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Summary: The large integration of distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicles (EVs) facilitates daily life and reduces carbon emissions. However, it brings problems such as increased uncertainty and power electronic permeability to the distribution network. In this context, it is important to solve the line loss optimization problem as closely as possible to the real situation. Therefore, this paper solves the line loss optimization problem based on a probabilistic model of three‐phase unbalanced modern power electrical distribution network. Firstly, the paper proposes a frequency domain model of the distribution network and the optimization problem model. Then, to deal with the uncertainty of the system, the point estimation method (PEM) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) are used. Finally, this paper proposes two optimization schemes considering the power quality when single and multiple DGs are integrated. The simulation results demonstrate that the PEM using the Gram–Charlier series expansion of the fourth‐order statistical moments to estimate the probability density function (PDF) is significantly less time consuming than the traditional MCS method while maintaining accuracy. The comparative analysis reveals that under the optimization scheme with single DG integration, the expected value of system line loss and expected line loss rate are reduced from 283.95 kW to 218.96 kW (22.89% reduction) and from 13.44% to 10.68%, respectively. Under the dual DG integrated optimization scheme, the expected value of line losses and expected line loss rate are reduced from 283.95 kW to 208.88 kW (26.4% reduction) and from 13.44% to 10.25%, respectively. However, after taking the uncertainty into account, the operational reliability of the system has been enhanced under different scenarios. In addition, it is found that the optimization approach incorporating multiple DG units can effectively mitigate the system line loss under diverse operational scenarios while enhancing the system's DG integration capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the multi‐paralleled converter microgrid system, the traditional hierarchical control strategy can eliminate the bus voltage amplitude and frequency deviation from the rated value. However, isolated AC microgrids may face extreme scenarios such as communication delays and interruptions in data transmission due to the use of low‐bandwidth communication (LBC) lines. Additionally, the inconsistent line impedance of each distributed generation (DG) unit may result in the inaccurate division of reactive power in multi‐paralleled converter systems, thus affecting system stability. To address these issues, this paper presents a distributed coordinated control strategy for isolated AC microgrids based on the consensus algorithm. The proposed strategy first replaces LBC lines with a filter to alleviate the effects of communication delays. A small‐signal model is established in its state space, and stability of the microgrid system under the proposed control strategy is verified through eigenvalue analysis. Furthermore, based on the above theoretical analysis, a consensus algorithm is introduced, and a distributed control strategy for isolated AC microgrids based on the consensus algorithm is proposed to solve the issue of inaccurate equalization of the system's reactive power. Finally, factors that influence the dynamic convergence performance of the consensus algorithm are analyzed through simulation in PLECS software. Also, the maximum tolerable communication delays of the microgrid system under different communication topologies are also compared, and the system's robustness is evaluated under the condition of sudden communication interruption in a DG unit and sudden weather variation. These analyses confirmed the robustness of the proposed strategy against communication delays, output power fluctuation, and communication interruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with a large number of distributed energy sources connected to the grid, the distribution network has shown a clear trend towards the use of power electronics. As a power conversion interface, the stability of the converter's interaction with the grid has received considerable attention. Adequate admittance (impedance) modeling of the three‐phase grid‐connected converter is a prerequisite for analyzing the stability and resonance characteristics of the grid‐connected system. Understanding the internal mechanisms and proposing effective solutions are crucial to enable power systems to effectively cope with the impact of power electronics. Therefore, by studying the admittance equivalence relationship and equivalent circuit of three‐phase AC systems in various coordinate systems, this paper focuses on solving the non‐uniqueness problem of impedance admittance modeling of three‐phase converter system. It is proposed that the input admittance of the three‐phase asymmetrical system in the dq and fb rotating coordinate systems is a 2‐order matrix and equivalent. The input admittance of the three‐phase unbalanced system in the αβ and “12” static coordinate systems is a 4‐order matrix and equivalent. From both theoretical analysis and simulation verification, it is shown that the number of eigenvalues of the three‐phase asymmetrical system in the stationary coordinate system is twice that in the rotating coordinate system, and the overall damping of the system is improved. The control strategy based on the stationary coordinate system will make the system more stable. The second contribution of this paper is to establish the equivalent circuit of the three‐phase symmetric converter system by the node admittance matrix and extend it to the multi‐machine system to explain the system instability mechanism by the circuit resonance mechanism. Finally, the frequency coupling phenomenon is studied for the three‐phase asymmetrical converter system, and it is explained that it cannot establish an equivalent circuit similar to the three‐phase symmetrical converter system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) in power systems is gradually increasing to address the low inertia issue caused by the high penetration of renewable energy sources. Besides, the stability of microgrids (MGs) is threatened by constant power loads (CPLs) consisting of power electronic converters with closed‐loop controllers. To investigate the stability of the MG composed of VSG and CPL, this paper analyzes the operational principles of VSG and CPL, revealing that only the bipolar switch logic function is suitable for establishing a closed‐loop model if the output of the inner‐loop controller is considered as the duty cycle of the PWM signal. Furthermore, the closed‐loop impedance models of VSG and CPL were established in the dq frame. Impedance‐based analysis results show that the MG is prone to oscillation in the mid‐band. Therefore, the active power loop parameters of the VSG have a small impact on the stability of the MG, while the LC filter and inner loop controllers have a greater impact on the stability. Based on the oscillation mechanism and passivity theory, the impedance reshaping strategy for VSG and CPL is proposed. It is verified that the proposed control strategy can significantly improve the stability of the MG through the comparison of simulation results and theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]