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Pathological vascular remodeling and cell proliferation play vital roles in many proliferative vascular diseases. Estrogen can protect the cardiovascular system, but its exact molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we report that 17β-estradiol (E2) suppressed vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and inflammation. qRT-PCR and Western blot demonstrated that E2 decreased NF-κB p50 expression and reduced VSMCs proliferation and inflammation. Mechanistically, a dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation suggested that KLF5 promoted NF-κB p50 expression by binding to the NF-κB p50 promoter, whereas E2 reduced the effect of KLF5 binding to the NF-κB p50 promoter and inhibited NF-κB p50 expression. Furthermore, a coimmunoprecipitation assay and immunofluorescence staining showed that the interaction between KLF5 and ERα increased in VSMCs treated with E2, which in turn decreased NF-κB p50 expression levels. Altogether, we reveal that E2 inhibits VSMCs proliferation and inflammation by reducing NF-κB expression induced by an increased interaction between KLF5 and ERα. These data provide further insights into how E2 inhibits vascular proliferation and inflammation. • 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibits VSMCs proliferation and inflammation in vivo and in vitro. • E2 inhibits NF-κB p50 expression and reduced proliferation and inflammation of VSMCs and vascular intimal. • E2 reduces NF-κB p50 expression via KLF5 regulating NF-κB p50 promoter. • The interaction between ERα and KLF5 increases in the presence of E2, then decreases NF-κB p50 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Silicon (Si), have been considered as promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 4200 mAh g−1. However, the poor electrical conductivity and large volume change during lithiation/delithiation process, resulting in poor cycling stability, and seriously hindered the practical application in LIBs. Herein, a multiple Si/Fe x Si y @NC/CNTs composite is synthesized and investigated as advanced anode materials for LIBs via a simple one-step method. Such multiple Si/Fe x Si y @NC/CNTs composite has several merits including the Fe x Si y can not only accommodate the huge volume change of Si nanoparticles, but also enhance the conductivity upon discharge/charge process. Furthermore, the in-situ growth CNTs may help establish a long-range conductivity, and the Nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) layer can further improve the conductivity of Si, as well as inhibit the direct contract between electrolyte and Si during cycling process. Accordingly, the Si/Fe x Si y @NC/CNTs-1 exhibits excellent cycling stability (a high capacity of 994.4 mAh g−1 is maintained at 1.0 A g−1 after 600cycles) and outstanding rate capability (a suitable capacity of 441.7 mAh g−1 was obtained even at 5.0 A g−1). Moreover, the assembled full cell can achieve a capacity of 141.4 mAh g−1 after 65 cycles at 1.0C, exhibiting outstanding cycling stability. This work provides a prospective way for the commercial production of high-performance Si-based anode materials for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac lipotoxicity is a prevalent consequence of lipid metabolism disorders occurring in cardiomyocytes, which in turn precipitates the onset of heart failure. Mimetics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), such as 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) and 7,8,3′-trihydroxyflavone (THF), have demonstrated significant cardioprotective effects. However, it remains unclear whether these mimetics can protect cardiomyocytes against lipotoxicity. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of DHF and THF on the lipotoxic effects induced by palmitic acid (PA), as well as the concurrent mitochondrial dysfunction. H9c2 cells were subjected to treatment with PA alone or in conjunction with DHF or THF. Various factors such as cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, death ratio, and mitochondrial function including mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mito-SOX) production, and mitochondrial respiration were assessed. PA dose-dependently reduced cell viability, which was restored by DHF or THF. Additionally, both DHF and THF decreased LDH content, death ratio, and mito-SOX production, while increasing MMP and regulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, DHF and THF specifically activated Akt signaling. The protective effects of DHF and THF were abolished when an Akt inhibitor was used. In conclusion, BDNF mimetics attenuate PA-induced injury in cardiomyocytes by alleviating mitochondrial impairments through the activation of Akt signaling. • BDNF mimetics repressed PA-induced injury in cardiomyocytes. • BDNF mimetics inhibited oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. • BDNF mimetics activated Akt and HO-1 in PA-treated cardiomyocytes. • Akt inhibitor abolished the protective effects of BDNF mimetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is a major environmental factor influence fish growth, development, metabolism and physiological performance. Silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is an economically important fishery species, however, the molecular mechanisms responsive to long-term cold stress are still unclear. Hence, we altered water temperature from 13 °C to 8 °C, a logistic fit curve for the survival rate of P. argenteus under a gradient cold stress were thus achieved, 50% survival rate at a measured temperature of 7 °C–7.5 °C. After stimulation, the gill, liver and muscle tissues were investigated through transcriptome, antioxidant enzymes and histological observation. The results showed that antioxidant enzyme and Na+-k+ ATPase activity in gill tissue was significantly increased, tissue damage and apoptosis were observed in multi-tissues. By high-throughput sequencing, a total of 618,097,404 reads of raw data and 598,855,490 reads of clean data were obtained, containing 12,489 differently expressed genes (DEGs). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DNA replication, protein digestion and absorption, cardiac muscle contraction, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, and metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in multi-tissues. Fifteen DEGs were selected for real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis, and the results were consistent with transcriptome profiling. Based on the results, we inferred that P. argenteus survived at low temperatures may be achieved by improving the ability to scavenge oxyradical substance and enhancing cell fluidity. This present study indicated that the effects of long-term cold stress on P. argenteus , which is valuable for breeding cold-tolerant P. argenteus stocks for cultivation. • Long-term cold stress caused tissue damage of the gill, liver and muscle tissue of P. argenteus, antioxidant enzyme and Na-k ATPase activity in gill tissue were significantly increased. • The transcriptome profiling showed that a total of 618,097,404 reads of raw data were achieved, protein digestion and absorption, cardiac muscle contraction, were enrichment significantly. • Fifteen DEGs were selected from three tissues for real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis, and the results consistent with transcriptome profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence of the potential causal links between long-term exposure to particulate matters (PM, i.e., PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1–2.5) and T2DM mortality based on large cohorts is limited. In contrast, the existing evidence usually suffers from inherent bias with the traditional a ssociation assessment. A prospective cohort of 580,757 participants in the southern region of China were recruited during 2009 and 2015 and followed up through December 2020. PM exposure at each residential address was estimated by linking to the well-established high-resolution simulation dataset. Hazard ratios (HR s) were calculated using time-varying marginal structural Cox models, an established causal inference approach, after adjusting for potential confounders. During follow-up, a total of 717 subjects died from T2DM. For every 1 μg/m3 increase in PM 2.5 , the adjusted HRs and 95% confidence interval (CI) for T2DM mortality was 1.036 (1.019–1.053). Similarly, for every 1 μg/m3 increase in PM 1 and PM 1–2.5 , the adjusted HR s and 95% CI s were 1.032 (1.003–1.062) and 1.085 (1.054–1.116), respectively. Additionally, we observed a generally more pronounced impact among individuals with lower levels of education or lower residential greenness which as measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We identified substantial interactions between NDVI and PM 1 (P -interaction = 0.003), NDVI and PM 2.5 (P -interaction = 0.019), as well as education levels and PM 1 (P -interaction = 0.049). The study emphasizes the need to consider environmental and socio-economic factors in strategies to reduce T2DM mortality. We found that PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1–2.5 heighten the peril of T2DM mortality, with education and green space exposure roles in modifying it. • PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1–2.5 may significantly impact the mortality rate of T2DM. • We applied causal inference to explore the association between PM and T2DM mortality. • People with less education or less residential greenness are at a higher risk. • This is the first large cohort study in China on PM 1 and T2DM mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Metal sulfides (MSs) have attracted much attention as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high sodium storage capacity. However, the unsatisfactory electrochemical performance induced by the huge volume change and sluggish kinetics hampered the practical application of SIBs. Herein, guided by the heterostructure interface engineering, novel multicomponent metal sulfide-based anodes, including SnS, FeS, and Fe 3 N embedded in N -doped carbon nanosheets (SnS/FeS/Fe 3 N/NC NSs), have been synthesized for high-performance SIBs. The as-prepared SnS/FeS/Fe 3 N/NC NSs with abundant heterointerfaces and high conductivity of