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This article starts out with a summary of Weber's views on value freedom, by emphasizing: (1) that value freedom constitutes a special constellation of values; and (2) that value freedom makes it possible for the social scientist to theorize on the basis of new and more extensive knowledge than if she had simply stated her own values and focused the analysis around these. The latter point emerges most clearly in Weber's instructions for how a social scientist should proceed when carrying out an analysis of her own preferred social policy. After the section on Weber's views on value freedom, an attempt is made to update his views. This is done by arguing that the impact of values (and value freedom) differs, depending on where these can be found: on paper, in the head of the social scientist, or in her actions. 'Actions,' in the context of value freedom, refer to the research process and especially to the element of theorizing. Value freedom helps to guide the research into new and fruitful directions and to steer it clear of propaganda. Cet article commence avec un resume des idees de Weber sur la neutralisation des valeurs, en mettant l'emphase sur les idees suivantes: (1) la neutralisation des valeurs constitue une constellation speciale de valeurs ; et (2) la neutralisation des valeurs rend possible pour la specialiste des sciences sociales de 'theoriser' en fonction d'un savoir nouveau et plus large que si elle avait simplement etablie ses propres valeurs et orientee l'analyse en fonction d'elles. La deuxieme idee emerge plus clairement dans les instructions donnes par Weber concernant la maniere dont la specialiste des sciences sociales devrait proceder lorsqu'elle fait une analyse de ses politiques sociales preferees. Apres une section presentant les idees de Weber sur la neutralisation des valeurs, une tentative est faite afin de les mettre a jour. Cela est fait grace a l'argument voulant que l'impact des valeurs (et la neutralisation des valeurs) different, dependamment d'ou on les retrouve : sur papier, dans la tete du chercheur ou dans ses actions. Dans le contexte de la neutralisation des valeurs, les 'actions' referent au processus de recherche et plus specifiquement a la dimension de la theorisation. La neutralisation des valeurs nous aide a orienter la recherche selon des directions nouvelles et fructueuses et de la garder libre de propagande., THE TERM 'VALUE FREEDOM,' AS USED by Max Weber and many other social scientists, is an unhappy choice since the literal meaning of this term contradicts its basic message. (1) [...]

LESLEY D. HARMAN, When a Hostel Becomes a Home: Experiences of Women. Toronto: Garamond Press, 1989, pp. 114, $8.95 paper During the last decade, Canada has experienced a prolonged period [...]

The weight of evidence suggests that articles written by men and women receive citations at comparable rates. This suggests that research quality or gender-based bias in research evaluation and citing behaviors may not be the reason why academic women accumulate fewer citations than men at the career level. In this article, I outline a career perspective that highlights women's disadvantages in career progression as the root causes for the gender citation gap. I also consider how the gender citation gap may perpetuate the unequal pay between genders in science. My analysis of two different datasets, one including paper and citation information for over 130,000 highly cited scholars during the 1996-2020 period and another including citation and salary information for nearly 2,000 Canadian scholars over the 2014-2019 period, shows several important findings. First, papers written by women on average receive more citations than those written by men. Second, the gender citation gap grows larger with time as men and women progress in their careers, but the opposite pattern holds when research productivity and collaborative networks are considered. Third, higher citations lead to higher pay, and gender differences in citations explain a significant share of the gender wage gap. Findings demonstrate the critical need for more attention toward gender differences in career progression when investigating the causes and solutions for gender disparities in science. Il est prouve que les articles ecrits par des hommes et des femmes recoivent des citations a des taux comparables. Cela suggere que la qualite de la recherche ou les prejuges sexistes dans l'evaluation de la recherche et les comportements de citation ne sont peut-etre pas la raison pour laquelle les femmes universitaires accumulent moins de citations que les hommes au niveau global. Dans cet article, je presente une perspective de carriere qui met en evidence les desavantages des femmes dans la progression de leur carriere comme les causes profondes de l'ecart de citation entre les sexes. J'examine egalement comment cet ecart peut perpetuer l'inegalite des salaires entre les sexes dans le domaine scientifique. Mon analyse de deux ensembles de donnees differents, l'un comprenant des informations sur les articles et les citations de plus de 130 000 chercheurs tres cites dans le monde et l'autre comprenant des informations sur les citations et les salaires de pres de 2 000 chercheurs canadiens sur la periode 2014-2019, montre plusieurs resultats importants. Premierement, les articles ecrits par des femmes recoivent en moyenne plus de citations que ceux ecrits par des hommes. Deuxiemement, l'ecart de citations entre les sexes se creuse avec le temps, a mesure que les hommes et les femmes progressent dans leur carriere, mais la tendance inverse se verifie lorsque la productivite de la recherche et les reseaux de collaboration sont pris en compte. Troisiemement, des citations plus nombreuses entrainent des salaires plus eleves et les differences de citations entre les sexes expliquent une part importante de l'ecart salarial entre les sexes. Les resultats montrent qu'il est absolument necessaire d'accorder plus d'attention a la progression de la carriere des hommes et des femmes lorsqu'on etudie les causes et les solutions des disparites entre les sexes dans le domaine scientifique., INTRODUCTION More women are starting careers in science now than ever before (Boekhout et al., 2021; Sanderson, 2021). Still, women scientists continue to face challenges. There is evidence that compared [...]

In recent decades, a growing number of police services in Canada have stressed commitments to protecting vulnerable communities from violence and intimidation and by combating hate crime. In 2020, the number of hate crimes reported to police in Canada increased by 37% to the highest number ever recorded. While social science research in several national contexts has examined the policing of hate crime, few studies have examined how police investigate hate crimes in Canada. This paper examines the investigative process and police decision-making with respect to racially motivated and anti-Black hate crimes reported in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). This paper argues that while police claim that the circumstances of a given incident determines how police respond and whether a case is ultimately solved, in fact police decision making and particularly the way police conceive of racism and hate, profoundly shapes investigative processes and outcomes. Au cours des dernieres decennies, un nombre croissant de services de police au Canada ont souligne leur engagement a proteger les communautes vulnerables contre la violence et l'intimidation et en luttant contre les crimes haineux. En 2020, le nombre de crimes haineux signales a la police au Canada a augmente de 37 pour cent pour atteindre le nombre le plus eleve jamais enregistre. Bien que la recherche en sciences sociales dans plusieurs contextes nationaux ait examine le maintien de l'ordre en matiere de crimes haineux, peu d'etudes ont examine comment la police enquete sur les crimes haineux au Canada. Le present document examine le processus d'enquete et le processus decisionnel de la police en ce qui concerne les crimes haineux a caractere racial et anti-Noir signales dans la region du Grand Toronto. Nous soutenons que, bien que la police pretende que les circonstances d'un incident donne determinent la facon dont elle intervient et si une affaire est finalement resolue, en realite, la prise de decision de la police, et en particulier la facon dont elle concoit le racisme et la haine, faconne profondement les processus d'enquete et les resultats., INTRODUCTION In 2020, the number of police-reported hate crimes rose by 37%, increasing from 1951 reported incidents in 2019, to 2669 the following year. This marked the single highest number [...]

