue narratives highlighted their role and responsibility to bring the country back to the path of denuclearisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of transforming the EU in an Area of Freedom Security and Justice (AFSJ) area dates back to 25 years and in the meantime hundreds of legislative measures, political strategies and operational measures have been adopted even if, according to several critics, the original balance between the three notions of freedom, security and justice has not been granted. Two important books have analyzed the content of the measures adopted and the main obstacles still present even after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and of the EU Charter, which have removed most of the previous institutional and legal obstacles in fulfilling the original objective. However, as crisis such as 9/11 paved the way to the transfer to the EU of new power and responsibilities also the war in Ukraine unblocked, at least temporary, the current Dublin standstill. An unprecedented movement of interstate solidarity has followed sheltering millions of citizens of that country, and this precedent may show the way for a stronger freedom dimension in the AFSJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the intersection of apocalypse and personal trauma in Colson Whitehead's "Zone One", specifically examining how the specter of 9/11 influences the portrayal of family and domesticity in a zombie-infested New York City. Topics include the transformation of apocalyptic themes in literature post-9/11, symbolic role of zombies in reflecting historical and familial trauma, and Whitehead's critique of American exceptionalism through the depiction of a decaying nuclear family.

Charles Taylor's "radical redefinition of secularism" has a significant place in the post-9/11 research on secularism. He replaces secularism's "old" paradigm, separation between state and religious institutions, with a "new" one, responding to diversity. Taylor appeals to French laïcité in-itself as the old paradigm. With an analysis of the parliamentary debates at the institutional origins of the old paradigm in the Third French Republic, this article questions whether Taylor's redefinition of secularism is truly radical. This historical intervention in Taylor's "radical redefinition" reformulates his novelty as the reconfiguration of the relation between generality of laws and meaning worlds in the institutional response to diversity. The Third Republic pushed generality in laws against diverse meaning worlds. Taylor (with Jocelyn Maclure) demands that general laws reasonably accommodate "meaning-giving convictions." I explore this reversal and argue that it's questionable Taylor offers a radical redefinition of secularism—or even that we need one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 31, 2022, the Biden Administration successfully eliminated al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri in Kabul, Afghanistan via drone strike. This killing represented a continued implementation of U.S. policy forged after the September 11th attacks to eliminate al-Qaeda members wherever they seek shelter. Nevertheless, the United States has refrained from filing an Article 51 notification of self-defense to justify its use of force against Afghanistan. With the United States asserting that the Taliban was "unwilling or unable" to neutralize Zawahiri's threat, existing international law fails to provide clear guidelines on addressing this determination. The following Note attempts to examine the legality of the strike through implementation of the Deeks Factors Test of "unable or unwilling." Further, this Note advocates for a U.N. Resolution to establish a robust "unable or unwilling" framework, to provide states with a standard to consider when assessing the use of force against non-state actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 9/11, considerable research has been done on US interrogation and detention operations, but comparatively little is known about the involvement of other traditionally liberal states' intelligence agencies and their evolving perspectives on torture-related policies for foreigners abroad. Particularly, the United Kingdom and Germany provide interesting cases; despite similar levels of public and political pressure regarding their indirect involvement in Central Intelligence Agency's operations, the two states took different strategic decisions in 2010 on whether to implement new extraterritorial human rights safeguards. While the United Kingdom introduced a new intelligence guidance for interrogations overseas, the German government opted for policy-continuance, which raises the question why the two states embarked on different policy trajectories, even if they found themselves in contextually similar situations and were subjected to the comparable accountability measures. By bridging insights from Rationalist and normative literature, the article addresses this conundrum by clearly outlining the states' differing strategic preferences, and by dissecting the multi-layered composition of these interests. As a result, the article delineates how strategic constraints pertaining to the states' national, international, or political elite level affect decision-makers' policy responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies was a product of the 9/11 era. In this article, I consider the ways the COVID-19 pandemic displaced 9/11 as the defining event of our time and, in the process, fundamentally altered the intellectual landscape for producing scholarship. The so-called culture wars provide a compelling case study for assessing this contextual transformation. Building on the writings of Paul Preciado, I engage the new-found emphasis on pharmaceutics and their role in the culture wars. I focus on three topoi cultivated from works published in CC/CS to explore these changes: those related to biopower, bureaucracy, and coalitional politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the seminal research of Harry Markowitz, the