N -doped carbon nanosheet matrix can shorten the Na+ diffusion path and promote reaction kinetics during the sodiation/desodiation process. Moreover, the presence of Fe 3 N can promote the reversible conversion of SnS and FeS during the cycling process. As a consequence, when evaluated as anode materials for SIBs, the SnS/FeS/Fe 3 N/NC NSs can maintain a high sodium storage capacity of 473.6 mAh g-1 after 600 cycles at 2.0 A g-1 and can still provide a high reversible capacity of 537.4 mAh g-1 even at 5.0 A g-1 This discovery offers a novel strategy for constructing metal sulfide-based anode materials for high-performance SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nk-lysin is an effector protein of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. It is known to possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, and anti-tumor activity. Here we describe five Nk-lysin genes (PbNkla , PbNklb , PbNklc , PbNkld , and PbNkle) from Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis , a rare indigenous species distributed in Guangxi, China. The open reading frames (ORFs) consisted of 426 (PbNkla), 435 (PbNklb), 369 (PbNklc), 366 (PbNkld), and 339 (PbNkle) bp nucleic acids. The surfactant-associated protein B (SapB) domain and six conserved cysteine residues were identified in each PbNkl gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed similar results to homology comparison that PbNkla and PbNklb consist of five exons and four introns and grouped together, whereas PbNklc and PbNkld each contain four exons and three introns and formed a separate clade. PbNkle had three exons and two introns and formed an independent clade separate from the four other PbNkls. qPCR analysis demonstrated that PbNkla , PbNklc , PbNkld , and PbNkle were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, whereas PbNklb was expressed only after bacterial infection. Aeromonas hydrophila challenge significantly up- and down-regulated PbNkls at different time points post-injection and in different immune-related tissues. These results suggested that PbNkls were conserved immune molecules that may be involved in the immune response to pathogen invasion. • We first identified and described five Nk-lysin genes from Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis. • Analysis of genomic structure confirmed three classes of PbNkls. • PbNkla / c / d / e showed different immune response patterns to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. • PbNklb was not expressed in healthy fish, but was induced by A. hydrophila at 48 h post-injection in the immune tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic mycotoxin contaminant, which is widely present in crops and poses a major safety hazard to animal and human health. To alleviate the cytotoxic effects of AFB1 on the intestine, we tested the protective effects of porcine β-defensin-2 (pBD-2). Results demonstrated that pBD-2 inhibited oxidative stress induced by AFB1 via decreasing the levels of ROS and enhancing the expression of antioxidant factors SOD-2 and NQO-1. In addition, pBD-2 attenuated AFB1-induced intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2 (IPEC-J2) injury through blocking mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In vivo, pBD-2 treatment restored the intestinal mucosal structure and reduced the expression levels of apoptosis factors caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2. In conclusion, these results indicated that pBD-2 can alleviate AFB1-induced intestinal mucosal injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. This study provides an effective strategy in developing pBD-2 as green feed additive to prevent AFB1 damage to animals. • Effects of pBD-2 on AFB1-induced intestinal mucosal injury were evaluated. • pBD-2 inhibited oxidative stress on AFB1-induced intestinal mucosal injury. • pBD-2 inhibited apoptosis on AFB1-induced intestinal mucosal injury. • pBD-2 can restore AFB1-induced intestinal mucosal structural damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract The development of oxygen reaction reduction (ORR) electrocatalysts that are low-cost, highly-active and have long-term stability for use in energy conversion and storage applications such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries is very important. In this paper, a facile one-step pyrolysis method was used to prepare bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotubes (BNCNTs) as effective ORR electrocatalysts. Manganese and cobalt salts were used as the metal precursors, and urea was the C and N source. The resulting catalysts were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman microscopy and X-ray power diffraction. The BNCNTs contained Mn and Co nanoparticles that were coated with graphitic carbon. The electrochemical performances of the catalysts in alkaline media were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The BNCNTs prepared with a Mn to Co molar ratio of 1:1 at 800 °C had the best catalytic activity. The reaction followed a quasi-4 electron reaction pathway with a smaller Tafel slope (57.5 mV dec−1) than that of the commercial Pt/C (72.8 mV dec−1). In addition, the limiting current density, durability and methanol crossover resistance were all superior to those of Pt/C. The above results indicate that Mn/Co-BNCNTs-800 is an active electrocatalyst with earth-abundant non-precious elements for ORR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to characterize the C6orf120 gene, by using C6orf120 gene-deleted rats ( C6orf120 − / − ), to determine its role in the development and severity of autoimmune hepatitis induced by concanavalin A (Con A), as well as the underlying mechanisms. We found that following Con A injection, C6orf120 − / − rats were less susceptible to developing autoimmune hepatitis with low levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) post challenge. Additionally, C6orf120 deficiency increased the frequency of cluster of differentiation (CD)4 + CD25 + Forkhead box P3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) among intrahepatic lymphocytes, splenocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and CD4 + T in vitro . Moreover, C6orf120 deficiency downregulated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha-α, interferon-γ and IL-17a secretion in the plasma and liver tissues. Our results indicated that the C6orf120 gene-deleted rats were less susceptible to Con A-induced autoimmune hepatitis, which may be partly related to the increased frequency of Tregs and inhibited secretion of inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited evidence exists regarding the association between ambient temperature and blood pressure (BP) level of pregnant women. To investigate the associations of ambient temperature with maternal BP and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), we studied 105,063 participants in 38 centers of 17 provinces from November 2017 to December 2021. BP was measured with standardized automated digital sphygmomanometers. Ambient temperature was classified into five classes as very hot, moderate hot, mild, moderate cold, and very cold. Generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate the ambient temperature-BP/HDP associations, controlling for multiple covariates. No significant associations of first-trimester ambient temperature with maternal BP and HDP prevalence were observed. Compared with mild temperature, second-trimester very cold and second-trimester moderate cold were statistically associated with the increase of 1.239 mmHg (95% CI: 0.908, 1.569) and 0.428 mmHg (95% CI: 0.099, 0.757) for second-trimester systolic blood pressure (SBP), respectively. Similar trends were also observed in the association between second-trimester cold exposure and second-trimester diastolic blood pressure (DBP), in the association between second-trimester cold exposure and third-trimester SBP/DBP as well as in the association between third-trimester cold exposure and third-trimester SBP/DBP although some estimates were not statistically significant. Furthermore, in the second and third trimester, very cold [second trimester: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.298; third trimester: aOR = 1.236) and moderate cold (second trimester: aOR = 1.208; third trimester: aOR = 1.146) exposures also increased the odds of HDP, and these associations were stronger among participants aged ≥35 years or from North China. The second and third trimesters are the critical exposure windows for ambient temperature exposure-BP/HDP associations. During this period, exposure to cold ambient temperature was associated with elevated BP as well as increased HDP prevalence among most Chinese pregnant women, those aged ≥35 years or from North China being more vulnerable. • This was a cross-sectional study of 105,063 pregnant women in China. • The 2nd and 3rd trimesters are critical windows for cold exposure-BP/HDP associations. • Cold exposure is positively associated with blood pressure and HDP prevalence. • Participants aged ≥35 years or from North China appeared to be more vulnerable. • Our study provides novel evidence on ambient temperature-BP/HDP associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria blooms in aquaculture ponds harm the harvesting of aquatic animals and threaten human health. Therefore, it is crucial to identify key drivers and develop methods to predict cyanobacteria blooms in aquaculture water management. In this study, we analyzed monitoring data from 331 aquaculture ponds in central China and developed two machine learning models - the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model and the random forest (RF) model - to predict cyanobacterial abundance by identifying the key drivers. Simulation results demonstrated that both machine learning models are feasible for predicting cyanobacterial abundance in aquaculture ponds. The LASSO model (R 2 = 0.918, MSE = 0.354) outperformed the RF model (R 2 = 0.798, MSE = 0.875) in predicting cyanobacteria abundance. Farmers with well-equipped aquaculture ponds that have abundant water monitoring data can use the nine environmental variables identified by the LASSO model as an operational solution to accurately predict cyanobacteria abundance. For crude ponds with limited monitoring