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Pesticides from agricultural practices are among the most pressing reasons why groundwater sources do not reach the good chemical status standards as required by the European Water Framework directive. Complementary to previous federal pesticide reports, we analysed groundwater-monitoring data from 13 German Länder assembled in a database consisting of 26.192 groundwater measuring sites sampled between 1973 and 2021 of in total 521 parent compounds and metabolites. This study focuses on agricultural plant protection products. The monitored substance spectrum and site density developed over time and differs between Länder. More than 95 % of all samples lie below the respective (multiple) limits of quantification (LOQ). We thus report the frequency of exceedance above concentration thresholds, which allows to compare measurements temporally and spatially. Pesticide detections were found in all aquifer types, land uses and well screen depths. Most detections of higher concentrations were found in agricultural areas, at shallow screen depth in porous aquifers. Karst aquifers showed also a higher percentage of samples in higher concentration classes. Metabolites with high mobility and persistence were found in higher concentration ranges. Herbicides and metabolites thereof dominate the top 20 of pesticides that most frequently exceed 0.1 μg L−1. The ranking for 2010–2019 includes both authorised and banned compounds and their occurrence is discussed in the context of their mobility, persistence and underlying monitoring density. Yearly exceedance frequencies above 0.05, 0.1 μg L−1 and higher thresholds of metazachlor and its esa-metabolite, and national sales data of the parent compound did not show a temporal correlation in subsequent years. This study stresses the need for the harmonisation of heterogeneous pesticide data. Further, a characterisation of the groundwater data used to analyse pesticide occurrence in selected concentration ranges for relevant site factors and compound properties and provides a pesticide ranking based on exceedance frequencies is provided. Plain 3D: simple with soil layers Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). Tracey Saxby, Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/media-library). field:harvesting Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). Tracey Saxby, Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/media-library). Urban: city 1 (Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). Tracey Saxby, Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/media-library). Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). Annie Carew, Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/media-library). Quercus palustris (Swamp Spanish Oak) Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) Annie Carew, Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/media-library). [Display omitted] • A nationwide data base of pesticides in groundwater in Germany has been harmonised. • Site characteristics and compound properties were compiled for further analysis. • Exceedance frequencies >0.05 and 0.1 μg L−1 reported as comparable measures. • Pesticide detections were found in all aquifer types, land uses and well screen depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) have become a persistent seasonal problem in the upper San Francisco Estuary, California also known as the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta). The Delta is comprised of a complex network of open water bodies, channels, and sloughs. The terminus of the Stockton Channel is an area identified as a CHAB "hotspot." As CHABs increase in severity, there is an urgent need to better understand CHAB drivers to identify and implement mitigation measures that can be used in an estuarine complex like the Delta. We investigated water quality conditions and nutrient dynamics in the Stockton Channel by measuring nutrients in the water column, sediments, and pore waters. In situ nutrient addition bioassay experiments were used to assess the effects of nutrient enrichment on total algal/cyanobacterial growth and pigment concentrations. In both June and September, relative to unamended controls, total chlorophyll and cyanobacterial pigment concentrations were unaffected by nutrient additions; hence, the study area showed signs of classical hypereutrophication, with ambient nitrogen and phosphorus present in excess of algal growth requirements. A cyanobacterial bloom, dominated by Microcystis spp. was present throughout the study area but was most severe and persistent at the shallowest site at the channel terminus. At this site, Microcystis spp. created water quality conditions that allowed for a prolonged bloom from June through September. While targeted nutrient reductions are recommended for long term mitigation, on a shorter timescale, our findings suggest that physical/mechanical controls are the more promising alternative approaches to reduce the severity of CHABs in the terminus of the Stockton Channel. • Examined nutrient dynamics and CHABs in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. • The study area was hypereutrophic with nitrogen and phosphorus. • Nutrients alone do not explain why blooms were so severe. • Microcystis were most severe and persistent at shallowest site. • Physical/mechanical controls are promising options for CHAB mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the delivery of large international projects including ICGC and TCGA, knowledge of cancer genomics is reaching saturation point. Enabling this to improve patient outcomes now requires embedding comprehensive genomic profiling into routine oncology practice. Towards this goal, this study defined the biologically and clinically relevant genomic features of adult cancer through detailed curation and analysis of large genomic datasets, accumulated literature and biomarker-driven therapeutics in clinic and development. The characteristics and prevalence of these features were then interrogated in 2348 whole genome sequences, covering 21 solid tumour types, generated by the PCAWG project. This analysis highlights the predominant contribution of copy number alterations and identifies a critical role for disruptive structural variants in the inactivation of clinically important tumour suppressor genes, including PTEN and RB1, which are not currently captured by diagnostic assays. This study defines a set of essential genomic features for the characterisation of common adult cancers. • Genomic profiling requires coverage of all variant classes to unlock full utility. • Small variants comprise just under a half of all clinically useful information. • Appropriate analysis of copy number and structural alteration is essential. • Available assays are frequently suboptimal in gene and variant class selection. • Comprehensive profiling is within the economic reach of socialised healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Spectral and temporal modification techniques combine synergistically. • For Spanish sentences, error rates are reduced by a factor of 3 compared to unmodified speech. • All phonemes benefit from spectral and temporal modification. • A glimpsing model predicts listener performance with a correlation of 0.96. • Cochlear-Scaled Entropy does not improve the performance of a retiming algorithm. Modifying clean speech prior to output in noisy conditions can lead to substantial intelligibility gains. Most algorithms operate by redistributing energy across the signal, leaving the timing of the underlying speech sounds intact. Other techniques do alter the timing of speech relative to the masker. Both classes of approach – spectral and temporal – lead to a reduction in energetic masking. The current study examines how their combination affects intelligibility. Arguments can be made for both synergy and redundancy, and the presence of distortions introduced by both spectral and temporal approaches might even lead to an antagonistic combination. A cohort of native Spanish listeners identified keywords in sentences in unmodified form and following spectral, temporal and spectro-temporal modification, in the presence of a fluctuating masker. Errors in the spectro-temporal condition were substantially lower than following spectral or temporal modification alone, with a three-fold reduction compared to unmodified speech. Spectro-temporal gains were observed for all phonemes. A glimpse-based model of energetic masking incorporating speech rate changes predicts intelligibility (r =. 