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This review presents an overview of recent developments and advancements in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) and based materials. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) has received great amount of attention because of its potential as a clean and sustainable energy source and PHI based materials have emerged as promising candidates for this purpose due to their distinct structural properties, improved light absorption, charge separation and reduced recombination. This review discusses the essential concepts of PHE and the potential of poly(heptazine imide) materials and their derivatives as photocatalysts and also the limitations of these materials in photocatalytic activity. It addresses the synthetic routes and strategies adopted to enhance the photocatalytic activity of these materials including surface modifications, band engineering, doping, loading co‐catalysts and composites & heterojunction construction. Furthermore, the recent works in photocatalytic H2 evolution using PHI and based materials have been summarized and discussed. Additionally, we examined the challenges and future outlooks in this field, emphasizing the need for scalable and cost‐effective production methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of environmentally friendly materials for wastewater remediation represents a promising approach. Thus, we present the fabrication of nanostructured CoFe2O4 (CF) particles entangled within a hydrogel-based matrix composed of carboxy methyl cellulose-psyllium-RGO (CPRHG/CF). The functionality, composition, and nature of the fabricated composite were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and XPS techniques. Furthermore, the internal and surface morphology was analyzed through FE-SEM and HR-TEM imaging. To assess the photo activity, UV-Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were employed, confirming that CPRHG/CF exhibits significant potential for light absorption in the visible spectrum while minimizing the charge recombination rate. The fabricated CPR/CFHG composite hydrogel was employed for the removal of pharmaceutical effluent, tramadol (TMD), via both adsorption and photocatalysis processes. In batch adsorption experiments lasting 2 hours, the composite hydrogel demonstrated impressive adsorption efficiency of 92.93% and a maximum adsorption capacity of 89.97 mg g-1. Subsequently, during photocatalytic treatment under 1 h of solar illumination, approximately 90.36% of the TMD was successfully degraded. The degradation process followed a pseudo-firstorder kinetics model with a rate constant (k1) of 0.0380 min-1. Furthermore, the investigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has identified superoxide radicals (O2 -) as the major species responsible for the degradation process, which was confirmed through radical scavenging experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, g-C3N4/Fe-MOF was synthesised and utilised for the elimination of antibiotic contaminants from wastewater. There are two steps followed for the fabrication of g-C3N4/Fe-MOF i.e. pyrolysis and solvothermal method. The proximity of g-C3N4 and Fe-MOF was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of as-prepared samples. The developed photocatalyst was tested for tetracycline degradation. Remarkable photocatalytic activity for tetracycline under visible light irradiation is demonstrated by the g-C3N4/Fe-MOF photocatalyst. In comparison to bare g-C3N4 and Fe-MOF, the g-C3N4/Fe-MOF (G4) demonstrates significantly stronger photocatalytic activity. The best degradation efficiency of 87.12% was achieved at optimized reaction conditions with TC concenteration-25 ppm, catalyst dosage-40 mg and pH-5.5. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is because of the direct Z-scheme heterojunction formed between g-C3N4 & Fe-MOF, which allows for easier separation of photoinduced charge. The investigation also represented an analysis of the prevailing active species and potential photocatalytic mechanism. Finally, the study concludes that the optimized nanocomposite, consisting of g-C3N4/Fe-MOF, exhibited significant biocompatibility as seen by the development of barley seeds in the resultant solution after the degradation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we fabricated an Ag/Bi7O9I3 composite and tested the composite for the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under UV–vis light irradiation. XRD, FESEM, TEM, UV–visible absorbance, XPS studies, ESR, and electrochemical analysis were used to characterize the synthesized photocatalysts. The synthesized catalyst displayed a maximum degradation efficiency of 98.45% in the 150-min experiment, which is nearly 1.56 times higher than Bi7O9I3. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of Ag/Bi7O9I3 is attributed to the acceleration of charge separation and transfer of charge carriers with the inclusion of Ag. The improvement in photocatalytic efficiency of Ag/Bi7O9I3 can be attributed to Ag deposition, which acts as an electron sink to avoid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Additionally, Ag nanoparticles may show plasmonic resonance producing more electron–hole pairs in Bi7O9I3. Furthermore, a variety of tests were carried out on Ag/Bi7O9I3 in order to clarify how different factors affect the photodegradation efficiency. The medium with pH = 3, catalyst loading = 35 mg, and Rhodamine B concentration = 10 ppm resulted in highest activity. Using a radical scavenging experiment and ESR studies, the effective radicals in promoting dye degradation have been identified, and ·O2− radicals turned out to be the main radicals in promoting photocatalysis. Additionally, the reusability and degradation mechanisms of the enhanced photodegradation on the specified photocatalyst were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]