This paper offers an integrated theoretical framework to explain interpersonal, moralistic conflict that combines the logic of the 'pure sociology' approach with a social psychological framework that highlights the importance of the human capacity for language, evaluation, and justification. While violations of normative expectations are the root causes of moralistic conflict, the paper argues that one can only determine the emergence of such conflict by assessing the nature of the behavior in question in relation to the social locations of the participants in combination with the justifications invoked. The central question that the theory addresses can be distilled as follows: What explains the emergence of interpersonal, moralistic conflict? The paper specifies three core assumptions, followed by a delineation of a series of propositions designed to explicate the conditions under which moralistic conflicts emerge. The theory identifies the combination of the social geometry of interpersonal encounters along with the mechanisms that typically are used to justify the grievances that individuals express toward one another. Cet article propose un cadre theorique integre pour expliquer les conflits moraux interpersonnels qui combine la logique de l'approche de la 'sociologie pure' avec un cadre psychologique social qui souligne l'importance de la capacite humaine de langage, d'evaluation et de justification. Si les violations des attentes normatives sont les causes profondes du conflit moraliste, l'article soutient que l'on ne peut determiner l'emergence d'un tel conflit qu'en evaluant la nature du comportement en question par rapport a la situation sociale des participants, en combinaison avec les justifications invoquees. La question centrale que la theorie aborde peut etre resumee comme suit : Qu'est-ce qui explique l'emergence d'un conflit interpersonnel et moraliste ? L'article specifie trois hypotheses de base, suivies de la definition d'une serie de propositions destinees a expliquer les conditions dans lesquelles les conflits moralistes emergent. La theorie identifie la combinaison de la geometrie sociale des rencontres interpersonnelles avec les mecanismes qui sont typiquement utilises pour justifier les griefs que les individus expriment les uns envers les autres., INTRODUCTION The historical record contains countless instances of large-scale, grievance-based conflicts that can envelop whole societies through warfare and result in widespread death, destruction, and genocide. Yet, conflicts typically are [...]

This paper examines the 33 year-long jurisdictional dispute between immigration lawyers and immigration consultants over the right to practice immigration law in Canada. Immigration consultants began to play a role in the immigration law field of practice in the 1980s. Their entry into this field of practice has not gone unnoticed by immigration lawyers. The paper focuses on two moments in this jurisdictional dispute; the events surrounding the Supreme Courts' 2001 decision in the case of the Law Society of British Columbia v Mangat and the 2017 hearings of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration. Using an ecological framework to understanding the professions, and professional boundary disputes, this paper examines the reasons why the profession of law has not been able to exert monopolistic closure and prevent immigration consultants impinging on one of their traditional fields of practice. Part of the explanation, I suggest, is that immigration lawyers did not speak with one voice about immigration consultants at the 2017 Standing Committee hearings. The Canadian Bar Association's preferred settlement outcome was for the state to prevent immigration consultants from practicing immigration law. Other lawyers who appeared before the Committee advocated a boundary blurring outcome that would allow immigration consultants to practice immigration law, albeit under somewhat more restricted conditions than were then in place. The state rejected a 'full and final settlement' in favor of lawyers and eventually adopted a boundary 'blurring settlement' outcome to this jurisdictional dispute. Cet article examine le differend juridictionnel de 33 ans entre les avocats en immigration et les consultants en immigration au sujet du droit de pratiquer le droit de l'immigration au Canada. Les consultants en immigration ont commence a jouer un role dans le domaine de la pratique du droit de l'immigration dans les annees 1980. Leur entree dans ce champ de pratique n'est pas passee inapercue aupres des avocats specialises en droit de l'immigration. Le document se concentre sur deux moments de ce differend de competence; les evenements entourant la decision rendue en 2001 par la Cour supreme dans l'affaire Law Society of British Columbia c Mangat et les audiences de 2017 du Comite permanent de la citoyennete et de l'immigration. En utilisant un cadre ecologique pour comprendre les professions et les conflits de frontieres professionnelles, cet article examine les raisons pour lesquelles la profession d'avocat n'a pas ete en mesure d'exercer une fermeture monopolistique et d'empecher les consultants en immigration d'empieter sur leurs domaines de pratique traditionnels. Une partie de l'explication, je suggere, est que les avocats en immigration n'ont pas parle d'une seule voix au sujet des consultants en immigration lors des audiences du Comite permanent de 2017. L'accord privilegie par l'Association du Barreau canadien etait que l'Etat empeche les consultants en immigration de pratiquer le droit de l'immigration. D'autres avocats ont preconise un resultat qui permettrait aux consultants en immigration de pratiquer le droit de l'immigration, quoique dans des conditions plus restreintes que celles qui etaient alors en place. L'Etat a rejete un <> en faveur des avocats et a finalement adopte un <> des limites de ce differend juridictionnel., INTRODUCTION On June 21, 2019, The College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants Act received royal assent (Statutes of Canada, 2019). The Act made the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants [...]