96), and a glimpsing analysis provides further insights into the distinct mechanisms through which spectral and temporal approaches lead to a release from energetic masking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-end speech enhancement works by modifying speech prior to presentation in a noisy environment, typically operating under a constraint of limited or no increase in speech level. One issue is the extent to which near-end enhancement techniques require detailed estimates of the masking environment to function effectively. The current study investigated speech modification strategies based on reallocating energy statically across the spectrum using masker-specific spectral weightings. Weighting patterns were learned offline by maximising a glimpse-based objective intelligibility metric. Keyword scores in sentences in the presence of stationary and fluctuating maskers increased, in some cases by very substantial amounts, following the application of masker- and SNR-specific spectral weighting. A second experiment using generic masker-independent spectral weightings that boosted all frequencies above 1 kHz also led to significant gains in most conditions. These findings indicate that energy-neutral spectral weighting is a highly-effective near-end speech enhancement approach that places minimal demands on detailed masker estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate and orthophosphate from agricultural activities contribute significantly to nutrient loading in surface water bodies around the world. This study evaluated the efficacy of woodchips and fly ash pellets in tandem to remove nitrate and orthophosphate from simulated agricultural runoff in flow-through tests. The fly ash pellets had previously been developed specifically for orthophosphate removal for this type of application, and the sorption bench testing showed a good promise for flow-through testing. The lab-scale horizontal-flow bioreactor used in this study consisted of an upstream column filled with woodchips followed by a downstream column filled with fly ash pellets (3 and 1 m lengths, respectively; both 0.15 m diameter). Using influent concentrations of 12 mg/L nitrate and 5 mg/L orthophosphate, the woodchip bioreactor section was able to remove 49–85% of the nitrate concentration at three hydraulic retention times ranging from 0.67 to 4.0 h. The nitrate removal rate for woodchips ranged from 40 to 49 g N/m 3 /d. Higher hydraulic retention times (i.e., smaller flow rates) corresponded with greater nitrate load reduction. The fly ash pellets showed relatively stable removal efficiency of 68–75% across all retention times. Total orthophosphate adsorption by the pellets was 0.059–0.114 mg P/g which was far less than the saturated capacity (1.69 mg/g; based on previous work). The fly ash pellets also removed some nitrate and the woodchips also removed some orthophosphate, but these reductions were not significant. Overall, woodchip denitrification followed by fly ash pellet P-sorption can be an effective treatment technology for nitrate and phosphate removal in subsurface drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body mass is an important component of any paleobiological reconstruction. Reliable skeletal dimensions for making estimates are desirable but extant primate reference samples with known body masses are rare. We estimated body mass in a sample of extinct platyrrhines and Fayum anthropoids based on four measurements of the articular surfaces of the humerus and femur. Estimates were based on a large extant reference sample of wild-collected individuals with associated body masses, including previously published and new data from extant platyrrhines, cercopithecoids, and hominoids. In general, scaling of joint dimensions is positively allometric relative to expectations of geometric isometry, but negatively allometric relative to expectations of maintaining equivalent joint surface areas. Body mass prediction equations based on articular breadths are reasonably precise, with %SEEs of 17–25%. The breadth of the distal femoral articulation yields the most reliable estimates of body mass because it scales similarly in all major anthropoid taxa. Other joints scale differently in different taxa; therefore, locomotor style and phylogenetic affinity must be considered when calculating body mass estimates from the proximal femur, proximal humerus, and distal humerus. The body mass prediction equations were applied to 36 Old World and New World fossil anthropoid specimens representing 11 taxa, plus two Haitian specimens of uncertain taxonomic affinity. Among the extinct platyrrhines studied, only Cebupithecia is similar to large, extant platyrrhines in having large humeral (especially distal) joints. Our body mass estimates differ from each other and from published estimates based on teeth in ways that reflect known differences in relative sizes of the joints and teeth. We prefer body mass estimators that are biomechanically linked to weight-bearing, and especially those that are relatively insensitive to differences in locomotor style and phylogenetic history. Whenever possible, extant reference samples should be chosen to match target fossils in joint proportionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent paleontological collection in submerged caves in the eastern Dominican Republic has yielded new specimens of Antillothrix bernensis . Here we describe a complete cranium of an adult individual (MHD 20) and provide phenetic comparisons to other endemic Caribbean taxa and extant mainland platyrrhines using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods (3DGM). Qualitative and quantitative comparisons support conclusions based on other recently described fossil material: Antillothrix has a dentition lacking clear dietary specialization, an elongated brain case with strong temporal lines, and a vertically oriented nuchal plane. MHD 20 shares a combination of traits with a previously published subadult specimen (MHD 01) including a deep depression at glabella, dorsoventrally elongated orbits, and a relatively large face. This shared morphology reinforces the taxonomic affinity of the two specimens, with differences between the two likely reflecting the younger ontogenetic age of MHD 01. Comparisons to the extant platyrrhines paint a complicated picture as the results of between-group principal components analyses (bgPCA) indicate that Antillothrix does not share a suite of morphological features exclusively with any one genus. Depending on which bgPC axes are visualized, and which subset of landmarks is included (i.e., only those describing the shape of the face/palate for inclusion of Xenothrix ), MHD 20 is most similar in shape to the atelids, Alouatta, Lagothrix, and Brachyteles , or an otherwise “empty” region of shape space. It groups neither with Cebus nor Callicebus , two taxa that Antillothrix has been associated with in previous studies based on much less complete material. The Antillothrix cranium does not exhibit any of the derived characters classically used to diagnose or define any single clade; rather its morphology shares features with multiple platyrrhine groups. This is consistent with the interpretation that Antillothrix preserves a primitive morphology, which accords with the hypothesis positing an early arrival of platyrrhines in the Caribbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus has been recognized as a leading pollutant for surface water quality deterioration. In the Midwestern USA, subsurface drainage not only provides a pathway for excess water to leave the field but it also drains out nutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Fly ash has been identified as one of the viable materials for phosphorus removal from contaminated waters. In this study, a ceramic pellet was manufactured using fly ash for P absorption. Three types of pellet with varying lime and clay proportions by weight (type 1: 10% lime + 30% clay, type 2: 20% lime + 20% clay, and type 3: 30% lime + 10% clay) were characterized and evaluated for absorption efficiency. The result showed that type 3 pellet (60% fly ash with 30% lime and 10% clay) had the highest porosity (14%) and absorption efficiency and saturated absorption capacity (1.98 mg P/g pellet) compared to type 1 and 2 pellets. The heavy metal leaching was the least (30 μg/L of chromium after 5 h) for type 3 pellet compared to other two. The microcosmic structure of pellet from scanning electron microscope showed the type 3 pellet had the better distribution of aluminum and iron oxide on the surface compared other two pellets. This result indicates that addition of lime and clay can improve P absorption capacity of fly ash while reducing the potential to reduce chromium leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying and improving efficiency within beef systems is essential for economic and environmental sustainability. The industry standard for assessing efficiency is liveweight gain per day, however, this metric is limited in that it values each day of a growing animal's life as equally costly, despite the increasing maintenance requirements, inputs, and emissions associated with increasing liveweight. Quantifying the area under the growth curve (AUC) considers both time and liveweight as a cost and therefore may hold potential as a better estimate of cost, impact, and efficiency in beef systems. Liveweight data was taken from 439 finishing beef cattle split across three herds grazing on different pastures, known as 'farmlets'. Analysis was conducted in three parts: [1] Validation of AUC as a proxy for costs using data from a sub-set of 87 animals that had been part of a previous life cycle assessment (LCA) study in which dry matter intake (DMI), methane emissions (CH 4), and nitrous oxide emissions (N 2 O) were calculated. [2] Calculation of AUC relative to liveweight gain (LWG AUC−1) and comparison of that metric against the industry standard of liveweight gain per day (LWG day−1). [3] Assessment of how LWG AUC−1 varied with breed, sex, and management. When comparing to LCA results, AUC correlated significantly with DMI (r = 0.886), CH 4 (r = 0.788) and N 2 O (r = 0.575) emissions. Over the full dataset, there was a negative non-linear relationship between LWG AUC−1 and slaughter age (r = −0.809). There was a significant difference in LWG AUC−1 between breeds (p = 0.046) and farmlets (p = 0.028), but not sex (p = 0.388). LWG AUC−1 has the potential to act as a proxy for feed intake and emissions. In that regard it is superior to LWG day−1, whilst requiring no additional data. Results highlighted the decreasing efficiency of beef cattle over time and the potential benefits of earlier slaughter. The use of LWG AUC−1 could allow farmers to improve their understanding of efficiency within their herds, aiding informed management decision making. • AUC is a more accurate proxy for emissions and DMI than time. • LWG AUC−1 is a more accurate measure of efficiency than LWG day−1. • Calculation of AUC requires no additional data and is highly accessible. • Early finishing reduces the relative cost/impact of beef (with caveats). • Efficiency, measured using LWG AUC−1, differed across breed, sex, and system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denitrifying bioreactors are a conservation drainage practice for reducing nitrate loads in subsurface agricultural drainage. Bioreactor hydraulic capacity is limited by cross-sectional area perpendicular to flow through the woodchip bed, with excess bypass flow untreated. Paired bioreactors with wide orientations were built in 2017 in Illinois, USA, to treat drainage from a relatively large 29 ha field. The paired design consisted of: a larger, Main bioreactor (LWD: 6.1 × 18.3 × 0.9 m) for treating base flow, and 2) a smaller, Booster bioreactor (7.8 × 13.1 × 0.9 m) receiving bypass flow from the Main bioreactor during periods of high flow. Over three years of monitoring, the paired bioreactor captured 84–92% of the annual drainage discharge which demonstrated an expanded cross-sectional area could improve bioreactor flow capture, even for a large drainage area. However, the paired bioreactors removed 6–28% of the annual N load leaving the field (1.8–5.6 kg N ha−1 removed; 52–161 kg N), which was not a notable improvement compared to bioreactors treating smaller drainage areas. The design operated as intended at low annual flow-weighted hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of usually ≤2 h, but these short HRTs ultimately limited bioreactor nitrate removal efficiency. Daily HRTs of <2 h often resulted in nitrate flushing. The Main bioreactor had higher hydraulic loading as intended and was responsible for the majority of flow captured in each year although not always the most nitrate mass removal. The Booster bioreactor provided better nitrate removal than the Main at HRTs of 3.0–11.9 h, possibly due to its drying cycles which may have liberated more available carbon. This new design approach tested at the field-scale illustrated tradeoffs between greater flow capacity (via increased bioreactor width) and longer HRT (via increased length), given a consistent bioreactor surface footprint. [Display omitted] • A paired bioreactor design was used to treat subsurface drainage from a 29-ha field. • Wide orientation (length: width ratio <1) increased flow capacity. • The paired bioreactor treated >84% of annual flow over three years. • Annual nitrate removal of 6–28% was not better than conventional bioreactors. • Low retention time (<2 h) at high flows limited nitrate removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much debate surrounds the phylogenetic affinities of the endemic Greater Antillean platyrrhines. Thus far, most phylogenetic analyses have been constructed and tested using craniodental characters. We add to this dialog by considering how features of the distal humerus support or refute existing hypotheses for the origins of fossil Caribbean primates, utilizing three-dimensional geometric morphometric data in combination with character based cladistic analyses. We also add to the sample of fossil platyrrhine humeri with the description of UF 114718, a new distal humerus from Haiti. We reconstruct UF 114718 to be a generalized, arboreal quadruped attributed to the species Insulacebus toussantiana . Our results from phylogenetic analyses lend some support to the idea that some Greater Antillean fossil taxa including Xenothrix mcgregori , Antillothrix bernensis , and Insulacebus toussaintiana could form a monophyletic clade that is sister to either extant Platyrrhini or basal pitheciids. Based on the distal humeral data, we reconstruct the earliest ancestral platyrrhine to be a generalized, arboreal quadruped that potentially emphasized pronated arm postures during locomotion and may have engaged in some limited climbing, most similar in shape to early anthropoids and some of the earliest Antillean forms. However, aspects of shape and standard qualitative characters relating to the distal humerus seem to be variable and prone to both homoplasy and reversals; thus these results must be interpreted cautiously and (where possible) within the context provided by other parts of the skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several modification algorithms