importance of Pareto Optimal portfolios and asset correlation has been a foundation of modern portfolio theory. Recent researchers have expanded on Markowitz-efficient portfolios using advanced statistical methods to identify correlations among assets, while other researchers have demonstrated the decline in asset correlations during periods of market volatility and economic shocks. We extend this research by applying a novel approach based on the concept of population analysis to study the correlation of assets under major economic shocks. We use similarity networks to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various sectors, and then compare it with the behavioural patterns associated with the 9/11 event. The population analysis revealed that during the current pandemic, the behavioural pattern of the finance and energy sectors was significantly different than other sectors. Similar results were found for the finance and the industrial sectors during the 9/11 attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite fermion theory opened a new chapter in understanding many-body correlations through the formation of emergent particles. The formation of two-flux and four-flux composite fermions is well established. While there are limited data linked to the formation of six-flux composite fermions, topological protection associated with them is conspicuously lacking. Here we report evidence for the formation of a quantized and gapped fractional quantum Hall state at the filling factor ν = 9/11, which we associate with the formation of six-flux composite fermions. Our result provides evidence for the most intricate composite fermion with six fluxes and expands the already diverse family of highly correlated topological phases with a new member that cannot be characterized by correlations present in other known members. Our observations pave the way towards the study of higher order correlations in the fractional quantum Hall regime. Huang et al. study fractional quantum Hall (fQH) states in high-quality GaAs/AlGaAs samples. They report evidence for a fQH state at filling factor ν = 9/11, which they associate with the formation of six-flux composite fermions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first introduces a theoretical formalization connecting a polity's income level to terrorism. Our framework can accommodate different underlying assumptions about individual- and society-level grievances, yielding competing hypotheses. We then construct a panel database to study terrorism for 1527 subnational regions in 75 countries between 1970 and 2014. Results consistently imply an inverted U-shape that remains robust to incorporating a comprehensive set of region-level covariates, region- and time-fixed effects, as well as estimating an array of alternative specifications. The threat of terrorism systematically rises as low-income polities become richer, peaking at GDP/capita levels of ≈ US$12,800 (in constant 2005 PPP US$), but then falls consistently above that level. This pattern emerges for domestic and transnational terrorism alike. While peaks differ by perpetrator ideology, the inverted U shape also prevails across ideology-specific subsamples. In sum, alleviating poverty may first exacerbate terrorism, contrary to much of the proposed recipes advocated since 9/11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism Studies as a specific area of research came to prominence in the aftermath of the September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks in the USA, but had existed across a range of disciplines long before albeit as a less consolidated and certainly less visible subject area. However, despite the existence of a body of work on terrorism, the impact of 9/11 on western perceptions of terrorism ensured that the direction of study was firmly focused on Islamic extremism for many years after the attacks. It is only very recently that significant attention has been focused on other ideologically motivated extremisms, namely the Far-Right. This article examines the nature of research into the Far-Right in the field of terrorism studies and examines what we mean when we refer to the Far-Right, and to what degree the field of terrorism studies has attended to this form of ideological extremism over the past two decades. In order to achieve these aims, this article presents an analysis of the academic publications concerned with the Far-Right produced in three Terrorism Studies journals: Terrorism and Political Violence, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism and Critical Studies in Terrorism. The results demonstrate that between 2001 and 2018 only 41 articles exclusively focus on the Far Right, and of these only 6 use primary data in their analysis. The results of a content analysis carried out on these 41 articles provides an insight into the research trajectory on the Far Right. Ultimately the results of the rapid appraisal and the content analysis speak to the extent to which and nature of how Far-Right terrorism is attended to in the field of Terrorism Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

9/11 and its aftermath was to have a dramatic impact on the visual arts and the artistic response to the War on Terror. This study surveys the evolution of these responses from the dramatic events of 11 September 2001 to the longer term reactions generated by the two-decade long encounter with the so-called War on Terrorism, primarily via the Imperial War Museum's Age of Terror/Art Since 9/11 exhibition of 2017–2018. The analysis suggests that the visual artistic response moved from the initial amazement at the destruction of the Twin Towers, through satirical caricature of the terrorist persona, to a trite predictability that mirrored official equivocation about the threat posed by violent jihadist activism. Artistic endeavor on these terms became notable only for its moral ambiguity and complicity in self-censorship rather than contributing to the creation of artwork of enduring value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines money laundering and terrorist financing from both a conceptual framework as well as the regulations that attempt to combat its use. A historical perspective of money laundering provides context on its origins, evolution, and anti-money laundering efforts. After a review of the money laundering process, anti-money laundering efforts in the United States are examined through the end of the twentieth century as well as the rise of international terrorism. The impact of September 11, 2001 on anti-money laundering efforts is then examined along with identifying links between human and drug trafficking with terrorist financing. The article concludes with emerging technologies that may have a significant impact on both money laundering and anti-money laundering efforts as they apply to the threat of terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the discipline of counterterrorism studies since al-Qaeda's catastrophic attacks against the United States on 9/11 along 10 dimensions: defining terrorism, group and lone actor typologies, causes of terrorism, terrorist psychologies, radicalization and recruitment, organizational dynamics, modus operandi, incident chronology databases, forecasting and predicting terrorism, and countering terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2002, a few months after 9/11, I published one of the very first academic examinations of environmental terrorism: what was included in this term and what wasn't, who might commit such terrorism, and what sorts of environmental resources were vulnerable. Since then, it has been the subject of academic and government analyses. Now, twenty years later, it is time to revisit the concept in light of worsening anthropogenic climate change, the rise of authoritarian states and ecofascism, and gray-zone conflicts in international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Janet Cardiff's The Forty Part Motet (2001, 40Part), 'a reworking of Thomas Tallis's Spem in alium (c. 1570)', the forty voice parts of the motet are played back via forty speakers. Visitors walk through and around the encompassing speakers arrayed in eight groups of five. Still in constant demand, 40Part enjoys unparalleled success in the contemporary art scene. This article shows how 40Part became associated with New York City's rituals of remembrance and healing after 9/11 and Hurricane Sandy, and considers the politics of the installation's stagings as part of those commemorations. Here, 40Part took on a specifically comforting function that speaks to larger tendencies in twenty-first-century auditory culture, American cultural responses to trauma, and commemorative uses of music, which are built on white bourgeois sentimental attachments and the techno-social production of imagined spaces and times of privilege. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores terrorism against healthcare facilities and workers throughout the world since September 11, 2001 to assess trends in these attacks. Using five datasets, it examines the increased risk of terrorist attacks against healthcare facilities and workers, and analyzes when, where and how these largely soft targets have been attacked by terrorists. The article provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis about the types of attacks and concludes with recommendations for healthcare facilities to mitigate the risk of terrorist attacks as well as provides suggestions for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivations of Hamas in its October 7, 2023, attacks seem perplexing and not rational. What was the point of the brutality? The essay argues the violence should be considered apocalyptic and in a global tradition going back nearly 100 years. Such violence aims to create an apocalyptic process by eliciting a vast overreaction. Apocalyptic goals and sacred values are not negotiable in a world of realpolitik. Hamas treats its own people as dispensable pawns. They want the indiscriminate destruction of apartments, hospitals, and even mosques to stir a wider upheaval. That is only way for Hamas to hope to offset their huge military disadvantage. We are familiar with the offensive rhetoric of Hamas about wiping Israel off the map (including the antisemitic meme "From the river to the sea"), but the totalistic excesses in the remarks of many Israeli officials and its citizens are disturbing. The more such comments occur, the more extreme calls to "wipe out" and "eliminate" Gaza become normalized. Americans, however, should be humble in what we say about this war. We overreacted to the 9/11 attacks out of rage and humiliation, unleashed two forever wars, killed hundreds of thousands of people, spent several trillion dollars—and lost both wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A few years after the end of the Cold War, Richard Betts argued that a specter was haunting the field of strategic studies, "the specter of peace," and asked whether that field should survive the new era. Today, more than two decades after the 9/11 attacks that stimulated the field of homeland security (HS) studies, we could ask a similar question about that field. Should it survive as an academic field of study, and if so, how should it adapt and change in an era in which concerns about terrorism have in large part been overtaken by great power competition, climate change, AI, pandemics and a host of other asymmetric threats? Is it/can it be an academic discipline? A profession? What questions does it ask and what contributions does it make to practitioners, policy makers, or society? This article reviews the state of HS studies today and what sub-fields and disciplines it touches. It examines HS publication and education in the United States and evaluates the contributions that HS studies have made to date. This review suggests homeland security studies should indeed survive, as a meta discipline that serves a valuable purpose by addressing the question of how governments and societies should best prepare for and respond to threats to their security