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The article focuses on neuromodulation of animal behavior using organic semiconducting oligomers, exploring their potential for clinical translation in modulating neuronal function. Topics discussed include the precise behavioral effects of ETE-S on Hydra, its influence on electrical activity, and the implications for organic bioelectronic interfaces in neuromodulation research and clinical applications.

The article presents a study in which researchers developed a flexible multielectrode array on the basis of organic electronics to study electrical signals in plants. With this new technology, they were able to precisely map the action potential (AP) in Venus flytrap and found that the AP actively propagates through the tissue without strong directionality and evidently cells other than the sensory hairs can trigger the Venus flytrap circuitry.

The roots, stems, leaves, and vascular circuitry of higher plants are responsible for conveying the chemical signals that regulate growth and functions. From a certain perspective, these features are analogous to the contacts, interconnections, devices, and wires of discrete and integrated electronic circuits. Although many attempts have been made to augment plant function with electroactive materials, plants' "circuitry" has never been directly merged with electronics. We report analog and digital organic electronic circuits and devices manufactured in living plants. The four key components of a circuit have been achieved using the xylem, leaves, veins, and signals of the plant as the template and integral part of the circuit elements and functions. With integrated and distributed electronics in plants, one can envisage a range of applications including precision recording and regulation of physiology, energy harvesting from photosynthesis, and alternatives to genetic modification for plant optimization.