data, the three environmental variables identified by the RF model provide a convenient solution for useful cyanobacteria prediction. Our findings revealed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were the two most important predictors in both models, indicating that organic carbon concentration had a close relationship with cyanobacteria growth and should be considered a key metric in water monitoring and pond management of these aquaculture ponds. We suggest that monitoring of organic carbon coupled with phosphorus reduction in feed usage can be an effective management approach for cyanobacteria prevention and to maintain a healthy ecological state in aquaculture ponds. • Two machine learning models were developed for cyanobacteria abundance predicting. • Organic carbon concentration was identified as a key metric for cyanobacteria bloom. • The LASSO model was provided which can precisely predict cyanobacteria abundance. • Organic carbon monitoring coupled with phosphorus reduction in feed were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitophagy has distinct functions, which can lead to either protection or damage of tissues. Though current evidence indicated that NaF triggers mitophagy, the role and regulation of mitophagy in sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced liver injury still remain unclear. Therefore, we exployed the cell and mouse models and confirmed that NaF treatment activates mitophagy. Knocking down PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1) expression attenuated mitophagy and increased the degree of mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in NaF-treated HepG2 cells. In vivo experiments indicated that PINK1 deficiency weakened NaF-induced mitophagy. Moreover, PINK1-deficient mices aggravated NaF-induced hepatic mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation in livers, evidenced by the increased number of abnormal mitochondria, decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutathione (GSH) levels, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, enhanced hepatic macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokine levels. Notably, NaF exposure activated Nrf2 signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Nrf2 siRNA transfection blocked the upregulation of PINK1 expression and the induction of mitophagy in NaF-treated HepG2 cells. Also, ML385 (Nrf2 inhibitor) partially blocked the upregulation of PINK1 expression caused by NaF in mice livers. To sum up, the present study provided the demonstration that Nrf2/PINK1-mediated mitophagy activation offers a hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting NaF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. [Display omitted] • NaF-induced mitophagy activation is regulated by PINK1/Parkin signaling. • Mitophagy induction alleviates NaF-induced mitochondrial impairment. • Mitophagy inhibition aggravates NaF-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. • Mitophagy induction ameliorates inflammation caused by NaF. • Nrf2 triggers PINK1 expression under NaF stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms (CYBs) caused by toxic Microcystis aeruginosa poses a great threat to aquatic organisms. Although freshwater benthic bivalves have proven to be capable of uptake high levels of microcystins (MCs) due to their filter-feeding habits, there is a paucity of information concerning their systemic resistance mechanisms to MCs. In this study, the resistance mechanisms in Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774) in response to the exposure of toxic M. aeruginosa were explored through transcriptional analysis combined with histopathological and biochemical phenotypic analysis. Toxic M. aeruginosa exposure caused dose-dependent histological damage in the hepatopancreas. The conjugation reaction catalyzed by glutathione S-transferases was vulnerable to being activated by high concentrations of M. aeruginosa (10 ×105 cells mL−1). Additionally, reactive oxygen species scavenging processes mediated by superoxide dismutase and catalase were active in the initial stage of toxic M. aeruginosa exposure. The results of the integrated biomarker response index suggested that the biotransformation and antioxidant defense system in C. fluminea could be continuously activated after acute exposure to the high concentration of toxic M. aeruginosa. The eggNOG and GO analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that DEGs were significantly enriched in transporter activity, oxidant detoxification and response to oxidative stress categories, which were consistent with the alterations of biochemical indices. Besides, DEGs were significantly annotated in a few KEGG pathways involved in biotransformation (oxidation, cooxidation and conjugation) and immunoreaction (lysosome and phagosome responses), which could be responsible for the tolerance of C. fluminea to toxic M. aeruginosa. These findings improve our understanding of potential resistance mechanisms of freshwater bivalves to MCs. [Display omitted] • Toxic M. aeruginosa exposure caused dose-dependent histological damage in the hepatopancreas. • Conjugation reaction and antioxidation were coordinated in C. fluminea in response to toxic M. aeruginosa exposure. • Biotransformation and immunoreaction were pathways enriched after toxic M. aeruginosa exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. In the present study, we examined the role of GHSR in neointimal formation following vascular injury. In the mouse model of femoral artery wire injury, we found that vessel intima-to-media ratio was significantly reduced in GHSR deficiency (GHSR −/− ) mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the smooth muscle cell (SMCs) in the neointima were significantly decreased in the injured arteries of GHSR −/− mice which was associated with decreased SMC proliferation and migration. Furthermore, immunoblotting demonstrated that, in cultured rat aortic SMCs, small interfering RNA-mediated GHSR knockdown suppressed the activation of Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. These findings suggested a novel role of GHSR in neointimal formation likely via promoting the proliferation and migration of SMCs involving Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. Therefore, GHSR may be a potential therapeutic target in restenosis and vascular remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing diversity and complexity of diet, animals and humans are at risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is a well-known contaminant in the food chain that causes various toxicological effects. The intestine acts as the first barrier against external contaminants, but the effect of AFB1 on intestinal barrier has not been determined. This study aimed to evaluate AFB1 on the intestinal barrier function in vitro and in vivo. In vitro , porcine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were treated with increasing concentrations of AFB1 (10–60 mg/L). In vivo , Kunming (KM) mice were used as controls or gavaged with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (110 mg/kg b.w.) and AFB1 (0.3 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days. In IPEC-J2 cells, the cell viability decreased with increasing mycotoxin concentrations, and the viability of IPEC-J2 cells decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when the AFB1 concentrations were greater than 30 mg/L. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence results show that AFB1 can downregulate the tight junction proteins and increase the expression levels of Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, suggesting that AFB1 was cytotoxic to IPEC-J2. In vivo , the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, the intestinal wall thickness, the number of intestinal villus per 1000 µm in the jejunum, the expression levels of ZO-1, Claudin-3, Occludin, MUC2, and Caspase-3, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly affected in mice exposed to AFB1. In vitro and in vivo results showed that the effects of exposure to AFB1 on the intestinal function in the jejunum of KM mice and in the IPEC-J2 was similar, suggesting that AFB1 may adversely affect animal intestine. • AFB1 reduced the vitality of IPEC-J2 cells. • AFB1 induced IPEC-J2 cell apoptosis. • AFB1 can downregulate tight junction proteins. • AFB1 induced intestinal mucosal structural damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrite in traditional pickled food is potentially harmful to humans. A novel nano-composite of zinc oxide/platinum nanoparticles electrodeposited multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been successfully constructed for determination of trace nitrite with high sensitivity. The nano-composite electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The effects on pH and loading amounts of MWCNTs, ZnO, and Pt nanoparticles have been investigated to obtain the optimal conditions. A linear relationship was observed between the peak current and nitrite concentration in the range of 4.0 × 10 −7 ∼2.0 × 10 −4 mol·L −1 , with a detection limit of 8.2 × 10 −8 mol·L −1 (S/N = 3). The electrode possessed good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. It has been applied to the determination of trace nitrite in traditional food samples like pickled vegetable, beef, and chicken with peppers. Finally, a recovery rate was obtained at the range of 96.8–103.8%, showing its quite potential application on food safety inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the first report of application of Metschnikowia pulcherrima combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment plum wine. Variable factors studied include inoculum ratio (M. pulcherrima: S. cerevisiae = 10:1, 1:1, and 1:10), as well as simultaneous versus sequential inoculation, with tested trials spanning 10:1sim, 1:1sim, 1:10sim, 10:1seq, 1:1seq, and 1:10seq, respectively. The yeast growth kinetics, physicochemical characteristics, organic acids, aroma profiles, and sensory evaluation were investigated. During fermentation, M. pulcherrima growth was inhibited by S. cerevisiae. Compared to each simultaneous analog, sequential fermentation which was inoculated with the same yeast ratio consumed less sugar and produced lower ethanol