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This paper presents an analysis of a hitherto barely known conceptual problem in the foundations of arithmetic. An unknown type of number, so-called complex numbers, first emerged in 18th century France and became connected with the claim of non-commutativity of their multiplication. These first French practitioners are here analysed, along with examination of the impact of the introduction of the metric decimal system. International dissemination of the notion is then analysed, in particular in the case of Brazil. The paper concludes by looking at the mathematical foundations of multiplying (physical) quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we study the commutativity of Toeplitz operators with continuous symbols on the Dirichlet space. First, under a mild condition concerning absolute continuity we characterize (semi-)commuting Toeplitz operators. This is a generalization of the case of harmonic symbols. Also, if one of the symbol is radial or analytic, we get another characterization, which is different from the case on the Bergman space. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we completely characterize (semi-)commutativity of Toeplitz operators with harmonic symbols on harmonic Dirichlet space. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Relying on the notion of set-valued Lie bracket introduced in an earlier paper, we extend some classical results valid for smooth vector fields to the case when the vector fields are just Lipschitz. In particular, we prove that the flows of two Lipschitz vector fields commute for small times if and only if their Lie bracket vanishes everywhere (i.e., equivalently, if their classical Lie bracket vanishes almost everywhere). We also extend the asymptotic formula that gives an estimate of the lack of commutativity of two vector fields in terms of their Lie bracket, and prove a simultaneous flow box theorem for commuting families of Lipschitz vector fields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]