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic closed most Canadian public schools for six consecutive months between March and September. This paper explores possible impacts of that closure on student achievement. Longstanding research suggests that lengthy periods of time out of school generally create losses of literacy and numeracy skills and widen student achievement gaps. New American studies have attributed sizeable learning losses to the COVID-19 closures. In lieu of comparable Canadian data, this paper extrapolates from summer learning research to estimate likely shortfalls in literacy and numeracy skills. We draw on data from 14 cohorts of Ontario primary-grade students collected between 2010 and 2015 in which 3,723 attended summer programs and 12,290 served as controls. Across three plausible scenarios, we use meta analyses and OLS and quintile regression models to predict learning losses of 3.5 and 6.5 months among typically-performing and lower-performing students respectively, and achievement gaps that grow up to 1.5 years among same grade peers. After qualifying these predictions, we recommend that provincial ministries offer targeted supplementary programs during the summer and synchronous instruction in the event of future school closures. La pandemie de COVID-19 de 2020 a ferme la plupart des ecoles publiques canadiennes pendant six mois consecutifs entre mars et septembre. Cet article explore les impacts possibles de cette fermeture sur le rendement des eleves. Les recherches suggerent que lorsque les enfants ne sont pas scolarises pendant de longues periodes, les competences en litteratie et en numeratie diminuent et les ecarts de rendement des eleves se creusent. De nouvelles etudes americaines ont attribue des lacunes d'apprentissage importantes aux fermetures du COVID-19. Au lieu de donnees canadiennes comparables, ce document extrapole a partir de la recherche sur l'apprentissage d'ete pour estimer les lacunes probables en litteratie et en numeratie causees par les fermetures. Nous nous appuyons sur les donnees de 14 cohortes d'eleves du primaire de l'Ontario recueillies entre 2010 et 2015 dans lesquelles 3 723 ont suivi des programmes d'ete et 12 290 ont servi de temoins. Dans trois scenarios plausibles, nous utilisons des meta-analyses et des modeles de regression MCO et quintile pour predire les pertes d'apprentissage de 3,5 et 6.5 mois chez les eleves typiquement et les moins performants respectivement, et les ecarts de rendement qui augmentent jusqu'a 1,5 an chez les pairs de la meme annee. Apres avoir nuance ces previsions, nous recommandons que les ministeres provinciaux offrent des programmes supplementaires cibles pendant l'ete 2021 et au-dela et un enseignement plus synchrone en cas de fermeture future d'ecoles pour compenser ces lacunes., INTRODUCTION: THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 SCHOOL CLOSURES .... [T]he COVID-19 Pandemic is likely to generate the greatest disruption in educational opportunity worldwide in a generation.... It is imperative, for this [...]

This paper examines the articulation of Canadian civic culture from below. Focusing on digitally mediated grassroots mobilizations, it asks how citizens construct and discursively deploy voice and listening as civic values. The paper draws from three empirical cases: the 2014 mobilization of parents during the teachers' strike in British Columbia; the 2015 citizen mobilizations in support of Syrian refugees; and the 2016 sit-in protest outside the Toronto Police headquarters. Citizens participating in these initiatives were keen to 'speak up,' establishing voice as a civic value. Yet, this is not accompanied by equal attention to the role of listening. This invites simplistic takes to citizen participation, leaving it vulnerable to populist hijackings. Cet article a pour objet l'articulation de la culture civique canadienne par la base politique. En se concentrant sur les mobilisations des citoyennes mediatisees par les reseaux sociaux, il examine comment les citoyens construisent et utilisent la voix et l'ecoute comme valeurs civiques. L'analyse utilise trois cas empiriques: la mobilisation des parents en 2014 lors de la greve des enseignants en Colombie-Britannique; les mobilisations citoyennes de 2015 en faveur des refugies syriens; et les manifestations de 2016 devant le quartier general de la police de Toronto. Les citoyens participant a ces initiatives tenaient a 's'exprimer', faisant de la voix une valeur civique. Pourtant, cela ne s'accompagne pas d'une attention egale au role de l'ecoute. Cela invite a un traitement simpliste de la participation citoyenne, la laissant vulnerable aux detournements populistes., THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON THE construction of citizen voice as a political value in grassroots collective action. Participatory democracy models place citizen input at the heart of the decision-making process. [...]

Employee monitoring apps (i.e., 'bossware') have become increasingly affordable and accessible on the open market. Apps such as Interguard and Teramind provide companies with a powerful degree of surveillance about workers, including keystroke logging, location and browser monitoring, and even webcam usage. However, as homes have become offices, and laptops and smartphones are used for business, school, and entertainment, the increasing surveillance of 'remote work' blurs the boundaries between work and personal spaces. Drawing from an interdisciplinary study on the proliferation of employee monitoring applications (EMAs) in a nascent era of 'remote work', this paper presents findings from a survey examining Canadian companies' adoption of EMAs. The findings identify the most prevalent economic sectors that 'bossware' is currently being used within, the rationalities that underpin the ongoing use of EMAs in Canada (such as COVID-19, 'productivity/efficiency', 'cybersecurity', and 'health/wellness'), and the features of the most sought after 'bossware' apps for Canadian companies (such as time tracking, website tracking, and keystroke logging). We conclude with an analysis of how dominant surveillance discourses drive the adoption monitoring practices, including how they inform the anticipated benefits of surveillance for the management of remote work and digital labour. Les applications de surveillance des employes (c'esta-dire les 'bossware') sont devenues de plus en plus abordables et accessibles sur le marche libre. Des applications telles qu'Interguard et Teramind offrent aux entreprises un degre eleve de surveillance des travailleurs, y compris l'enregistrement des frappes au clavier, la localisation et la surveillance du navigateur, et meme l'utilisation de la webcam. Cependant, comme les maisons sont devenues des bureaux et que les ordinateurs portables et les smartphones sont utilises pour le travail, l'ecole et les loisirs, la surveillance croissante du 'travail a distance' brouille les frontieres entre le travail et les espaces personnels. S'inspirant d'une etude interdisciplinaire sur la proliferation des applications de surveillance des employes a l'ere naissante du 'travail a distance', cet article presente les resultats d'une enquete portant sur l'adoption des applications de surveillance des employes par les entreprises canadiennes. Les resultats identifient les secteurs economiques les plus repandus dans lesquels les 'bossware' sont actuellement utilises, les rationalites qui sous-tendent l'utilisation continue des applications de surveillance des employes au Canada (telles que COVID-19, 'productivite/efficacite', 'cybersecurite' et 'sante/bien-etre'), et les caracteristiques des applications de 'bossware' les plus recherchees par les entreprises canadiennes (telles que le suivi du temps, le suivi des sites web et l'enregistrement des frappes). Nous concluons par une analyse de la maniere dont les discours dominants sur la surveillance conduisent a l'adoption de pratiques de surveillance, y compris la maniere dont ils informent les avantages anticipes de la surveillance pour la gestion du travail a distance et du travail numerique., INTRODUCTION Workplace surveillance, which is arguably 'as old as industry itself' (Stanton, 2000, p.96), has long been a contentious issue; however, the rapid advancement of surveillance technologies has provided companies [...]

