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To understand the flow improvement of waxy oils by comb-type polymer additives, the crystallization of long-chain n-paraffins from solutions of decane was studied by X-ray diffraction. The effects of poly(ethylene-butene) (PEB) and poly(maleic anhydride amide-co-α-olefin) (MAC) polymers on the crystallization of C28, C32, and C36 n-paraffins and their mixtures were studied. In the absence of the polymer additives, paraffin platelet crystals give well-resolved low-angle spectra. PEB and MAC reduce the low-angle scattering from the layered structure, which is expected since the polymers cocrystallize with the paraffin and the noncrystallizable portion of the chain provides a steric barrier against platelet stacking. This is consistent with observations by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry and can account for the significant reduction of yield stresses of model waxy oils upon addition of these polymers. The assembly of PEB and MAC with paraffins during crystallization results in improved flow of waxy oils on cooling. X-ray diffraction also reveals that the cooling rate has significant impact on the crystal structure of long-chain n-paraffins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulation of PRS paraffin wax was carried out by means of suspension-like homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and by the copolymerization of this monomer with methyl acrylate (MA) and methacrylic acid (MAA). The influence of the type of monomers and their proportion as shell materials, the mass ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone to monomers (PVP/monomers), and the mass ratio of PRS paraffin wax to monomers (PRS/monomers) on the properties of phase change material (PCM) microcapsules has been studied. The analytical techniques used for the characterization of the particles were differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and modulated DSC, dynamic light scattering, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The chemical property differences between the encapsulating “shell” material, acrylic polymer in this case, compared to the “core” material (PRS paraffin wax), such as polarity and interfacial tensions, largely determine the thermodynamically favored morphology of the microcapsules. While the equilibrium morphology was a core/shell structure, kinetic factors relating to the competition between the fast acrylic polymerization rate and the diffusion limited rate of phase separation were found to constrain the ability of the system to approach that equilibrium structure. For both homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and copolymerizations of methyl methacrylate with methyl acrylate (P(MMA-co-MA)), “pomegranate” microspheres were observed with a thin acrylic shell surrounding an inner composite structure constituted by a paraffin matrix with a dense assortment of PMMA spherical domains. Ter-polymerizations incorporating methacrylic acid (P(MMA-co-MA-co-MAA) had a remarkable effect on the morphology and average particle size, resulting again in “pomegranate” microparticles but where the internal PMMA spheroids were more densely populated closer to the outer portion of the capsule; approaching a core/shell structure. As the amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilizer in the aqueous medium was increased and the PRS/monomers proportion was decreased, the mean particle size of the microcapsules decreased. However, higher PVP/monomer and PRS/monomer ratios led to less efficient encapsulation of the PRS paraffin wax. Near perfect encapsulation efficiency was obtained for two pairings of these ratios via P(MMA-co-MA-co-MAA) polymerization, but only up to an equal mass ratio of PRS to acrylic polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new approach for fabricating multilayer microfluidic devices in poly(methyl methacrylate). Paraffin wax was used as a phase-changing sacrificial layer to protect microstructures during solvent bonding. Microchannels in the top and bottom pieces were aligned with through-holes in the middle layer, resulting in microchannels that cross one another. No discernible delamination of the layers or leakage between channels was observed at pressures as high as 300 psi. The current versus voltage linearity in the crossover channel indicates that no Joule heating occurs at voltages of at least 2.0 kV. Moreover, a potential in the crossover channel did not affect the current in the separation channel. Rapid and efficient separation of fluorescently labeled amino acids was performed in these devices. Pressurized buffer flow or voltage applied in the crossover channel caused no leakage into or electrical interference with the separation channel. Our results demonstrate that sacrificial layers with solvent bonding can be implemented readily in the fabrication of robust and fluidically complex multilayer polymer microchips. These capabilities should facilitate the development of a new generation of sophisticated microfluidic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the desorption process in a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Increase of ion signals with laser fluence; Ionization of the analyte molecules; Modification of polymeric surfaces and paraffin wax.