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Breast cancer arises when cells develop uncontrollably in the breast to form tumour cells. The risk of having breast cancer rises as a woman continues to age. Thus, details about the early stages of cancer progression can help a woman make early treatment choices, preventing them from being diagnosed with these harmful cancers. It is believed that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) act as effector cells to eradicate cancer cells. CTLs and tumor cells were discovered to be around a "predator-prey" relationship, with CTL acting as the predator along with tumor cells acting as the prey. In this paper, we examined steady-state solutions for two numerical differentiation using the Jacobian matrix. We will also examine the stability region of breast cancer cells in two different phases to describe its progress in different types of the human body at various phases. Also, compare tumour cells population development in the duration of interphase and metaphase in the presence and the absence of immune response, which is dependent on the CTL population, will be observed by applying Fourth Order Runge Kutta (RK4) method. We can see that the Runge-Kutta method is an important method for approximate solutions to ordinary systems with known initial conditions. We achieved populations value of tumour cells throughout interphase and mitosis as well as the population of the immune system using the method. Based on our observations, we draw the conclusion that persons with a higher immune system are more likely to be able to fight cancer for for a period of time than cancer sufferers with a poor immune system. We may observe that the cancer cells were reduced in a shorter period of time with a high immune response population compared to other lower CTL values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the diseases that causes the highest mortality rate in the world, where most used treatment is chemotherapy that destroys both cancer and healthy cells. The side effect of chemotherapy is fatigue caused by a decrease in the body's immune. This situation has become quite risky due to the presence of COVID-19 outbreak in the world, where the virus attacks humans with poor immunity. The aim of this paper is to develop the mathematical model about the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 on tumor-immune system of cancer patient with chemotherapy. In the model, we study the interactions between cancer cells, SARS-CoV-2 virus, epithelial cells, and immune system. From the model, we will analyze the equilibrium point stability. In the end, we simulated the effect of chemotherapy towards SARS-CoV-2 infection on cancer patient and the sensitivity analysis of the chemotherapy drugs doses toward the density of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in tumor immune escape. PD-1/PD-L1 signal transduction pathway can achieve tumor immune escape by enhancing tumor cell immune tolerance and inhibiting the activation of T lymphocytes. In recent years, immunosuppression, as one of the many mechanisms of tumor immune escape, has also become a research hotspo. The optimized CAR-T cells released immunosuppression by secreting antibodies against checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, CAR-T therapy targeting tumor micro environment and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are important methods for cancer treatment. This paper summarizes the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in mediating tumor escape in tumor microenvironment, and briefly introduces CAR-T immunotherapy and its TME-related targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the popularity of immunotherapy, the technology of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells has received widespread attention. To date, the most successful and prevalent use of CAR T cell therapy is the CAR T cells targeting CD19 in B cell malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL), as well as B cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Concerning the remarkable success, a great many clinical trials applying CAR T cell therapy to solid tumors have been carried out, but these results have shown disappointing results. Several reasons may contribute to the limited effectiveness of CAR therapy in solid tumor, such as antigens on solid cancers are often heterogenous, physical barriers constrain the infiltration of T cells, and the repeating targeting of CAR T cells may give selective pressure on tumors. In this paper, according to the screening of specific antigens, optimization of receptor structure, affinity of T cells binding tumor antigens and CAR T cells homing, the existing improvement direction and feasible optimization of CAR-T technology has been discussed. The safety considerations (correlated to toxicity) of CARs therapy, the time and money cost of CAR T cells manufacturing, the cryopreservation of CAR T cells, formulation general principles for quality assurance, if these aspects mentioned above are solved, CARs therapy in solid tumors will have great application prospects in clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B and C continue to be the world challenging problems. The results of currently available treatments with antiviral medications and interferon-based therapy have not been satisfactory and the numbers of newly acquired infection continue to increase. This situation has prompted investigations into novel approaches to decrease the mortality and morbidity of those suffering from hepatitis B and C. The dynamics of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in various stages of the illness have been reported in previous studies. It has been asserted that Tregs may have important roles in sustaining the viral persistence and preventing liver damage although the comprehensive mechanisms of hepatitis immunity mediated by Tregs are not well understood. To understand the immunobiology of regulatory T cells in hepatitis B and hepatitis C, we reviewed original research articles available from online databases. We found that in hepatitis B, Tregs development is influenced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, soluble heat shock protein (HSP)-60, and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4 signaling. Tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), Tim-3/Gal-9 interactions, tolllike receptor (TLR)-2 stimulation, Notch signaling, HCV-induced miR146a, and contact with dendritic cells or B cells promote Tregs development and activation in hepatitis C. Tregs inhibit the function of cytotoxic T cells in HBV-infected livers whereas interleukin (IL)-8 produced by intrahepatic Tregs contributes to Tregs’ role as the regulator of fibrogenesis in chronic hepatitis C. This present paper reports the significance of Tregs in hepatitis B and C as well as their development and suppression in the context of HBV and HCV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]