This article draws on data collected from qualitative interviews with 38 recent immigrants in two Ontario cities to provide an overview of recent immigrants' general dietary acculturation experiences. With insights from both Cockerham's health lifestyle theory and Berry's acculturation model, this article explores how structural inequalities related to integration and settlement may shape recent immigrants' post-migration food choices and eating practices. The results of this study revealed that immigrants from non-Western countries experienced greater challenges in healthy eating. Findings are in line with Cockerham's health lifestyle theory: immigrants' post-migration food choices and dietary acculturation strategies were not only bounded by socioeconomic status and cultural differences but were also shaped by various structural inequalities, especially those related to systematic barriers during the integration and settlement process. Overall, this paper provides a more holistic understanding of the multifaceted nature of immigrants' dietary acculturation experiences. Cet article s'appuie sur des donnees recueillies lors d'entretiens qualitatifs avec 38 immigrants recents dans deux villes de l'Ontario pour donner un apercu des experiences generales d'acculturation alimentaire des immigrants recents. En s'inspirant de la theorie du mode de vie sain de Cockerham et du modele d'acculturation de Berry, cet article explore la facon dont les inegalites structurelles liees a l'integration et a l'etablissement peuvent faconner les choix et les pratiques alimentaires des immigrants recents apres la migration. Les resultats de cette etude revelent que les immigres originaires de pays non occidentaux rencontrent davantage de difficultes en matiere d'alimentation saine. Les resultats sont conformes a la theorie du mode de vie sain de Cockerham : les choix alimentaires et les strategies d'acculturation alimentaire des immigrants apres l'emigration ne sont pas seulement lies au statut socio-economique et aux differences culturelles, mais sont egalement faconnes par diverses inegalites structurelles, en particulier celles liees aux obstacles systematiques au cours du processus d'integration et d'etablissement. Dans l'ensemble, ce document permet de mieux comprendre les multiples facettes des experiences d'acculturation alimentaire des immigrants., INTRODUCTION Healthy eating has increasingly become a public health priority today given that an unhealthy diet has been identified as a major contributing factor to various chronic health conditions, such [...]

The theory of family welfare effort is a leading macro-sociological explanation of variation in human fertility. It holds that states which provide universally available, inexpensive, high-quality day care, generous parental leave, and flexible work schedules lower the opportunity cost of motherhood. They thus enable women, especially those in lower socioeconomic strata, to have the number of babies they want. A considerable body of research supports this theory. However, it is based almost exclusively on analyses of Western European and North American countries. This paper examines the Israeli case because Israel's total fertility rate is anomalously high given its family welfare effort. Based on a review of the relevant literature and a reanalysis of data from various published sources, it explains the country's unusually high total fertility rate as the product of (1) religious and nationalistic sentiment that is heightened by the Jewish population's perception of a demographic threat in the form of a burgeoning Palestinian population and (2) tbe state's resulting support for pro-natal policies, including the world's most extensive in vitro fertilization (IVF) system. The paper also suggests that Israel's IVF policy may not be in harmony with the interests of many women insofar as even women with an extremely low likelihood of becoming pregnant are encouraged to undergo the often lengthy, emotionally and physically painful, and risky process of IVF. La theorie de l'effort pour le bien-etre familial est une explication macrosociologique majeure de la variation de la fecondite humaine. Cette theorie soutient l'idee que les Etats offrant des garderies universellement accessibles, peu couteuses et de grande qualite, des conges parentaux genereux et des horaires variables reduisent le cout d'opportunite de la maternite. Ces Etats permettent ainsi aux femmes, en particulier celles appartenant a des strates socioeconomiques inferieures, d'avoir le nombre d'enfants qu'elles souhaitent. Un nombre considerable de recherches appuient cette theorie. Cependant, elle repose presque exclusivement sur des analyses des pays d'Europe occidentale et d'Amerique du Nord. Cet article examine le cas israelien parce que l'indice synthetique de fecondite d'Israel est anormalement eleve compte tenu de ses efforts en matiere de bien-etre familial. Reposant sur un examen de la litterature appropriee et d'une nouvelle analyse des donnees provenant de diverses sources publiees, il explique l'indice synthetique de fecondite anormalement eleve du pays comme le resultat: (1) d'un sentiment religieux et nationaliste renforce par la perception par la population juive d'une menace demographique au vu d'une population palestinienne croissante et (2) du soutien que l'Etat apporte aux politiques natalistes, notamment grace au systeme de fecondation in vitro le plus important au monde. Cet article suggere egalement que la politique israelienne de fecondation in vitro ne correspond peut-etre pas aux interets de nombreuses femmes dans la mesure oU l'on encourage meme les femmes ayant une probabilite extremement faible de devenir enceintes a avoir recours au processus de la fecondation in vitro souvent long et douloureux sur les plans emotionnel et physique ainsi que risque., RESEARCHERS HAVE IDENTIFIED a wide range of micro-, meso-, and macro-level sources of variation in human fertility (Balbo, Billari, and Mills 2013). One of the main macro-level lines of inquiry [...]