that alter natural or synthetic speech with the goal of improving intelligibility in noise have been proposed recently. A key requirement of many modification techniques is the ability to predict intelligibility, both offline during algorithm development, and online, in order to determine the optimal modification for the current noise context. While existing objective intelligibility metrics (OIMs) have good predictive power for unmodified natural speech in stationary and fluctuating noise, little is known about their effectiveness for other forms of speech. The current study evaluated how well seven OIMs predict listener responses in three large datasets of modified and synthetic speech which together represent 396 combinations of speech modification, masker type and signal-to-noise ratio. The chief finding is a clear reduction in predictive power for most OIMs when faced with modified and synthetic speech. Modifications introducing durational changes are particularly harmful to intelligibility predictors. OIMs that measure masked audibility tend to over-estimate intelligibility in the presence of fluctuating maskers relative to stationary maskers, while OIMs that estimate the distortion caused by the masker to a clean speech prototype exhibit the reverse pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive sedimentation derived from anthropogenic activities is a main factor in habitat and biodiversity loss in freshwater ecosystems. To prevent offsite movement of soil particles, many environmental regulatory agencies mandate the use of perimeter silt fences. However, research regarding the efficiency of these devices in applied settings is lacking, and fences are often ineffective due to poor installation and maintenance. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of research regarding silt fences, address the current culture surrounding silt fence installation and maintenance, and provide several recommendations for improving the knowledge base related to silt fence effectiveness. It is clear that there is a need for integrated long-term (i.e., extending from prior to fence installation to well after fence removal) multi-disciplinary research with appropriate controls that evaluates the effectiveness of silt control fences. Through laboratory experiments, in silico modelling and field studies there are many factors that can be experimentally manipulated such as soil types (and sediment feed rate), precipitation regimes (and flow rate), season, slope, level of site disturbance, fence installation method, type of fence material, depth of toe, type and spacing of support structures, time since installation, level of inspection and maintenance, among others, that all require systematic evaluation. Doing so will inform the practice, as well as identify specific technical research needs, related to silt fence design and use. Moreover, what constitutes “proper” installation and maintenance is unclear, especially given regional- and site-level variation in precipitation, slope, and soil characteristics. Educating and empowering construction crews to be proactive in maintenance of silt fencing is needed given an apparent lack of compliance monitoring by regulatory agencies and the realities that the damage is almost instantaneous when silt fences fail. Our goal is not to dismiss silt fences as a potentially useful tool. Instead, we question the way they are currently being used and call for better science to determine what factors (in terms of fence design, installation and site-characteristics) influence effectiveness as well as better training for those that install, maintain and inspect such devices. We also encourage efforts to “look beyond the fence” to consider how silt fences can be combined with other sediment control strategies as part of an integrated sediment control program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a sampling algorithm for a regular vine on n variables which starts at an arbitrary variable. A sampling order whose nested conditional probabilities can be written as products of (conditional) copulas in the vine and univariate margins is said to be implied by the regular vine. We show that there are 2 n − 1 implied sampling orders for any regular vine on n variables. We show that two regular vines on n and m distinct variables can be merged in 2 n + m − 2 ways. This greatly simplifies the proof of the number of regular vines on n variables. A notion of sampling proximity based on numbers of shared implied sampling orders is introduced, and we use this notion to define a heuristic for searching vine space that avoids proximate vines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of myxoma virus (MYXV) and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) in Australia with the aim of controlling overabundant rabbits has provided a unique opportunity to study the initial spread and establishment of emerging pathogens, as well as their co-evolution with their mammalian hosts. In contrast to MYXV, which attenuated shortly after its introduction, rapid attenuation of RHDV has not been observed. By studying the change in virulence of recent field isolates at a single field site we show, for the first time, that RHDV virulence has increased through time, likely because of selection to overcome developing genetic resistance in Australian wild rabbits. High virulence also appears to be favoured as rabbit carcasses, rather than diseased animals, are the likely source of mechanical insect transmission. These findings not only help elucidate the co-evolutionary interaction between rabbits and RHDV, but reveal some of the key factors shaping virulence evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Speech production is affected by environmental and interlocutor-related contextual factors. [•] We review speech modifications produced by talkers in response to context. [•] Algorithmic modifications aimed at increasing intelligibility are also reviewed. [•] A summary table of 46 candidate speech modifications is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Broadband rotational free induction decays (FIDs) from 1H,2H-perfluorocyclobutane have been captured at a rate of 25ps/point for a duration of 20μs. FIDs have been treated using fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). It is demonstrated that the SVD-based model can yield a sufficient number of accurate transition frequencies for initial spectral analysis using only ≈1% (200ns) of the FID. Furthermore, the SVD-based analysis has produced information concerning transition phase, amplitude, damping, and frequency for the strongest molecular signals. The damping factors determined appear useful in distinguishing molecular and non-molecular signals. The FFT analysis of the full FID has yielded, for the first time, spectroscopic parameters for the parent and all C-13 isotopologues of both the cis and trans species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It is predicted that the coastal zone will be among the environments worst affected by projected climate change. Projected losses in beach area will negatively impact on coastal infrastructure and continued recreational use of beaches. Beach nourishment practices such as artificial nourishment, replenishment and scraping are increasingly used to combat beach erosion but the extent and scale of projects is poorly documented in large areas of the world. Through a survey of beach managers of Local Government Areas and a comprehensive search of peer reviewed and grey literature, we assessed the extent of nourishment practices in Australia. The study identified 130 beaches in Australia that were subject to nourishment practices between 2001 and 2011. Compared to projects elsewhere, most Australian projects were small in scale but frequent. Exceptions were nine bypass projects which utilised large volumes of sediment. Most artificial nourishment, replenishment and beach scraping occurred in highly urbanised