content. Organic acids in each sample varied with the use of different inoculation strategies. A total of 48 aroma compounds were quantified, and 1:1seq sample was observed to be abundant in esters and terpenes but relatively low in higher alcohols, fatty acids, and phenols. Sensory evaluation of the variously-prepared samples revealed that 1:1seq sample featured a highly intense 'global aroma', 'fruity', and 'alcohol' notes. PCA illustrated that different inoculation protocols of mixed culture fermentation influenced plum wine aroma except 1:10sim. Ultimately, 1:1seq was identified as a promising candidate for production of high-quality plum wine. • Metschnikowia pulcherrima was reported in plum wine at first time. • Plum wines produced with varied protocols were evaluated. • Sequential fermentation was more conducive to improve plum wine aroma and quality. • 1:1seq is a good way for the improvement of fruity aroma in plum wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the WLS-ENO (Weighted-Least-Squares based Essentially Non-Oscillatory) reconstruction is modified to maintain the conservation of the cell average values. Furthermore, the divergence-free constraint is combined with the conservative WLS-ENO reconstruction, which can make the magnetic field locally divergence-free. The main merit of the proposed reconstruction scheme is that it can keep both the divergence-free constraint and ENO property for the magnetic field without using any limiter. We apply the scheme to the simulations of ideal MHD equations within the framework of a positivity-preserving finite volume method. The convergence, the magnetic field divergence error and the capability for low plasma-beta of the scheme are tested by some MHD benchmark problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can facilitate in situ delivery of zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles in contaminated aquifer. This work investigated transport of CMC-stabilized ZVI nanoparticles (CMC-Fe) using column breakthrough experiments and model simulations. The nanoparticles (18.1±2.5nm) were transportable through four saturated model porous media: coarse and fine glass beads, clean sand, and sandy soil. The transport data were interpreted using both classical filtration theory and a modified convection–dispersion equation with a first-order removal rate law. At full breakthrough, a constant concentration plateau (C e /C 0) was reached, ranging from 0.99 for the glass beads to 0.69 for the soil. While Brownian diffusion was the predominant mechanism for particle removal in all cases, gravitational sedimentation also played an important role, accounting for 30% of the overall single-collector contact efficiency for the coarse glass beads and 6.7% for the soil. The attachment efficiency for CMC-Fe was found to be 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than reported for ZVI nanoparticles stabilized with other commercial polymers. The particle removal and travel distance are strongly dependent on interstitial flow velocity, but only modestly affected by up to 40mM of calcium. Simulation results indicate that once delivered, 99% of the nanoparticles will be removed by the soil matrix within 16cm at a groundwater flow velocity of 0.1m/day, but may travel over 146m at flow velocity of 61m/day. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on ion channels has been widely studied in several cell models, but less is known about their modulatory mechanisms. In this report, the effect of mefenamic acid on voltage-activated transient outward K+ current (I A) in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells was investigated. At a concentration of 5 μM to 100 μM, mefenamic acid reversibly inhibited I A in a dose-dependent manner. However, mefenamic acid at a concentration of 1 μM significantly increased the amplitude of I A to 113±1.5% of the control. At more than 10 μM, mefenamic acid inhibited the amplitude of I A without any effect on activation or inactivation. In addition, a higher concentration of mefenamic acid induced a significant acceleration of recovery from inactivation with an increase of the peak amplitude elicited by the second test pulse. Intracellular application of mefenamic acid could significantly increase the amplitude of I A, but had no effect on the inhibition induced by extracellular mefenamic acid, implying that mefenamic acid may exert its effect from both inside and outside the ion channel. Furthermore, the activation of current induced by intracellular application of mefenamic acid was mimicked by other cyclooxygenase inhibitors and arachidonic acid. Our data demonstrate that mefenamic acid is able to bi-directionally modulate I A channels in neurons at different concentrations and by different methods of application, and two different mechanisms may be involved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Chorispora bungeana Fisch. & C.A. Mey (Crucifer) is a rare alpine subnival plant surviving sudden snowstorms. In this paper, we have attempted to explore possible roles of autoxidation rate (AR) and the antioxidant enzymes associated with cryoprotective mechanisms in the plant cells. The results showed that when the suspension cultures growing at 25°C were suddenly exposed to −8°C for 15 days, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction was not affected within 9 days and AR remained at a low level in comparison with controls. This indicated that the cells maintained considerable amounts of soluble protein and the integrity of the cell membranes was intact during the whole freezing test. Furthermore, on average, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, dehydroascorbate reductase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were prominently enhanced in the freezing-stressed cells. Peroxidase activity significantly increased soon after freezing, possibly to make up for the early decrease of catalase activity in the cells. Statistical analysis showed negative correlations between resistance to rapid freezing and antioxidant enzyme activity in the cultured cells after exposure from 25 to −8°C, indicating that the reduction of cell viability with freezing activates a combination of antioxidant enzymes that results in intact cells. All of these findings suggest a synergy between these antioxidant enzymes, leading to a low autoxidation rate that contributes to the protection of the cell membranes and plays an important role in the resistance of suspension cultured cells of C. bungeana to sudden freezing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Eucaryotes contain a class of enzymes called flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs). Unlike mammals, yeast have only a single isoform—yFMO. Deletion mutants suggested that yFMO may play a role in folding proteins which contain disulfide bonds. Recently we detected two nucleotide errors in the GenBank sequences attributed to the yFMO gene. This previously led us to express and characterize a 373-residue catalytically active protein instead of the correct 432-residue enzyme. Here we report the sequencing, expression, and enzyme characterization of the full-length form of yFMO. Comparison of the two forms of yFMO showed similar pH profiles and Km, Kcat, and Vmax values using glutathione as a substrate. These results indicate that the full-length yeast FMO has biochemical and catalytic properties similar to those of the truncated protein. Therefore, it is likely that the hypotheses concerning the enzyme''s function proposed earlier are still valid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] Iron sulfides have shown great potential as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their high sodium storage capacity and low cost. Nevertheless, iron sulfides generally exhibit unsatisfied electrochemical performance induced by sluggish electron/ion transfer and severe pulverization upon the sodiation/desodiation process. Herein, we constructed a yolk-shell FeS@NC nanosphere with an N-doped carbon shell and FeS particle core via a simple hydrothermal method, followed by in-situ polymerization and vulcanization. The FeS particles intimately coupled with N-doped carbon can accelerate the electron transfer, avoid severe volume expansion, and maintain structural stability upon repeated sodiation/desodiation process. Furthermore, the small particle size of FeS can shorten ion-diffusion distance and facilitate ion transportation. Therefore, the FeS@NC nanosphere shows excellent cycling performance and superior rate capability that it can deliver a high capacity of 520.1 mAh g−1 over 800 cycles at 2.0 A g−1 and a remarkable capacity of 625.9 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides, which are crucial effectors of innate immunity, are a promising substitute for antibiotics. The piscidin family is a group of fish-derived antimicrobial peptides that have potent antimicrobial activity and participate in the innate immune response. Here we describe a novel piscidin-like peptide called cerocin from the black sea bass (Centropristis striata), which is a highly valued marine teleost in both commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide. The full-length cDNA of cerocin consists of 567 base pairs, including 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of 61 and 209 base pairs, respectively. The active peptide consists of 20 amino acids that form an amphipathic α-helix structure. Cerocin showed highest identity with the cardinalfish (Ostorhinchus fasciatus) piscidin (52%). Phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the cerocin clustered with dicentracin of Liparis tanakae and Perca flavescens. It showed tissue-specific distribution patterns and was predominantly expressed in the gill. After challenge with Vibrio harveyi , C. striata showed time- and tissue-dependent expression of the cerocin gene. Finally, a cerocin peptide was synthesized, and it exerted broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a number of bacterial strains, especially Gram-positive pathogens. Analysis of the killing kinetics revealed that the cerocin peptide had a rapid bactericidal effect on the bacteria. Collectively, these data suggest that the piscidin-like cerocin might play a vital role in the immune response of C. striata, and further studies of this gene may provide insight into the innate immune system of this species. • A novel antimicrobial peptide named cerocin was identified from Centropristis striata. • The V. harveyi infection increased the expression level of cerocin in liver and gill of C. striata. • Synthetic cerocin peptide exhibited stronge antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The close contact between Co and CoP at the interface results in the formation of space-charge region. • The existence of space-charge region promotes the rapid transfer of electrons from Co to CoP. • Co active sites with increased electron density enhance the adsorption and activation ability of CO 2. • The high-speed reduction of CO 2 was realized by reducing the activation energy barriers. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction has been regarded as an ideal method to simulate photosynthesis for achieving carbon neutralization. However, poor charge transfer efficiency limits its development. Herein, an efficient Co/CoP@C catalyst was prepared with compact contact of Co and CoP layer by using MOF as precursor. At the interface of Co/CoP, the difference in functionality between the two phases may result in uneven distribution of electrons, thus forming a self-driven space-chare region. In this region, spontaneous electron transfer is guaranteed, thus facilitating the effective separation of photogenerated carriers as well as boosting the utilization of solar energy. Furthermore, the electron density of active site Co in CoP is increased and more active sites are exposed, which promotes the adsorption and activation of CO 2 molecules. Together with suitable redox potential, low energy barrier for *COOH formation and easy desorption of CO, the reduction rate of CO 2 catalyzed by Co/CoP@C is 4 times higher than that of CoP@C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptorchidism irritant (CI) infection is a major problem in the culturing process of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus), which can result in rapid and massive death. However, there is limited information available on the immune response of silver pomfret infected by CI. To address this gap, we sampled naturally infected fish and observed milky white translucent oval CI trophozoites on the gills, body surface, and fin rays. Histological analysis showed that CI infection led to vacuolation of epithelial cells and a decrease in blood cells in the gills. We also performed transcriptome profiling of the gill, kidney complex, and spleen, generating 399,616,194 clean reads that assembled into 101,228 unigenes, which were annotated based on public databases. We detected 14,369 differentially expressed genes, and selected several key immune-related genes for further validation using RT-qPCR. The Graft-versus-host pathway and Allograft rejection pathway were enriched in the gills, leading to inflammation and ulceration. CI infection activated the immune system, increasing levels of interleukin-1 beta and MHC class II antigen, and also activated innate and acquired immune genes in silver pomfret. Furthermore, we measured the activities of five immune-related enzymes (SOD, AKP, CAT, CSH and ACP), which all increased to varying degrees after CI infection. Our findings enhance our understanding of the immune response of fish to parasitic infection and may contribute to the development of strategies to prevent high mortality in CI-stimulated fish in aquaculture. • CI infection caused damage to the gill tissue and the shedding of chloride secreting cells. • CI infection induced innate and acquired immune and apoptosis of silver pomfret. • CI infection could cause the accumulation of peroxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family function pivotally as transcriptional activators integral to the modulation of inflammatory responses. The aquaculture of silver pomfret is frequently compromised by the imposition of exogenous stressors, which include thermal fluctuations, notably low-temperatures, diminished oxygen levels, and the onslaught of bacterial pathogens. Notwithstanding the critical impact of these stressors, the scientific literature presents a notable gap in our understanding of the STAT pathway's role in the silver pomfret's adaptive response mechanisms. To address this lacuna, we identified stat genes in the silver pomfret—denominated as Pastat1 , Pastat2 , Pastat3 , Pastat4 , and Pastat5 —through a thorough and systematic bioinformatics analysis. Further scrutiny of the gene configurations and constituent motifs has elucidated that STAT proteins possess analogous structural frameworks and exhibit significant evolutionary preservation. Subsequently, the expression patterns of five stat genes were verified by RT-qPCR in twelve different tissues and four growth periods in healthy fish, showing that the expression of Pastat genes was temporally and spatially specific, with most of the stat genes expressed at higher levels in the spleen, following muscle, gill, and liver. Transcriptomic analysis of exposure to exogenous stressors, specifically formaldehyde and low-temperature conditions, elucidated that Pastat1 and Pastat2 genes exhibited a heightened sensitivity to these environmental challenges. RT-qPCR assays demonstrated a marked alteration in the expression profiles of jak1 and Pastat gene suites in PaS upon prolonged bacterial infection subsequent to these exogenous insults. Moreover, the gene expression of the downstream effectors involved in innate immunity and apoptosis displayed marked deviations. This study additionally elucidated the Pastat gene family's role in modulating the innate immune response and apoptotic regulation within the silver pomfret during exogenous stressors and subsequent pathogenic incursions. • There have five stat family genes in silver pomfret. • The changes of stat genes expression in response to exogenous stresses were complex. • Significant changes in stat genes expression in bacterial infection after exogenous stresses. • Stat genes are involved in innate immunity and apoptosis-related pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An efficient macrocyclization platform was developed. • The workflow and potential of the macrocyclization platform was showed and demonstrated by its usage in the design of macrocyclic inhibitors of CDK2/4/6 from acyclic precursor NUV422. • The first molecule derived from the platform showed moderate to good inhibitory activity. • Further preliminary structure-activity relationship exploration led to compound 8 as a promising lead compound with better potency and drug-like properties. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical cell cycle regulators that are often overexpressed in tumors, making them promising targets for anti-cancer therapies. Despite substantial advancements in optimizing the selectivity and drug-like properties of CDK inhibitors, safety of multi-target inhibitors remains a significant challenge. Macrocyclization is a promising drug discovery strategy to improve the pharmacological properties of existing compounds. Here we report the development of a macrocyclization platform that enabled the highly efficient discovery of a novel, macrocyclic CDK2/4/6 inhibitor from an acyclic precursor (NUV422). Using dihedral angle scan and structure-based, computer-aided drug design to select an optimal ring-closing site and linker length for the macrocycle, we identified compound 8 as a potent new CDK2/4/6 inhibitor with optimized cellular potency and safety profile compared to NUV422. Our platform leverages both experimentally-solved as well as generative chemistry-derived macrocyclic structures and can be deployed to streamline the design of macrocyclic new drugs from acyclic starting compounds, yielding macrocyclic compounds with enhanced potency and improved drug-like properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilirubin oxidation end products (BOXes) are associated with the late-developing neurological deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) possibly by direct constricting the cerebral arteries, but their specific impacts on neurons especially in the state of hypoxia, a prominent feature during the late stage of SAH, remain unclear. Here, we explored the effects of BOXes on the primary cortical neurons subjected to CoCl 2 -induced hypoxia by evaluating the morphological and apoptotic changes of neurons. The present study showed that Z-BOX B but not Z-BOX A greatly alleviated CoCl 2 -induced neuronal cell deterioration and apoptosis. Immunocytochemical staining assay showed Z-BOX B significantly increased neurite length, the numbers of both secondary and tertiary branches, and the protein level of Synaptophysin. Caspase 3/7 apoptosis assay and DAPI staining showed that Z-BOX B markedly reduced primary cortical neurons apoptosis. The expression of cleaved Caspase-3 was suppressed by Z-BOX B treatment, while the expression of Bcl-xL was upregulated. To further discover the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect observed in Z-BOX B, we found Z-BOX B increased the expression of p-mTOR, p-Akt, and p-p70S6K. In general, our results implicated Z-BOX B may prevent CoCl 2 -induced primary cortical neurons apoptosis by activating sAkt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Hence, the present data may provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of delayed neurological dysfunction after SAH and novel targets for treating SAH. • Z-BOX B, but not Z-BOX A, exerted neuroprotective effect on CoCl2-challenged primary cortical neurons. • Z-BOX B alleviated neuronal apoptosis induced by CoCl2. • Z-BOX B reduced the expression of CoCl2-induced apoptotic proteins. • Z-BOX B promoted Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) is one of the main species of economic shellfish cultivated in the coastal areas of southern China. The cultivation of this shellfish may be adversely impacted by Vibrio parahaemolyticus , a harmful pathogenic bacterium for many mariculture species, as it usually exists on the surface of Hong Kong oysters. Although previous studies have discovered that oysters rely on non-specific immune system to fight pathogen invasion, the genes corresponding to the complex immune system against Vibrio is still not fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on the gill from Hong Kong oysters at two time points (i.e., 12 h and 24 h after V. parahaemolyticus or PBS challenge) to identify potential immune genes against V. parahaemolyticus infection. A total of 61779 unigenes with the average length of 1221 bp were obtained, and the annotation information of 39917 unigenes were obtained from Nr, SwissProt, KEGG and COG/KOG. After a pairwise comparison between V. parahaemolyticus or PBS challenge at the two time points, three groups of differentially expressed genes induced by V. parahaemolyticus were captured and analyzed. GO and KEGG analyses showed that multiple immune-related genes played an important role in pathogen infection, including HSP70, PCDP3 and TLR4. Furthermore, genes annotation indicated that LITAF, TNFSF10, Duox2 and big defensin family are also involved in immune regulation. Our study provides a reference for further exploration the molecular mechanism that defenses the pathogen infection regarding the identified immune-related genes in Hong Kong oysters. • RNA-seq was used to investigate the immune response of Hong Kong oyster against V. parahaemolyticus infection in our study. • We mainly focused on the analysis of three groups of differentially expressed genes induced by V. parahaemolyticus. •Our results reflected potential role of multiple immune-related genes in the immune response of Hong Kong oyster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biofumigation by VOCs from P. fluorescens ZX managed gray mold on postharvest grapes. • Biofumigation by VOCs resulted in damage on the morphology of hyphae. • VOCs and sulphur containing compounds showed inhibitory effect. • VOCs from P. fluorescens ZX colonized on healthy grapes could inhibit gray mold on grapes. • Pre-fumigation by VOCs could control the development of gray mold. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by antagonistic microorganisms have the potential for controlling postharvest diseases on fruit and vegetables. In this study, the biocontrol efficacy of VOCs emitted by Pseudomonas fluorescens ZX was determined in vitro and in vivo against gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea , on grapes. In vitro , application of VOCs produced by bacterial suspension of P. fluorescens ZX at initial inoculum concentration of 1 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL inhibited B. cinerea mycelial growth from 52 to 23 mm and spore germination from 88.56 to 39.67%. In vivo tests indicated that, for grapes, disease incidence and disease index were markedly reduced by VOCs from P. fluorescens ZX incubated on NA plates, in NB, and on healthy grapes. Pre-fumigation with VOCs could inhibit development of gray mold on grapes. Furthermore, P. fluorescens ZX-producing VOCs exhibited favorable effects on postharvest natural decay of grapes. In vitro testing of selected pure chemicals demonstrated that dimethyl trisulfide (20 μL/L), dimethyl disulfide (40 μL/L), geranyl formate (640 μL/L), acetic acid (160 μL/L), butyric acid (320 μL/L), 2-methylbutyric acid (160 μL/L), isobutyric acid (160 μL/L) and isovaleric acid (320 μL/L) could completely inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea on PDA plates. These eight substances also exerted a strong inhibitory effect on gray mold on grapes. Additionally, SEM analysis showed that VOCs could affect the morphological and structural characteristics of B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, VOCs produced by P. fluorescens ZX are promising for biocontrol of gray mold on grapes through fumigant action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of transition metal and lanthanide complexes of 4′-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (HL, 1), namely [M(L)2]·5H2O (M=Ni, 2; Co, 3), [Zn(L)2] n ·0.5nH2O (4) and [Ln(L)3] n (Ln=Nd, 5; Gd, 6; Er, 7) were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Isomorphic compounds 2 and 3 are mononuclear molecules with two ligand chelating to the metal centers via tridentate terpyridyl, while compound 4 adopts 1D chain-like structure, in which five-coordinate zinc centers are surrounded by three ligands. Compounds 5–7 also display 1D chain-like structure, but the nine-coordinate lanthanide centers bonded by four ligands. Luminescent property indicates that compound 4 exhibits photoluminescence in the solid state at room temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bacteriocins are known to inhibit various foodborne bacteria and their biofilms; however, few bacteriocins with activity against food-derived Staphylococcus aureus have been reported. Here, a novel bacteriocin (XJS01) from the Lactobacillus salivarius strain CGMCC2070 was obtained, purified, and extensively characterized. Molecular mass and amino acid composition of XJS01 were 666.31 Da and F–S-G-L-A-G-D, respectively. XJS01 inhibited the S. aureus strain 2612:1606BL1486 (S. aureus _26), which was originally isolated from chicken meat. Also, XJS01 showed good resistance to heat treatment, and was only susceptible to pepsin treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentration of XJS01 against S. aureus_ 26 was 9.85 μg/mL, which is lower than previously reported levels for most described bacteriocins. Furthermore, exposure to XJS01 also decreased viability and significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) planktonic S. aureus _26 cells. Biofilm formation of S. aureus _26 was also significantly inhibited (p < 0.05). The results of electron microscopy showed that XJS01 impaired membrane permeability in S. aureus_ 26, caused leakage of cytoplasmic content, and led to cell deformation. In summary, this study identifies the bacteriocin XJS01 as a potentially candidate for the control of S. aureus in foods in either planktonic or biofilm states. • A novel bacteriocin designated as XJS01 was purified and characterized. • Molecular mass and amino acid composition of the bacteriocin were revealed. • The bacteriocin reduce viability and promote death of planktonic S. aureus cells. • The biofilm formation is inhibited after bacteriocin treatment. • The bacteriocin cause permeability and deformation of S. aureus cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nucleolus imaging agents based on naphthalimide derivatives were developed. • The presence of amino groups on the side chains of naphthalimide backbone could enhance the targeting to the cell nucleolus. • The molecular docking results showed that NI-1 ∼ NI-5 formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with RNA. • This work developed a potent nucleolus imaging agent with good nucleolus imaging and with promise for future commercial applications both in live cells and fixed cells. Nucleolus was an important cellular organelle. The abnormal morphology and number of the nucleolus have been considered as diagnostic biomarkers for some human diseases. However, the imaging agent based on nucleolus was limited. In this manuscript, a series of nucleolar fluorescent probes based on naphthalimide derivatives (NI-1 ∼ NI-5) had been designed and synthesized. NI-1 ∼ NI-5 could penetrate cell membranes and nuclear membranes, achieve clear nucleolar staining in living cells. These results suggested that the presence of amino groups on the side chains of naphthalimide backbone could enhance the targeting to the cell nucleolus. In addition, the molecular docking results showed that NI-1 ∼ NI-5 formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with RNA, and exhibited enhanced fluorescence upon binding with RNA. These results will provide favorable support for the diagnosis and treatment of nucleolus-related diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combination of theory and experiment achieved in-situ regulation of FAOR via elastic strain. • Theory predicts compressive strains can lower reaction overpotential. • Compressive strains boost the formate pathway and alleviate CO poisoning. • The experimental observations confirm the theoretical predictions. • No obvious activity loss during the chronoamperometry test at 0.6 V. The capability to actively control chemical reactions has enormous implications for energy generation and conversion. By integrating theory and experiments, we achieved an in-situ regulation of formic acid oxidation on a Pt (1 1 1) surface via externally applied strains. The first-principles theory predicted that compressive strains can lower the reaction overpotential to boost the formate pathway and alleviate CO poisoning on the Pt surface, while tensile strains should have the opposite effects. The experimental observations confirmed the theoretical predictions. Compressive elastic strains (approximately -0.4%) could create over 75 mV overpotential decrease, far beyond what was achieved in previous works. A mass activity (~700 mA/mg) of Pt was achieved in a broad potential range of 0.4–0.85 V (vs RHE) under compressive strains. There was no evident activity loss during the chronoamperometry test at 0.6 V. The first-principles theory, controlled synthesis and in-situ measurements were combined to achieve active control, which represents important progress in tuning the electrocatalytic activity of formic acid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll-like receptors (TLR s) are vital pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in the innate immune response against pathogenic attack. Among the bacteria commonly found in the culture process of silver pomfret, Photobacterium damselae subsp. Damselae (PDD, gram-negative) and Nocardia seriolae (NS, gram-positive), can cause large-scale mortality in this fish species. However, there is currently no research on the role of TLR s in mediating the immune response of silver pomfret to these two bacterial infections. Therefore, in this study, we identified nine PaTLRs family members, including several fish-specific TLRs (TLR14 and TLR21). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these PaTLRs genes could be classified into five subfamilies, namely TLR1 , TLR3 , TLR5 , TLR7 , and TLR11 , indicating their evolutionary conservation. To further explore the interactions of TLR genes with immune-related mediators, protein and protein interaction network (PPI) results were generated to explain the association of TLR genes with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and other relevant genes in the MyD88 -dependent pathway and NF-κb signaling pathway. Subsequently, RT-qPCR was conducted to verify the expression patterns of the nine TLR genes in the gills, skin, kidney, liver, and spleen of healthy fish, with most of the TLRs showing high expression levels in the spleen. Following infection with PDD and NS, these PaTLRs exhibited different expression patterns in the spleen, with PaTLR2 , PaTLR3 , PaTLR5 , PaTLR7 , PaTLR9 , and PaTLR14 being significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, when spleen cells were treated with bacterial compositions, the majority of PaTLR s expression was up-regulated in response to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipophosphorylcholic acid (LTA) treatment, except for PaTLR21. Finally, changes in the expression levels of TLR -interacting genes were also observed under the stimulation of bacteria and bacterial compositions. The results of this study provide a preliminary reference for further understanding the mechanism of the innate immune response of the TLR gene family in silver pomfret and offer theoretical support for addressing the disease problems encountered during large-scale fish breeding. • We identified and characterized all 10 TLR genes in Pampus argenteus. • PaTLRs were classified into six subfamilies, revealing evolutionary conservation. • PaTLRs were widely expressed in the immune-related tissues, especially the spleen. • Most PaTLRs in spleen response to Gram-positive/negative bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Formaldehyde can effectively control ectoparasites in silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). However, there is limited information on the effects of formaldehyde treatment at a molecular level in fishes. In the present study, transcriptome profiling was conducted to investigate the effects of formaldehyde treatment (80 mg/L, bath for 1 h every day for three consecutive days) on the liver and kidney tissues of silver pomfret. A total of 617959982 clean reads were obtained and assembled into 265760 unigenes with an N50 length of 1507 bp, and the assembled unigenes were all annotated by alignment with public databases. A total of 2204 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the liver and kidney tissues, and they included 7 detoxification- related genes and 9 immune-related genes, such as CYP450 , GST , MHC I & II , and CCR. In addition, 1440 DEGs were mapped to terms in the GO database, and 1064 DEGs were mapped to the KEGG database. The expression of 4 detoxification-related genes and 6 immune-related genes in three days formaldehyde treatment were analyzed using RT-qPCR, and the antioxidant enzyme levels were also determined. The results indicate differential expression of detoxification- and immune-related genes during the three days formaldehyde treatment. Our data could provide a reference for the treatment of parasites to avoid high mortality and help in understanding the molecular activity in fishes after formaldehyde exposure. Highlights • RNA-seq was performed to investigate the responses of detoxification- and immune related genes to formaldehyde exposure. • The formaldehyde treatment of parasites was reported to avoid high mortality in aquaculture. • The treatment was assessed to be safe by mortality of fish, transcriptome level and antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, chronic autoimmune disease, and oestrogen is considered to be a predisposing factor for SLE. Although some studies are conducted to explore the association between oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene polymorphisms and SLE susceptibility, their results are inconsistent. Methods Meta-analysis was conducted to confirm whether ERα gene polymorphisms were associated with SLE susceptibility, and the strength of association was anticipated by pooled ORs with 95% CIs. Stata software package version 12.0 was used to calculate all the statistical analyses. Results Twelve studies included 2494 cases and 4176 controls were incorporated in our meta-analysis. A significant association was found for ERα PvuII polymorphism in the overall population (CC+CT vs TT: OR = 1.334, 95% CI = 1.195–1.490, P < 0.001; CC vs TT: OR = 1.401, 95% CI = 1.096–1.791, P = 0.007; CT vs TT: OR = 1.284, 95% CI = 1.141–1.444, P < 0.001; C vs T: OR = 1.221, 95% CI = 1.084–1.375, P = 0.001), while there was no significant association for ERα XbaI polymorphism. Besides, in stratification analyses by ethnicity, the PvuII polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of SLE in Asians (CC+CT vs TT: OR = 1.379, 95% CI = 1.203–1.581, P < 0.001; CT vs TT: OR = 1.308, 95% CI = 1.130–1.515, P < 0.001; C vs T: OR = 1.240, 95% CI = 1.052–1.462, P = 0.010), while for ESR1 XbaI polymorphism, a significantly increased risk of SLE susceptibility was found in Asians (GA vs AA: OR = 1.271, 95% CI = 1.101–1.467, P = 0.001). Conclusion Our meta-analysis indicated that the ERα PvuII polymorphism was significantly associated with SLE susceptibility in the overall and Asian populations, while the ERα XbaI G A genotype only played a key role in SLE susceptibility in Asian populations. Highlights • PvuII polymorphism is a significant risk factor for SLE (under dominant model, homozygous model, heterozygous and allele model). • XbaI polymorphism in the heterozygous model is a significant risk factor for SLE in Asians. • For ERα polymorphism, SLE risk was significantly affected by ethnicity. • Screening for genotype of ERα gene may help identify high-risk populations of SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Stress response has negative effect on fish in aquaculture and research, which can be alleviated with anesthetic. To determine the optimal anesthetic, we investigated the physiological response of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) treated with three different anti-stress treatments: MS-222, eugenol and percussive stunning. Stress responses were evaluated by analyzing serum cortisol level and gene expression in blood. We determined the optimal concentrations of MS-222 (100 mg L−1) and eugenol (20 mg L−1) by dose selection. We found that the control group had significantly higher cortisol levels (172.78 ± 19.95 ng mL−1) compared to the MS-222 treated group (46.85 ± 3.22 ng mL−1), the eugenol treated group (72.78 ± 9.07 ng mL−1), and the stunning treatment group (82.78 ± 8.16 ng mL−1). Transcriptome analysis revealed 1572 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 155 DEGs related to the stress response, mainly involved in oxidative-stress response, heat shock proteins, and cold shock domain-containing protein. The heat shock protein genes were the primary DEGs in response to stress. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed differential expression of Hsps. We analyzed the function of the DEGs, which were enriched in genes involved in cellular response to stress and antigen processing and presentation. Combining the results from biochemical, transcriptome, and gene expression analysis, our data suggest that eugenol is more effective than MS-222 and percussive stunning in alleviating stress in crucian carp. Highlights • Anesthesia alleviates routine handling stress in crucian carp. • Optimal concentrations for MS-222 and eugenol are reported. • Stress-induced cortisol increases are alleviated by anesthesia in crucian carp. • Stress-induced expression of heat shock proteins is reduced by anesthesia. • Eugenol is suggested to be the optimal anesthetic for carp research and aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) hold great promise for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease owing to their immunosuppressive property and tissue healing potential. The balance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th)17 cells plays a crucial role in BMSC-mediated immunosuppression. Interleukin (IL)-35 is a newly identified anti-inflammatory cytokine required for the expansion of Tregs and suppression of Th17 cell differentiation. IL-35 can amplify the immunosuppressive property of BMSCs when overexpressed in these cells. However, the reparative capability of BMSCs in vivo is limited, partly due to the poor homing efficiency of BMSCs to inflamed colons. Up-regulation of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in BMSCs may affect the directional homing of implanted BMSCs via stromal-derived factor-1. In this study, by lentivirus-mediated introduction of CXCR4 and IL-35 genes to modify rat BMSCs, we observed enhanced migration and strengthened immunomodulatory activities of the genetically engineering BMSCs. These results suggest that modification of BMSCs by dual expression of CXCR4 and IL-35 may provide an effective therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sepsis, one of the most fatal diseases worldwide, often leads to multiple organ failure, mainly due to uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Despite accumulating knowledge obtained in recent years, effective drugs to treat sepsis in the clinic are still urgently needed. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a chalcone compound, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about the effects of ISL on sepsis and its related complications. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effects of ISL on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injuries and identified the mechanisms underlying these effects. ISL inhibited inflammatory cytokine expression in mouse primary peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) exposed to LPS. In an acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model, ISL prevented LPS-induced structural damage and inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, pretreatment with ISL attenuated sepsis-induced lung and liver injury, accompanied by a reduction in inflammatory responses. Moreover, these protective effects were mediated by the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Our study suggests that ISL may be a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis-induced injuries. Highlights • Inflammation plays a key role in sepsis-induced lung and liver injury. • Isoliquiritigenin reduced the LPS-induced inflammation in MPMs. • Isoliquiritigenin attenuated the inflammation-mediated liver and injury. • Isoliquiritigenin exhibited anti-inflammatory effects via inactivation of NF-κB. • Isoliquiritigenin is a potential agent for inflammatory injuries in sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of antibacterial membranes is strongly desired for biomedical applications. Herein, we integrated antifouling and bactericidal properties on polymeric membrane surface via Schiff-based layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Zwitterionic polymers bearing plentiful amino groups (based on polyethylenimine (PEI) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), and termed as PEI-SBMA) were utilized to prepare an antifouling membrane surface; then robust wide-spectrum bactericidal Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were in situ generated on the surface. The as-prepared zwitterionic polymer surface showed excellent resistance to protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion. The Ag NPs could be tightly and uniformly distributed on the membrane surface by the chelation of PEI-SBMA, and endowed the membrane with bactericidal activity. Meanwhile, the Ag NPs loaded membrane could effectively resist bacterial attachment for a long time, even though the bactericidal activity lost. The proposed bactericidal and antifouling membrane was flexible, versatile and could be large-scale preparation; and this strategy would have great potential to be widely used to avoid undesired bacterial contamination of biomedical implants or biological devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kuruma shrimp ( Marsupenaeus japonicus ) is one of the most valuable crustacean species in capture fisheries and mariculture in the Indo-West Pacific. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly virulent pathogen which has seriously threatened Kuruma shrimp aquaculture sector. However, little information is available in relation to underlying mechanisms of host-virus interaction in Kuruma shrimp. In this study, we performed a transcriptome analysis from the hepatopancreas of Kuruma shrimp challenged by WSSV, using Illumina-based RNA-Seq. A total of 39,084,942 pair end (PE) reads, including 19,566,190 reads from WSSV-infected group and 19,518,752 reads from non-infected (control) group, were obtained and assembled into 33,215 unigenes with an average length of 503.7 bp and N50 of 601 bp. Approximately 17,000 unigenes were predicted and classified based on homology search, gene ontology, clusters of orthologous groups of proteins, and biological pathway mapping. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2150 up-regulated and 1931 down-regulated, were found. Among those, 805 DEGs were identified and categorized into 14 groups based on their possible functions. Many genes associated with JAK–STAT signaling pathways, Integrin-mediated signal transduction, Ras signaling pathways, apoptosis and phagocytosis were positively modified after WSSV challenge. The proteolytic cascades including Complement-like activation and Hemolymph coagulations likely participated in antiviral immune response. The transcriptome data from hepatopancreas of Kuruma shrimp under WSSV challenge provided comprehensive information for identifying novel immune related genes in this valuable crustacean species despite the absence of the genome database of crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black tea, rich in various and complex polyphenols, is one of the most popular beverages in the world due to its pleasant aroma and health benefits, such as alleviate hyperglycemia and antioxidant. The extensive investigation on the chemical constituents of Yunnan black tea 'Jin-Ya', produced from the leaf buds of Camellia sinensis var. assamica , led to the isolation and identification of 16 flavonoids including three new flavan-3-ols, namely theaflavoids A-C (1 – 3). Most of the isolates displayed obvious inhibitory activity on α -glucosidase with IC 50 values ranging from 1.11 to 24.7 μM. Notably, the new theaflavoids 1 – 3 showed much stronger inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 1.34, 1.11, and 4.57 μM, respectively) than those of the positive controls (acarbose and quercetin, IC 50 = 228 and 9.38 μM, respectively). In addition, the isolated flavonol glycosides 5 – 16 were evaluated for their antioxidant activities by DPPH and ABTS + radical scavenging assays. Those with galloyl group in molecular exhibited comparable free radical scavenging activities to the positive controls (ascorbic acid and Trolox), while most of the flavonol glycosides showed only moderate activities. The results indicated that Yunnan black tea 'Jin-Ya' is an ideal drink with hypoglycemic and antioxidant property, and is worthy of regular consumption. [Display omitted] • Three new (theaflavoids A-C) and 13 known flavonoids were isolated from black tea 'Jin-Ya'. • 'Jin-Ya' is produced from the leaf buds of Camellia sinensis var. assamica. • 15 flavonoids were isolated from black tea for the first time. • Most of the isolates showed obvious α -glucosidase inhibitory activity. • Some flavonoids showed stronger DPPH and ABTS + radical scavenging activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), a plant alkaloid isolated from Camptotheca acuminate, is known as a planted-derived insecticide, however, the specific mechanism in insect cells is still unclear. In this study, we treated the ovarian cell line of the silkworm, BmN-SWU1, with different HCPT doses for durations ranging from 0 to 72 h. The apoptosis morphology was evident after 72 h of incubation and included cell protuberance, concentrated cytoplasm and apoptotic bodies. We observed DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis after HCPT treatment. The disruption of mitochondrial distribution, activation of the intracellular mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and release of cytochrome c during HCPT-induced apoptosis in dose and time-dependent manner indicate the involvement of mitochondria in BmN-SWU1 cells. Caspase-9 and -3 activities increased gradually with the duration of incubation time. In conclusion, HCPT has a significant effect to initiate the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in silkworm cells, providing a theoretical basis for better application of plant-derived insecticide in pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF-3, IGF1RA, IGF1RB, and IGF2R were identified in silver pomfret. • The IGF-3 of silver pomfret was a different IGF-3 than that of other teleosts. • The IGF-1 and IGF-2 maintained high transcript levels in both sexes' liver and gonad. • The gonadal development were related with IGFs in this pieces. Reproductive activity is closely related to the development and function of the brain and liver in teleosts, particularly in seasonal breeding teleosts. This study measured the involvement of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in controlling the reproduction of the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus , a seasonal breeding tropical to temperate commercial fish. We cloned and characterized the cDNAs of igfs (igf2 and igf3) and igfrs (igf1ra , igf1rb, and igf2r) and examined their transcript levels in relation to seasonal reproduction. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that two types of IGFs (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and three types of IGFRs (IGF1RA, IGF1RB, and IGF2R) of the silver pomfret were clustered with those of teleosts; however, IGF-3 was a transmembrane protein different with the IGF-3 of other teleosts. The expression of IGF-3 was gonad-specific in the silver pomfret. The transcript levels of igf1 in the female brain were the highest, and the levels of igfrs in both sexes' brains increased during gametogenesis. Meanwhile, igfs and igfrs maintained high transcript levels in both sexes' liver and gonad during vitellogenesis and spermatogonia proliferation. We concluded that the development and activities of brain, liver, and gonad were related to the IGF system (IGFs and IGFRs). And the IGFs were mainly expressed in the liver. Nevertheless, gonadal development, especially vitellogenesis and spermatogonia proliferation, were related with IGFs in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early presence of crops from East Asia and Southwest Asia in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC) has drawn attention to the Bronze Age mountain archaeology of Central Asia. Namely, the Bronze Age diffusion and utilization of grains in this region remains unknown as contrasts and extremes characterize the territory in environmental terms, especially elevation. Researchers continue to reflect on how, during the second millennium BC, Bronze Age populations used new crops and local animal resources to adapt to different elevation environments of the IAMC. In this study, we analyzed the 41 latest stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic results from human and faunal bones from six Bronze Age sites in the IAMC, 261 previously published stable isotopic datasets, and 12 archaeobotanical and four zooarchaeological results to investigate the dietary strategies of populations from different elevation environments in the Bronze Age IAMC. The results show an altitudinal gradient in dietary choices among Bronze Age populations in the IAMC, with mixed C 4 and C 3 consumption at the low-mid elevations and notable C 3 consumption at the high elevations. Archaeobotanical and faunal remains also support these isotopic results. Our study further highlights that the differentiated dietary strategies adopted by the Bronze Age population in IAMC may have been the product of adaptation to local geographic environments. Social interaction may have also played a role in certain types of special dietary consumption. • We investigated the dietary strategies among Bronze Age population in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor. • There is notable altitudinal difference in the consumption of crops including C 4 millet and C 3 wheat/barley. • There is also internal differences in crops consumption among population at high altitude. • Differentiated crops utilization strategy could be related with geographic environment and social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]