In this paper, we examine the intersections of parental support and family socioeconomic background within an undergraduate sample (N = 596) in a mid-sized Canadian Prairie city. Coresidence, financial support, and parental and professional financial advice are examined as types of 'family capital' that may be distributed unequally across socioeconomic groups. In keeping with previous literature, findings showed that students whose parents had university education and higher incomes received more robust coverage of their housing and school expenses. Students whose parents were university-educated were also more likely to be living with a parent, though no relationship was found between parental income and coresidence. Contrasting with previous literature, few relationships were found between socioeconomic background and receipt or influence of financial advice. These results contribute to the literature by generalising claims about family capital to a Canadian student sample, where relatively few studies have empirically examined intergenerational transfers as mechanisms for transmitting privilege during the transition to adulthood. With increasing demands for higher education and simultaneous declines in government subsidisation of its costs, disparate access to family capital is likely to intensify the reproduction of social inequality across generations. Dans cet article, nous examinons les intersections entre le soutien parental et les antecedents socioeconomiques de la famille au sein d'un echantillon d'etudiants de premier cycle (N = 596) dans une ville canadienne de taille moyenne des Prairies. La coresidence, le soutien financier et les conseils financiers parentaux et professionnels sont examines en tant que types de ' capital familial ' susceptibles d'etre repartis de maniere inegale entre les groupes socioeconomiques. Conformement a la litterature anterieure, les resultats ont montre que les etudiants dont les parents ont fait des etudes universitaires et ont des revenus plus eleves beneficient d'une couverture plus solide de leurs frais de logement et de scolarite. Les etudiants dont les parents ont fait des etudes universitaires sont egalement plus susceptibles de vivre avec un parent, bien qu'aucune relation n'ait ete etablie entre le revenu des parents et la coresidence. Contrairement a la litterature precedente, peu de liens ont ete etablis entre le milieu socio-economique et l'obtention ou l'influence des conseils financiers. Ces resultats contribuent a la litterature en generalisant les affirmations sur le capital familial a un echantillon d'etudiants canadiens, oU relativement peu d'etudes ont examine empiriquement les transferts intergenerationnels en tant que mecanismes de transmission des privileges pendant la transition vers l'age adulte. Avec l'augmentation de la demande d'enseignement superieur et la diminution simultanee des subventions gouvernementales pour ses couts, l'acces disparate au capital familial est susceptible d'intensifier la reproduction de l'inegalite sociale entre les generations., INTRODUCTION Young people's transitions to adulthood are frequently undertaken with the support of parents. From the end of adolescence to the early 30s, children may receive assistance through parents' shared [...]

The purpose of this paper is to confront the notion of 'decline' at the village level by illustrating a more immersive approach to sociological and demographic research within rural and remote communities. The research uses case studies of three villages in Australia, Canada, and Sweden, all of which have been labeled as 'declining villages,' typified by population loss, an aging population, high rates of youth outmigration, and loss of businesses and services. This paper argues that focusing solely on quantitative indicators of demographic change provides a narrow view of rural village trajectories and ignores subtle processes of local adaptation that are hidden from quantitative data sets. Our research integrates quantitative data from the 'outside' with qualitative data from the 'inside,' including visual ethnography, to develop a more balanced perspective on how villages have been changing and what change could mean locally. These objectives are accomplished by revisiting a Dirt Research methodology applicable to a broad range of research into rural and remote villages. Resume Le but de cet article est de confronter la notion de 'declin' au niveau d'un village en illustrant une approche sociologique et demographique plus immersive dans le cadre de communautes rurales et eloignees. La recherche utilise les etudes de cas de trois villages en Australie, au Canada et en Suede, tout consideres comme des 'villages en declin,' caracterises par des pertes de population, une population vieillissante, et des taux eleves d'emigration des jeunes, ainsi que la perte d'entreprises et de services. Cet article pretend qu'une emphase sur des indicateurs seulement quantitatifs et des changements demographiques donne une vision reductrice des trajectoires des villages et ignore des processus subtils d'adaptation locale qui sont masques par des donnees quantitatives. Notre recherche integre des donnees quantitatives 'externes' avec des donnees qualitatives 'internes,' incluant l'ethnographie visuelle, afin de developper une perspective plus equilibree montrant comment ces villages ont change et ce que le changement peut signifier localement. Ces objectifs sont realises en revisitant une methodologie 'Dirt research' applicable a un eventail large de recherche sur les villages ruraux et eloignes., THE PURPOSE OF this paper is to first, confront the notion of 'rural decline' at the village level and second, to illustrate how a more immersive approach to demographic research [...]

This paper addresses an apparent gap in the work of Niklas Luhmann. While the issue of trust continues to receive widespread attention in the social sciences, Luhmann's interest in this topic declined following the development of his systems theory. It is argued that this decline does not reflect any diminished relevance of trust for systems theory, but rather that the architectural remodeling of theory cannot easily be applied to the issue of trust. Here, the issue of trust is reconceptualized as a connection medium. This entails a reconstruction of Luhmann's early theory of trust, especially with regard to function and social positioning. In this context, trust can in turn be linked to the concept of medium in Luhmann's late work. As a connection medium, trust mediates between the different levels of sociality--interaction, organization, and society. These theoretical considerations are employed to develop a more applied framework for empirical research, with a brief case study from southern Italy. From this perspective, the idea of trust as society's glue is seen to be overly simplistic. The common ethical understanding that more trust leads to a better society is also questioned on the grounds that social cooperation can also lead to social sclerosis. Finally, risk and trust are shown to accommodate the formation of different cultures of trust. The paper shows how Luhmann's updated version of trust can inspire current research and enhance our understanding of how trust operates in contemporary society. Resume Cet article traite d'une contradiction apparente dans les travaux de Niklas Luhmann. Alors que les sciences sociales s'emparaient largement de la question de la confiance, l'interet que lui portait initialement Luhmann s'est affaibli quand il a developpe sa theorie des systemes. Cela serait du non pas a une pertinence moindre de la confiance dans la theorie des systemes mais plutot a ce que la refonte de la theorie ne s'applique pas aisement a la question de la confiance. Celle-ci est reconceptualisee comme un medium de connexion. Cela implique de retourner aux premieres theories de Luhmann sur la confiance, particulierement en ce qui concerne la fonction et le positionnement social. Ce faisant, la confiance peut egalement etre rapprochee du concept de medium tel que developpe par Luhmann dans ses derniers travaux. En tant que medium de connexion, la confiance sert d'intermediaire entre les differents niveaux de la sociabilite--l'interaction, l'organisation et la societe. Ces considerations theoriques sont utilisees pour batir un cadre plus adapte a la recherche empirique, illustre brievement a travers un cas d'etude portant sur lTtalie du Sud. Selon la perspective adoptee ici, l'idee de la confiance comme ciment de la societe apparait comme trop simpliste. L'article interroge egalement la conception selon laquelle plus de confiance mene a une meilleure societe, considerant que la cooperation peut egalement entrainer une sclerose sociale. Enfin, le risque et la confiance entrainent l'existence de differentes cultures de la confiance. L'article montre que repenser la theorie de Luhmann sur la confiance peut nourrir la recherche et ameliorer notre comprehension du fonctionnement de la confiance dans la societe contemporaine., SINCE THE 1990s, THE ISSUE of trust has attracted considerable scientific attention, to the point of becoming a buzzword since the new millennium in such areas as economics and organization [...]