areas and were most frequently initiated in spring during periods favourable to accretion and outside of the summer season of peak beach use. Projects were generally a response to extreme weather events, and utilised sand from the same coastal compartment as the site of erosion. Management was planned on a regional scale by Local Government Authorities, with little monitoring of efficacy or biological impact. As rising sea levels and growing coastal populations continue to put pressure on beaches a more integrated approach to management is required, that documents the extent of projects in a central repository, and mandates physical and biological monitoring to help ensure the engineering is sustainable and effective at meeting goals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The pure rotational spectrum of 175Lu16O in its ground electronic state (X 2Σ+) has been observed with a cavity pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The samples were prepared by laser ablation of Lu metal in the presence of gaseous oxygen, and stabilized in pulsed jets of Ar. The N =1–0 transition has been measured in the v = 0, 1 and 2 states. All the observed lines show Zeeman splittings caused chiefly by the Earth’s magnetic field. The transitions show effects of electron spin-rotation structure and of 175Lu hyperfine structure. Several hyperfine parameters have been evaluated, and are interpreted in terms of the molecular electronic structure. An improved equilibrium internuclear distance, r e, is presented. The results should facilitate astrophysical searches for the molecule. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Robust speech recognition in everyday conditions requires the solution to a number of challenging problems, not least the ability to handle multiple sound sources. The specific case of speech recognition in the presence of a competing talker has been studied for several decades, resulting in a number of quite distinct algorithmic solutions whose focus ranges from modeling both target and competing speech to speech separation using auditory grouping principles. The purpose of the monaural speech separation and recognition challenge was to permit a large-scale comparison of techniques for the competing talker problem. The task was to identify keywords in sentences spoken by a target talker when mixed into a single channel with a background talker speaking similar sentences. Ten independent sets of results were contributed, alongside a baseline recognition system. Performance was evaluated using common training and test data and common metrics. Listeners’ performance in the same task was also measured. This paper describes the challenge problem, compares the performance of the contributed algorithms, and discusses the factors which distinguish the systems. One highlight of the comparison was the finding that several systems achieved near-human performance in some conditions, and one out-performed listeners overall. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: During vertebrate development, the hindbrain is transiently segmented into 7 distinct rhombomeres (r). Hindbrain segmentation takes place within the context of the complex morphogenesis required for neurulation, which in zebrafish involves a characteristic cross-midline division that distributes progenitor cells bilaterally in the forming neural tube. The Eph receptor tyrosine kinase EphA4 and the membrane-bound Ephrin (Efn) ligand EfnB2a, which are expressed in complementary segments in the early hindbrain, are required for rhombomere boundary formation. We showed previously that EphA4 promotes cell–cell affinity within r3 and r5, and proposed that preferential adhesion within rhombomeres contributes to boundary formation. Here we show that EfnB2a is similarly required in r4 for normal cell affinity and that EphA4 and EfnB2a regulate cell affinity independently within their respective rhombomeres. Live imaging of cell sorting in mosaic embryos shows that both proteins function during cross-midline cell divisions in the hindbrain neural keel. Consistent with this, mosaic EfnB2a over-expression causes widespread cell sorting and disrupts hindbrain organization, but only if induced at or before neural keel stage. We propose a model in which Eph and Efn-dependent cell affinity within rhombomeres serve to maintain rhombomere organization during the potentially disruptive process of teleost neurulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Arsenic monophosphide has been prepared by laser ablation of arsenic in the presence of PH3. The J =2–1 and 1–0 transitions in both the ground and first excited vibrational states have been measured with a cavity pulsed jet Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. An improved equilibrium internuclear distance (r e) has been obtained. Hyperfine structure in the rotational spectrum of AsP has been resolved and has led to the first determinations of the As nuclear quadrupole coupling constant and both nuclear spin–rotation constants. The data enable the electronic structure of AsP to be compared with those of other mixed Group 15 diatomic molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pure rotational spectra have been measured for the ground electronic states of SbF and SbCl. The molecules were prepared by laser ablation of Sb metal in the presence of SF6 or Cl2, respectively. Their spectra were measured with a cavity pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Although both molecules have two unpaired electrons, they are subject to Hund’s coupling case (c), and have X 10+ ground states. The spectra have been interpreted with the formalism of 1Σ+ molecules. For both molecules spectra of several isotopomers have been measured in the ground and first excited vibrational states. Large hyperfine splittings attributable to both nuclear quadrupole coupling and nuclear spin-rotation coupling have been observed. A Dunham-type analysis has produced unusually large Born-Oppenheimer breakdown parameters, which are interpreted in terms of the electronic structures of the molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The quadratic discriminant function is often used to separate two classes of points in a multidimensional space. When the two classes are normally distributed, this results in the optimum separation. In some cases however, the assumption of normality is a poor one and the classification error is increased. The current paper derives an upper bound for the classification error due to a quadratic decision surface. The bound is strict when the class means and covariances and the quadratic discriminant surface satisfy certain specified symmetry conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The pure rotational spectrum of the X1Σ+ ground electronic state of platinum monosilicide has been measured for nine isotopomers. For the most abundant isotopomer, 194Pt28Si, the J=1–0 and the J=2–1 transitions were recorded up to the fourth vibrationally excited state. The data set obtained enabled a multi-isotopomer fit to a Dunham-type expression and the constants Y01, Y02, Y11, Y21, and Y31 were determined. In the process of fitting the data it was necessary to include Born–Oppenheimer breakdown correction terms and the values and significance of these terms are discussed. Strong evidence is presented indicating within the rotational spectrum the presence of field shift effects due to the finite size of the Pt nucleus. The nuclear spin–rotation constant, CI(195Pt) is found to be 30.98(157) kHz in the ground vibrational state. Hyperfine structure arising from the 29Si nucleus was not observed. The measurement of Stark shifts in the rotational spectrum of PtSi has enabled the determination of the dipole moments for the 194Pt28Si and 196Pt28Si isotopomers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The pure rotational spectra of seven isotopomers of hafnium monosulfide have been measured for several vibrational