that can range from local to global in scope, from small to large in scale, and from tame to wicked in character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this systematic review is to examine longitudinal associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) specifically among responders present at the World Trade Center (WTC) site on September 11, 2001 (9/11). This group, which we refer to as "9/11 early responders," appears to have particularly high rates of both mental and physical illness relative to other 9/11-exposed populations. We performed a systematic literature review to examine associations between PTSD and LRS among 9/11 early responders in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews. After a structured search of Pubmed and the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) WTC bibliography for relevant articles, we identified 4 articles commenting on associations between PTSD and LRS in this population; all 4 passed quality review and were included in our primary analysis. 10 other articles we found in our research discussed rates of PTSD and LRS, but not associations between them, in the population in question; we commented on these in a secondary analysis. The data demonstrate that there are significant associations between PTSD and LRS among 9/11 early responders. The data also suggest that both of these phenomena are more prevalent among 9/11 early responders relative to other 9/11-exposed populations. These findings are relevant for optimizing care for the population in question, as well as for other survivors of past and future disasters with both psychiatric and medical sequelae. [Display omitted] • PTSD and Lower Respiratory Symptoms (LRS) are prevalent in 9/11 responders. • These are bidirectionally associated in responders present at the WTC on 9/11 itself. • PTSD and LRS appear more prevalent in this group relative to other 9/11 survivors. • Enhanced psychiatric and medical collaboration can optimize care for this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores a chronological account of major aviation-related terrorist incidents, including the hijacking of aircraft and attacks such as those on September 11, 2001. These events underscore the vulnerabilities within civil aviation security and highlight the psychological impact of such attacks. This study emphasizes the need for advanced technologies and stringent national and international regulations to combat aviation terrorism. It discusses the evolution of aviation security measures, the importance of a holistic approach involving airlines, airport authorities, security forces, and governmental bodies, and the necessity of information sharing and best practices adoption. Additionally, the paper addresses the economic implications of aviation security, advocating for better data collection and analysis to optimize resource allocation and enhance overall safety. The ongoing development of aviation security strategies, driven by evolving threats and technological advancements, is critical for safeguarding passengers and ensuring the resilience of the global aviation industry against terrorist threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF) and Conventional Forces (CF) has historically been challenging, leading to mission failures and the loss of lives. An unprecedented integration of the two forces was seen following 9/11 during Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. This article investigates whether this intimate collaboration in Afghanistan and Iraq improved relations between SOF and CF. Drawing from a sample of 48 master's theses authored by U.S. officers on the topic of SOF--CF integration from 1994 to 2018, this article documents a deterioration in the relationship between the two forces and identifies four underlying causes. It suggests how military leaders and decisionmakers should approach this challenging inter-force relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorist attacks against the United States and some European states, and the war against terrorism characterised the end of the 20th century from the perspective of international relations. In harmony with this, military theoretical and ethical research aimed at terrorism, insurgency war in general and counterterrorism in this period. Some years later, however, at the beginning of the 21st century, some further questions joined these problems, like the theoretical and ethical issues of hybrid war. This essay deals with the theoretical and philosophical features of hybrid war in order to develop an ethical theory for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rising new world order, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, confrontation and partnership alternated between US and Iranian policies on the situation in Afghanistan. It was viewed by both US and Iranian governments as a tricky, delicate and potentially turbulent zone of international relations. The present study examines the relations between the administrations of G. Bush, Bill Clinton and G.W. Bush and Iranian Presidents Rafsanjani and Khatami during the Afghan Civil War, the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent operation to overthrow the Taliban. In the light of the American troops withdrawal from Afghanistan announced by the US State Department earlier this year, the article offers a review of the US and Iranian policies in Afghanistan in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to the development of computational algorithms for identifying contamination sources in water distribution systems (WDSs). Previous studies have extensively relied on evolutionary optimization techniques, which require the simulation of numerous contamination scenarios in order to solve the inverse-modeling contamination source identification (CSI) problem. This study presents a novel framework for CSI in WDSs using Bayesian optimization (BO) techniques. By constructing an explicit acquisition function to balance exploration with exploitation, BO requires only a few evaluations of the objective function to converge to near-optimal solutions, enabling CSI in real-time. The presented framework couples BO with EPANET to reveal the most likely contaminant injection/intrusion scenarios by minimizing the error between simulated and measured concentrations at a given number of water quality monitoring locations. The framework was tested on two benchmark WDSs under different contamination injection scenarios, and the algorithm successfully revealed the characteristics of the contamination source(s), i.e., the location, pattern, and concentration, for all scenarios. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of the framework using various BO techniques, including two different surrogate models, Gaussian Processes (GPs) and Random Forest (RF), and three different acquisition functions, namely expected improvement (EI), probability of improvement (PI), and upper confident bound (UCB). The results revealed that BO with the RF surrogate model and UCB acquisition function produced the most efficient and reliable CSI performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to find out whether and to what extent Hollywood movies propagate Islamophobia through bigger screens. Movies greatly influence the way people feel and think about many different things. It has long been vital to examine film depictions of various religions. The portrayal of Islam in media before and following the events of September 11, 2001, is analyzed in this qualitative study. Using purposive sampling, each film is selected both before and after 9/11. The Mighty Heart (2007) and True Lies (1994) both set before 9/11. According to the results, Hollywood movies frequently depict Muslims in a stereotypical light and use Orientalist stereotypes about Islam. To examine the content and show instances of terrorism, extremism, espionage, intrigue, and gender oppression, researchers created three scenarios. It turns out that Muslim women had lower status than men and could not get their hands on necessities. Terrorism, extremism, espionage, and intrigue are also major plot points in these movies. future studies can examine the steps implemented by the Hollywood business in response to Islamophobia in its films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following 9/11, some young Muslim American women have been wearing hijabs to assert their Islamic identities. They are also seeking fashionable modest clothing, yet, despite their growing buying power, the US modest fashion market targeting Muslim women appears underserved. The purpose of this study was to critically examine how niche modest fashion brands in the United States target Muslim women while drawing upon theoretical concepts centring on oppression and agency related to the long history of gendered Islamophobia Muslims have experienced. We analysed eleven brands' websites and social media applying the constant comparative method and identified four themes: empowering Muslim women, reclaiming modesty as modern and beautiful, meeting fashionable modest wear demand, and rejecting and perpetuating colourism. In our analysis of the digital discourses of US modest fashion brands, we revealed that these brands emerged to meet the demand of young Muslim woman in the United States who are embracing the hijab and modest clothing as a potent symbol of resistance against western ideologies, the fashion system's oppressive acts towards Muslim women and traditional Islamic dress codes. Yet, their advocacy-centred messages – empowerment, reclaiming modesty as beautiful – operate within a profit-driven system, which we theorize as a fashion-advocacy-capitalistic-façade. The fashion-advocacy-capitalist-façade concept helps explain the slippery slope that fashion brands are tiptoeing as they aim to empower Muslim women, offer trendy modest clothing, reject traditional Islamic dress codes for women and create space in the fashion market for this unmet demand. Although these brands aim to promote a positive sense of self for Muslim women, they cannot be withheld from critical examination and potential interpretations when operating within the capitalist-driven industry that is so often plagued with significant injustices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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"Divided by Terror: American Patriotism after 9/11" by John Bodnar explores the concept of patriotism in the United States following the September 11 attacks. Bodnar argues that instead of fostering unity, the attacks and subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq created internal divisions and raised questions about patriotism itself. He identifies two forms of patriotism: war-based patriotism, which focuses on supporting military power, and empathetic patriotism, which emphasizes the suffering and destruction caused by war. The book also examines the memorialization of war and the controversies surrounding the Ground Zero memorial. Overall, the book provides insight into how Americans remember and engage with their nation's history. [Extracted from the article]

In the book "Limited force and the fight for the just war tradition" by Christian Nikolaus Braun, the author examines the use of limited force by the United States and its adherence to the just war tradition. Braun analyzes President Barack Obama's decisions to use limited force in the raid that killed Osama bin Laden and to refrain from launching punitive airstrikes on Syria. He argues for a neoclassical third-way approach that combines Saint Thomas Aquinas' concepts with casuistry and virtue ethics to establish a framework for morally defensible uses of limited force. Braun also explores the moral defensibility of targeted killings and the enforcement of international norms through limited airstrikes. He concludes that the just use of limited force can contribute to the global common good by deterring norm violators. However, he acknowledges the complexities and uncertainties faced by policymakers in making morally justifiable decisions. [Extracted from the article]