This paper explores the democratic potential for participatory filmmaking with homeless youth, as well as the constraints and dilemmas associated with this visual method. Theorizing democracy through the work of Hannah Arendt and Pierre Bourdieu, the paper approaches democracy not as an end, but rather as a process that seeks to lessen social injustice. Bourdieu's work helps us appreciate, however, that this process is constrained by structures of inequality that shape access to the political dispositions that enable such engagement. Consistent with other research on low-income and marginalized young people, this study found that homeless youth engage with democracy through forms of community participation and mutual support, and are disinclined to orient toward liberal democratic structures such as voting and political parties, which they see as harmful or problematic. With a focus on one particular dilemma faced by the research team--namely, the question of how to make sense of and represent the issue of legalizing marijuana, which had been signaled by the youth participants as of primary political importance to them--the paper uses Arendt and Bourdieu to discuss how participatory filmmaking can help to expand the space of appearances available to homeless youth in Canadian society, and create a space at a shared table of understanding with middle class power brokers. Resume Cet article explore le potentiel democratique de la production filmographique participative avec les jeunes sans-abris, ainsi que les contraintes et dilemnes associes avec cette methode visuelle. Grace a un travail theorique combinant les travaux de Hannah Arendt et Pierre Bourdieu, cet article traite de la democratie non comme une fin, mais plutot comme un processus cherchant a amoindrir l'injustice sociale. Les travaux de Bourdieu nous aident a apprecier le fait que ce processus est contraint par des structures d'inegalite qui faconnent l'acces a des dispositions politiques qui rendent possible ce type d'engagement. En conformite avec d'autres recherches sur les jeunes marginalises et a faible revenu, cette etude revele que les jeunes sans-abris prennent part a la democratie a travers des formes de participation communautaire et d'aide mutuelle, et qu'ils sont recalcitrants a s'engager dans les structures de la democratie liberale telles que le vote et les partis politiques, qui sont percus negativement. En mettant l'emphase sur un dilemme particulier auquel l'equipe de recherche a fait face--la question de comment faire sens et de representer le probleme de la legalisation de la marijuana, qui a ete presentee par les jeunes participants comme un enjeu politique de premiere importance pour eux --cet article utilise Arendt et Bourdieu afin de discuter comment la participation a la production filmographique peut aider l'espace des apparitions disponible pour les jeunes sans-abris de la societe canadienne, et creer un espace de comprehension commune avec les agents de pouvoir de la classe moyenne., To the often-heard question 'Who are they, this new generation? one is tempted to answer, Those who hear the ticking. And to the other question, Who are they who utterly [...]

This paper examines methodological challenges involved in conducting research on family photographs from persecuted communities, using Japanese Canadian photos as a case study. Approaching family photography as a social practice that instills dominant familial ideologies, the paper examines their 'performative scripts' that arrange family members according to normative identities and roles. The paper argues that researchers are not immune to scripts that shape how and what we have been socialized to see (and not see) in family photos. The paper thus presents techniques to distance oneself from these performative scripts and one's involvement in their social and emotional dynamics. Once able to disentangle oneself from the genre's normative practices, the paper argues it is necessary to situate the photos in their social and political context of persecution and survival. Given the insular, inward looking character of family photographs, the paper concludes by calling for intersectional analyses, reflecting on how one might bring one's own family photos into engagement with the photos of Indigenous families and turns to those of the Skwxwu7mesh (Squamish) Nation. Resume Cet article examine les defis methodologiques decoulant de la recherche sur les photographies familiales de communautes persecutees, en utilisant des photos de Japonais canadiens comme etude de cas. Utilisant les photos de famille comme une pratique sociale vehiculant des ideologies familiales dominantes, cet article etudie les 'scripts de performance' qui presentent les membres de la famille selon des identites et des roles normatifs. Ce texte defend l'argument que les chercheurs ne sont pas immunises par rapport a ces 'scripts', qui forment comment on a ete et ce qui a ete socialise de voir (et ne pas voir) dans les photos familiales. Cet article presente ainsi les techniques de distanciation face a ces 'scripts de performance' et l'engagement personnel dans ces dynamiques sociales et emotives. Une fois qu'on peut se detacher de ce genre de pratiques normatives, cet article annonce qu'il est necessaire de situer les photos dans leur contexte social et politique de persecution et de survie. Etant donne le caractere insulaire et introspectif des photographies de famille, cet article conclut en demandant des analyses intersectionnelles, refletant comment on peut amener ses propres photos familiales a s'engager avec des photos de familles indigenes et se tourner vers celles de la nation Skwxwu7mesh., I FOUND THE PHOTOGRAPH in one of my Obaasan's embossed leather family albums. As a young girl I was always fascinated by this photo. It was there among the black [...]

Translocal music worlds are often defined as networks of local music worlds. However, their networked character and more especially their network structure is generally assumed rather than concretely mapped and explored. Formal social network analysis (SNA) is beginning to attract interest in music sociology but it has not previously been used to explore a translocal music world. In this paper, drawing upon a survey of the participation of 474 enthusiasts in 148 live music events, spread across 6 localities, we use SNA to explore a significant 'slice' of the network structure of the U.K's translocal underground heavy metal world. Translocality is generated in a number of ways, we suggest, but one way, the way we focus upon, involves audiences traveling between localities to attend gigs and festivals. Our analysis of this network uncovers a core-periphery structure which, we further find, maps onto locality. Not all live events enjoy equal standing in our music world and some localities are better placed to capture more prestigious events, encouraging inward travel. The identification of such structures, and the inequality they point to, is, we believe, one of several benefits of using SNA to analyze translocal music worlds. Les mondes musicaux translocaux sont souvent definis comme des reseaux de mondes musicaux locaux. Cependant, leur caractere 'reseaute' et, plus particulierement, leur structure de reseau sont plus souvent presumes plutot que cartographies et explores de maniere concrete. L'analyse formelle des reseaux sociaux commence a generer de l'interet en sociologie de la musique mais n'a pas auparavant ete utilisee pour explorer un monde musical translocal. Dans cet article, qui se base sur une enquete de la participation de 474 personnes enthousiastes a 148 evenements de musique live s'etant deroules dans 6 localites, nous utilisons une analyse des reseaux pour explorer une 'tranche' significative de la structure du reseau du monde translocal underground de heavy metal au Royaume-Uni. Nous suggerons que la translocalite est creee d'un certain nombre de manieres. L'une d'entre elles, sur laquelle nous nous concentrons ici, implique que les audiences voyagent entre les localites pour assister aux concerts et festivals. Notre analyse de ce reseau revele une structure centre-peripherie qui cartographie les localites. Les concerts live ne jouissent pas tous d'une meme reputation dans le monde musical et certaines localites sont mieux placees pour capter des evenements plus prestigieux, encourageant ainsi des deplacements dans leur direction. L'identification de telles structures et l'inegalite qu'elles indiquent est, nous le croyons, l'un de nombreux avantages d'utiliser l'analyse des reseaux sociaux pour etudier les mondes musicaux translocaux., IN THIS PAPER, we use formai social network analysis (SNA) to explore the network structure of the U.K.'s translocal underground heavy metal music world (UMW). This is intended as a [...]