states. For the most abundant isotopomer, 180Hf32S, the J=1 - 0, J=2 - 1, and J=3 - 2 transitions were recorded up to the sixth vibrationally excited state. The constants Y01, Y02, Y11, Y21, and Y31 were determined via a multi-isotopomer fit to a Dunham-type expression. In the process of fitting the data it was necessary to include Born–Oppenheimer breakdown correction terms. The equilibrium internuclear distance has been evaluated. For both the 177Hf32S and 179Hf32S isotopomers, nuclear hyperfine structure due to the hafnium nucleus was observed and notably large Hf nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, eQq, were determined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The vapour pressure of water above an aqueous solution of sucrose at T=298.06 K has been measured for 9 sucrose mole fractions up to 0.12. Vapour pressure measurements have also been made on aqueous solutions of meso-erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, fructose, and raffinose at T=317.99 K. The excess molar enthalpy has also been determined for the aqueous sucrose system at T=318.15 K. The data obtained are compared to literature data for related systems and the effects of the solutes on solution structure are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The current study provides a simple algorithm for finding the optimal ROC curve for a linear discriminant between two point distributions, given only information about the classes'' means and covariances. The method makes no assumptions concerning the exact type of distribution and is shown to provide the best possible discrimination for any physically reasonable measure of the classification error. This very general solution is shown to specialise to results obtained in other papers which assumed multi-dimensional Gaussian distributed classes, or minimised the maximum classification error. Some numerical examples are provided which show the improvement in classification of this method over previously used methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) are important for mitigation and restoration efforts in the Anthropocene. As recreationists are motivated to engage in leisure activities to increase their own personal wellbeing, we submit that threats to wellbeing (an egocentric motivator) predict engagement in PEBs amongst recreationists. We also predict that differences in experiences across groups of recreationists leads to differences in PEB engagement. Using an online survey, we test our two hypotheses (if recreationists perceive there is a threat to their wellbeing and that their behaviours can yield environmental successes, then they will be more likely to engage in PEBs, and if recreationists differ in recreational experiences then they will demonstrate differences in PEB engagement) amongst outdoor recreationists, specifically Canadian rainbow trout and steelhead anglers in British Columbia (n = 894 respondents). We define 'threat to wellbeing' as the interaction of environmental threat-perceptions of used environments for fishing, and level of centrality fishing has to one's lifestyle. To test our first hypothesis, we conducted three linear regressions corresponding to three different PEBs related to catch-and-release (C&R) fishing. Our egocentric predictor 'threat to wellbeing' was only significant for one out of the three PEBs tested, showing mixed support for our first hypothesis. It is of note that 'environmental threat perceptions' and one's belief in successes resulting from PEB engagement were found to be significant predictors for all three PEBs tested. These results suggest that predictors of PEB may not always be transferable across PEBs relating to recreational activities, and environmental threat perception and one's belief in successes resulting from PEB engagement are strong predictors of PEBs amongst recreationists. To test our second hypothesis, we conducted a Kruskal Wallis test to determine if there were significant differences across angler groups in PEB predictor scores and PEB engagement and conducted pairwise population Z-tests to determine proportional participation rates across angler groups for the three PEBs and PEB predictors investigated. Experiences were found to shape predictors of PEBs, as well as likelihood to engage in PEBs, as different angler groups targeting different fish (i.e., rainbow trout vs steelhead) and using different aquatic habitats (i.e., rivers vs. lakes) demonstrated significantly different scores for PEB predictors, as well as significantly different likelihood to engage in two of the three PEBs tested. These findings support the notion that recreationists are not a homogenous group, and that their beliefs and resulting behaviours during recreational activities are determined by their experiences in nature and can be influenced by the species with which they interact, and the habitats they use for recreation. • We study pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) during outdoor recreation. • Most recreationists engage in PEBs, offsetting some of their environmental costs. • 'Environmental threat perception' is a strong predictor of PEBs. • 'Belief in positive results from PEBs' is also a strong predictor of PEBs. • Experiences during recreation dictate PEB engagement amongst recreationists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain activity typically increases with increasing working memory (WM) load, regardless of age, before reaching an apparent ceiling. However, older adults exhibit greater brain activity and reach ceiling at lower loads than younger adults, possibly reflecting compensation at lower loads and dysfunction at higher loads. We hypothesized that WM training would bolster neural efficiency, such that the activation peak would shift towards higher memory loads after training. Pre-training, older adults showed greater recruitment of the WM network than younger adults across all loads, with decline at the highest load. Ten days of adaptive training on a verbal WM task improved performance and led to greater brain responsiveness at higher loads for both groups. For older adults the activation peak shifted rightward towards higher loads. Finally, training increased task-related functional connectivity in older adults, both within the WM network and between this task-positive network and the task-negative/default-mode network. These results provide new evidence for functional plasticity with training in older adults and identify a potential signature of improvement at the neural level. • Brain activity increases with working memory load before reaching an apparent ceiling. • Older adults show greater brain activity and reach ceiling faster than younger adults. • Training increases the range of brain activity across memory loads regardless of age. • Training shifts the activation peak rightward toward higher loads in older adults. • Results identify a potential signature of improvement at the neural level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tin metal has been ablated with pulsed radiation from a Nd:YAG laser ( nm). Carbonyl sulfide, diluted in high pressure argon, has been pulsed into the resultant Sn plasma. One of the results of this experiment has been the production of SnS. These events have allowed a rotational spectrum of tin monosulfide to be studied using a chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The resolution of the spectrum obtained was sufficient to observe hyperfine structure from the 117Sn and 119Sn-containing SnS molecules. Tin nuclear spin-rotation hyperfine constants are reported for the first time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Co-management is widely seen as a way of improving environmental governance and empowering communities. When successful, co-management enhances the validity and legitimacy of decision-making, while providing stakeholders with influence over processes and outcomes that directly impact them. However, our research with