Leaving the parental home to live independently has long been a marker of one's transition to adulthood and a sign of immigrant adaptation to the host country. The timing and pathways of home-leaving are important for both the housing trajectories of young adults and the overall housing demand of immigrant receiving areas. However, young adults--immigrants or not--have increasingly been delaying this transition, opting instead to stay in the parental home for an extended period of time. In this paper, we conceptualize home-leaving as a decision made over time--influenced by individual, family, and contextual factors--and use panel data collected in the 2011 and 2017 Canadian General Social Survey (GSS). Through both a Cox proportional hazard model and a competing risk model, we examine the timing of exit from the parental home, the determinants of this exit, and the variable rates of independent household formation across immigrant, non-visible, and visible minority groups. We find, although the relationship is not always linear, generational status, as well as race and ethnicity, play an important role in not only the timing, but also the destination of home leaving, while age at arrival is particularly salient for racialized immigrant groups. Young immigrants of visible minority background are generally less likely to leave their parental home, even though immigrants to Canada are selected for their ability to succeed in Canada. Quitter le domicile parental pour vivre en autonomie a longtemps ete un marqueur de passage a l'age adulte et un signe d'adaptation des immigrants au pays d'accueil. Le moment et les parcours du depart a la maison ce sont tous importants pour les trajectoires de logement des jeunes adultes et aussi pour la demande globale de logements des zones d'accueil des immigrants. Toutefois, les jeunes adultes, immigres ou non, retardent de plus en plus cette transition, optant plutot pour un sejour prolonge chez leurs parents. Dans cet article, nous conceptualisons le depart du domicile comme une decision prise au fil du temps, influencee par des facteurs individuels, familiaux et contextuels et utilisons des donnees de panel recueillies dans le cadre de l'Enquete sociale generale (ESG) canadienne de 2011 et 2017. Utiliser le modele de Cox a risques instantanes proportionnels et d'un modele a risques concurrents, nous examinons le moment de la sortie du domicile parental, les determinants de ces sorties et les taux variables de formation de menages independants parmi les groupes d'immigrants, non visibles et de minorites visibles. Nous trouvons que, bien que la relation ne soit pas toujours lineaire, le statut des generations, ainsi que la race et l'origine ethnique, jouent un role important non seulement sur le moment, mais aussi dans la destination du depart, tandis que l'age a l'arrivee est particulierement saillant pour les groupes d'immigrants racialises. Les jeunes immigrants issus de minorites visibles sont generalement moins susceptibles de quitter le domicile de leurs parents, alors meme que les immigrants au Canada sont selectionnes en fonction de leur capacite a reussir au Canada., INTRODUCTION Living with parents, a once derided living arrangement for young adults, is becoming an increasingly prevalent social norm. In Canada, 42% of young adults aged 20-29 lived with their [...]

This essay argues that "expressions of life" of disabled people are both marginalized and nullified through geneticism. Underscoring the application of genetics is the continuum from liberal individualism to nostalgic populism. Drawing from the work of Judith Butler, the paper outlines an ableist matrix. Giorgio Agamben's observations about bio-politics—a distinction between the "bare life" and the "political life," with disabled people primarily associated with the former—denotes a restrictive humanism. How disabled people negotiate the privileging of political life over the bare life is illuminated through the concept of "normative shadows." The paper discusses how to affirm expressions of life of disabled people through the essay Pure Immanence: A Life by Gilles Deleuze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on a study on the development of medical genetics as a medical specialism in the U.K. and Canada to reflect on how local and national contents affect specialty formation. The paper begins by supporting earlier findings in the literature that stress, first, technological innovations as driving specialty formation, and second, the domination of physicians in the division of medical labour. Beyond this, however, the paper explores the specific circumstances under which geneticists set about turning their work into a medical specialism based on a "genetics-based approach" to illness and how "medical genetics" as a specialism has been assessed and configured to fit national and regional health service requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops the Foucauldian conceptual framework of discursive formation to discuss the emergence of the Canadian ELSI (Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of genetics and genomics) agenda. It explores the wider discursive ecology which has made possible the positioning of ELSI expertise as a legitimate modality for the governance of biotechnology. The paper critically evaluates the extent to which ELSI provides opportunities for Canadian society to participate in the governance of scientific knowledges by analyzing how "Canadians" are "included" in the activities of the Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee (CBAC). It concludes by highlighting some of the problems associated with the eclipse of politics by ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the Canadian literature on men who purchase sexual services and presents the results of a self-administered survey conducted in Greater Vancouver of 80 such men. The paper describes the general demographic characteristics of the sample and selected aspects of their sex-buying behavior. Because of heightened concern about the large number of street-level sex workers who have gone missing or been murdered, and in order to offer some reflection on the prohibitionist argument that violence in prostitution is ubiquitous, the paper examines the self-reported commission of violence against sex workers and other people. We also examine their experience of being victimized by sex workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the content of television programs is influenced by how their production is organized and regulated. The political-economic approach provides a useful framework to link television programs and the regulation of TV production within a single model, and to investigate their interrelationship. Two systems of TV regulation are described in this paper and their evolution is discussed. Data from in-depth qualitative interviews with Russian television industry insiders are used to examine the impact of changes in the regulation of television on the types and content of programs produced between 1990 and 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the impact of Quebec's $7/day child care program on an economically disadvantaged community near the Quebec/Ontario border, using qualitative interviews with mothers of children in the program and with child care workers, A pilot snowball sample of mothers and child care workers marks the first phase of a three-phase project in the community. This paper shows how investing in children through a universal child care initiative resonates through this economically hard-hit community, in essence producing a ripple effect through families and the community, and reciprocally back again to children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motherhood is widely considered to be a watershed in the careers of professional women, particularly those working in male-dominated occupations. Building on the literature in the field of women and non-traditional work, this paper seeks to account for the critical significance of motherhood, either anticipated or actual, for women in engineering. The paper moves beyond more conventional work-family balance arguments in suggesting that women enter engineering not as women, but conceptually as men—a status that, as mothers, they may find difficult to maintain. The challenge for those who do become mothers, then, is to manage the tension of balancing two potentially incongruous identities—"mother" and "engineer." This view is explored empirically through interview data from 37 women trained as engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the ongoing revolution in the use of tattoos in North America, academic understandings of tattooing remain grounded in conceptions of "tattoo enthusiasts" as social misfits. In this paper, data from three years of participant observation with tattoo enthusiasts in Canada help critique preferred social-psychological interpretations of tattooing as irrational, "risk-taking behaviour" (see Carroll et al., 2002; Roberts and Ryan, 2002). Through the lens of figurational sociology (Elias, 1983; 1994; 1996), tattooing is interpreted in this paper as a pro-social and affectively regulated act of communication, rather than a pathological instance of self-injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The December 2003 issue of "The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology," presented six papers on negotiating boundaries in a globalizing world. Boundaries may shift in tangible ways, such as within national or international laws, policies and practices, just as they may take shape in purely ideological terms. Shifting boundaries can occur at the relatively micro level, such as in interpersonal interaction or within neighborhoods, or at much more macro levels, such as cultural patterns or in national and international domains. Gerardo Otero and Heidi Jugenitz looked at the changing boundaries from within nation-states. Their interest centers on indigenous peasant movements in Latin America at the start of the 21st century. Susan Frohlick, in her paper, took interest in how globalization results in transnational boundary negotiations within a national context. The paper presented by Marie-José Nadal concentrated on changes involving the negotiation of identities within national boundaries in a globalizing world. Gillian Creese and Edith Ngene Kambere discussed how the forces of globalization are reflected in the boundaries created by language. Laura Simich explored the settlement pattern negotiations between immigration officers implementing the policies of Canada as the host state and the more than 7,000 refugees who arrive every year.