participants in co-management across several cases leads us to argue that many of the individuals who contribute to co-management are subject to significant personal stress arising from both the logistical and social/emotional demands of participation in these processes. We argue that the literature on co-management has touched on this only indirectly, and that personal stress is a major challenge for participants that ought to be integrated into research agendas and addressed by policy-makers. In this article, we review the contours of the personal stress issue as it has appeared in our observations of co-management events and interviews with participants. While these findings are partial and preliminary, we argue that personal stress has theoretical and practical significance to the broader literature and process design. We conclude the article with recommendations for participants, researchers and policy-makers about how to consider and respond to problems of personal stress. • Co-management can cause personal stress among community-level participants. • Stress is caused by costs, lack of support, conflict, and uncertainty. • Scholars should incorporate individual-level variables into research agendas. • Stress can be mitigated by providing resources and reforming processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the well-documented impacts of angler behavior on the biological fitness of angled and released fish, optimizing the conservation value of catch-and-release angling hinges on the extent to which anglers are willing to adopt recommended best practices and refrain from harmful ones. One potentially powerful mechanism underlying adoption of best practices is the social pressure anglers can apply to one another to enforce community norms and values. Past work in other domains demonstrates that forms of interpersonal communication—including social sanctioning—can foster context-appropriate social norms and increase cooperative behavior; yet to date, little research has examined these dynamics in the context of species conservation. We conducted in-person and online surveys to explore the role of social sanctioning in the context of an internationally renowned wild steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fishery in British Columbia, Canada. We investigated how diverse social-psychological and demographic factors influence anglers' past and future sanctioning propensity. Results highlight that perceived capacity to influence the angling practices of others and professed concerns about one's own reputation were strongly predictive of both past and future sanctioning. Furthermore, while anglers reported relatively low-levels of past sanctioning behavior, most anglers simultaneously expressed a strong desire to sanction others in the future. Identifying ways to increase the social desirability and visibility of sanctioning actions could assist resource managers in promoting adoption and maintenance of best practices. More broadly, our findings underscore a significant yet underappreciated role for wildlife users and enthusiasts in cultivating a shared conservation ethic to help ensure biological conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish passage science and practice seeks to facilitate the movement of fish around obstacles in their habitat, primarily through the construction of fishways and culverts. Successful implementation of fish passage requires collaboration between groups with very different backgrounds and expertise, including knowledge-producers (scientists who study fish passage and related topics such as fish swimming ability) and knowledge users (engineers who apply that knowledge to design fish passage solutions). To investigate the nature of collaboration between these groups, we surveyed fish passage scientists and engineers from around the world. Respondents were asked about the importance of collaboration, mechanisms of collaboration, potential barriers to collaboration, and how collaboration can be improved. Both fish passage scientists and engineers reported high importance of collaboration and that they collaborated frequently with the other group. Respondents reported that consultation with other professionals (of their discipline and the other) was the most important means of obtaining and sharing information related to fish passage science and engineering. Both groups also tended to over-estimate their knowledge and use of the other's discipline. While respondents reported high engagement in collaboration, key themes emerged with respect to barriers to collaboration and means of improving collaboration. These included lacking a shared understanding of both disciplines, professional differences, insufficient institutional support, and inadequate sharing of knowledge (e.g., reporting and publishing). Opportunities for improving collaboration identified by respondents included 1) more interdisciplinary opportunities that facilitate interaction (particularly conferences and workshops); 2) promoting collaborative projects and interactions between fish passage scientists and engineers on project teams; and 3) ensuring that information is shared between groups (e.g., through accessible publications). Findings from this research have the potential to enhance collaboration between scientists and engineers, to the benefit of fish passage and fish populations. • Scientists and engineers were surveyed on the state of fish passage collaboration. • Both engineers and scientists reported collaborating frequently together. • Key barriers (and solutions) to collaboration between these groups were identified. • Findings from this work have the potential to enhance fish passage collaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid-phase synthesis of new amphiphilic compounds is reported. It is based on a newly designed 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative that contains polar and nonpolar groups and self-assembles into micelles or vesicles in water depending on the concentration. They also display redox-active properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Quantum chemical calculations have been performed on the potential energy surfaces of the two title molecules. The calculations have located the two lowest energy conformations for each molecule. For all four structures, centrifugal distortion constants and chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor components have been calculated. Analyses of the experimental rotational spectra have yielded the identification of only one conformer for each molecule. These conformers have spectroscopic constants closely matching those of the calculated lowest energy conformers. The chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor components of the title molecules have been compared with those for propionyl chloride and perfluoropropionyl chloride. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An experimental study has been performed shedding light on the conformational energies of the asymmetric ether n-butyl ethyl ether. Rotational spectroscopy between 7.8GHz and 16.2GHz has identified two conformers of n-butyl ethyl ether, C4H9OC2H5. In these experiments spectra were observed as the target compound participated in an argon expansion from high to low pressure causing molecular rotational temperatures to be below 4K. For one conformer, 95 pure rotational transitions have been recorded, for the second conformer, 20 pure rotational transitions were recorded. Rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants are presented for both butyl ethyl ether conformers. The structures of both conformers have been identified by exploring the multi-dimensional molecular potential energy surface using ab initio calculations. From the numerous low energy conformers identified using ab initio methods, the three lowest conformers were pursued at increasingly higher levels of theory, i.e. complete basis set extrapolations, coupled cluster methods, and also taking into consideration zero point vibrational energies. The two conformers observed experimentally are only revealed to be the two lowest energy conformers when high levels of quantum chemical methodologies are employed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The pure rotational spectrum of CHF2I has been recorded for the first time, in a supersonic expansion in the region 1.7–17GHz, and at room-temperature in the region 302–318GHz. The observed transitions span the values of from 0 up to 67. Precise rotational and centrifugal distortion constants have been determined. Furthermore, the complete iodine nuclear electric quadrupole coupling tensor, in the inertial and principal axes, has been determined. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to aid with the analysis. Iodine quadrupole mediated perturbations have resulted in the following observations: (i) several transitions having enhanced intensities and (ii) the observation of several forbidden, , transitions. Comparisons in electronic structure are made between the series of molecules ; and X=Cl, Br, I. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The structure of 2H,3H-perfluoropentane, CF 3 CHFCHFCF 2 CF 3 , has been determine by a combination of Chirp-pulsed Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectroscopy and cavity FTMW spectroscopy. Of the four possible stereoisomers, only the enantiomeric pair (R,R)/(S,S) were observed experimentally; there was no spectroscopic evidence for the enantiomeric pair (R,S)/(S,R). The conformeric structure of the (R,R)/(S,S) stereoisomer(s) was that of partial helices with C−C−C−C dihedral angles of 12° (helical) and 1° (staggered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using pulsed jet chirped-pulse, and cavity-based Fourier transform microwave spectroscopies over 900 transitions have been recorded for the title molecule in the 1–4GHz and 8–18GHz regions. The and carbon-13 species have been observed in natural abundance allowing a substitution structure for the CCC backbone to be determined. Nearly all the transitions observed were either a-type R branches or b-type Q branches. No c-type transitions were observed consistent with only the trans conformer being present under our experimental conditions. The and components of the iodine nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor have been determined. Of note, several forbidden, transitions, and one transition were observed with quite reasonable intensity. These observations have been rationalized through considerations of near degeneracies between energy levels connected via a large value (≈1GHz). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) that are expressed in endothelial and epithelial cells and function in tight junction assembly, also perform important roles in testis where the closely-related JAM-A, JAM-B, and JAM-C are found. Disruption of murine Jam-B and Jam-C has varying effects on sperm development and function; however, deletion of Jam-A has not yet been studied. Here we show for the first time that in addition to expression in the Sertoli–Sertoli tight junctions in the seminiferous tubules, the ∼32 kDa murine JAM-A is present in elongated spermatids and in the plasma membrane of the head and flagellum of sperm. Deletion of Jam-A, using the gene trap technology, results in flagellar defects at the ultrastructural level. In Jam-A-deficient mice, which have reduced litter size, both progressive and hyperactived motility are significantly affected (P <0.0001) before and, more severely, after capacitation. The findings show that JAM-A is involved in sperm tail formation and is essential for normal motility, which may occur via its signal transduction and protein phosphorylation properties. Detection of JAM-A in human sperm proteins indicates that its role may be conserved in sperm motility and that JAM-A may be a candidate gene for the analysis of idiopathic sperm motility defects resulting in male subfertility in the human population. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ponds may hold significant stocks of organic carbon in their sediments and pond creation may offer a practical application for land managers to increase carbon storage. However, ponds are overlooked in global carbon budgets. Their potential significance is suggested by the abundance of ponds throughout terrestrial biomes and their high carbon burial rates, but we lack measures of sediment carbon stocks from typical ponds. We sampled sediment from lowland temperate ponds in north east England comparing carbon stocks from ponds categorised by surrounding land use, or dominant vegetation, or drying regime, along with measures of variation within ponds. Sediment carbon varied considerably between ponds. This variation was more important than any systematic variation between pond types grouped by land use, vegetation or drying, or any variation within an individual pond. Our estimates of pond sediment organic carbon give measures that are higher than from soils in widespread habitats such as temperate grassland and woodland, suggesting that ponds are significant for carbon budgets in their own right. Ponds are relatively easy to create, are ubiquitous throughout temperate biomes and can be fitted in amongst other land uses; our results show that pond creation would be a useful and practical application to boost carbon sequestration in temperate landscapes. Image 1 • Organic carbon stored in pond sediments is missing from global carbon budgets. • We quantified organic carbon in the sediment typical lowland temperate ponds. • Carbon density varied markedly between individual ponds. • Carbon density was higher than terrestrial habitats such as woodland and grassland. • Ponds can be an important and practical carbon store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effective team interaction and shared cognition is needed in human-robot teaming. • Teams with natural language and shared model performed better than the other teams. • Teams with natural language and shared model demonstrated high predictable behavior. • Some amount of team predictability is good but too much predictability is not good. As robots become more autonomous, their roles shift from being operated and controlled by humans to interactively teaming with humans. The current research focuses on how human operators can effectively team with autonomous urban search and rescue agents in a dynamic and complex task environment. To do so, we empirically examined how shared cognition and restricted language capabilities impacted performance of human-robot dyad search teams using a simulated Minecraft task environment. In order to examine the effects of shared mental models and language the following modified conditions were applied: (1) participants were either able to communicate using natural language or the internal participant's communication was limited to three-word utterances; and (2) shared mental models were manipulated by either the internal participant being made fully aware of the external participant's restricted representation of the environment and inaccurate map or the internal was unaware of these challenges. The primary findings from this study are: (1) teams in the natural language and shared mental model conditions performed better than teams in the limited language and restricted model conditions; (2) when the internal participant was unaware of the challenges of the external, the external perceived higher workload than when there was a shared mental model; (3) teams with natural language and shared mental model demonstrated more predictable behavior than the other teams; (4) some amount of systems' predictability was good but too much predictability was not good. Overall, these results indicate that effective team interaction and shared cognition play an important role in human-robot dyadic teaming performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]