Many erstwhile supporters of the New Democratic Party, particularly organized labour and poverty advocates, claimed that they were betrayed by NDP governments in Ontario and British Columbia in the 1990s. This paper considers this charge in light of the best available theoretical case for thinking that the NDP's policies could have been significantly more social democratic without leading to reduced private investment. The paper finds this alternative theoretical case—articulated by leading "globalization sceptics"—to be flawed in several ways, and so concludes that the NDP could not have served workers and the poor in these two provinces much better than they did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the knowledge society metaphor is an uncritical transposition from the knowledge economy. It examines three different approaches to the former. These include the idea of the well-informed citizen, the institutional arrangements and social expectations for being knowledgeable, and the role of the Internet in providing critical underpinnings of a knowledge society. All three approaches are found to be seriously deficient. The paper suggests that a knowledge-aversive culture may be a better metaphor, as the social processes creating a high degree of knowledge specialization in the workplace may serve to increase ignorance in the broader society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to examine the process whereby two researchers, situated very differently, analysed the data arising from a jointly conducted study. The roles of the Canadian and the Indonesian researcher were crucially important in both framing and analysing the data arising from a collaborative group narrative research project, carried out with a core group in the graduate program in Women's Studies at the University of Indonesia (Program Studi Kajian Wanita). In this paper we explore some of the ways in which our different positioning affected both our relationship as researchers and our analyses of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contends that the links between the North American academy's two defining trends over the past decade (namely, the culture wars and commodification) need to be explored more explicitly than has hitherto been done. Rather than providing a detailed empirical description of these developments, what is proposed is a theoretically driven critique of some of the Right's main positions by identifying their underlying socio-political interests and effects. All in all, the paper aims to demonstrate that the current, neo-liberal phase of academic restructuring is a deeply politicized and contested product of the narrowing of the scope of historical possibilities for the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore—in a broad and preliminary way—the nature and impacts of two recent federal initiatives related to university research, namely the creation of the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Canada Research Chairs Program. After describing and highlighting key features of these initiatives, the paper examines how they are helping to reorganize social relations within and between universities, government, the private sector, and the general public. It also considers some implications of these changes for the various parties involved, as a means of informing the latter's discussions of, and responses to, these unique and significant developments in Canadian higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the uneasy and often conflicted relationship between an older woman's sense of self and her aging body. Using data from semi-structured interviews with 22 female participants aged 61 to 92 years, the paper examines the influence of the loss of perceived physical attractiveness and the deterioration of health and functional abilities on an older woman's sense of identity. The paper discusses the women's experience of the body as both mask and prison of the self and elucidates the challenge of the reflected image to a woman's sense of being youthful on the "inside." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thıs paper examines the representatıon of dısabılıty that ıs generated by, and supports, "people-fırst language." The paper first describes the ubıquitous formulation of disabled people as "just people." Second, the current ıdeology that stresses that disabled people are simply "people wıth dısabılitıes" ıs examıned ın one of its concrete manıfestations: a recent government document entıtled In Unıson: A Canadıan Approach to Disabılıty Issues By making use of Dorothy Smıth's concept that language ıs socıal organization, the author shows how dısabılıty is organızed ın this document as a medıcalızed and ındivıdual matter and, as such, takes shape as abnormal limıtatıon and lack of functıon that some people-four mıllıon Canadıans-"just happen to have." Finally, the paper concludes that people-first language is best understood as part of an ongoıng process that removes the possıbility of understandıng disabılity as a socıal, and thereby complex, polıtıcal phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent decade saw not only the rise of the importance of formal ethical research guidelines, but also witnessed the growing popularity and relevance of inductive research, better known as qualitative research and analysis. This paper addresses the social context of formal ethical review and its influence on qualitative research. Specifically, it suggests that when ethical review is based on the principles and epistemology of deductive research, it tends to erode or hamper the thrust and purpose of qualitative research. Using documents, formal research accounts, and the experiences of others and myself, the author indicates the lopsided nature of reviewing the ethics of research, which seems to work in favour of quantitative, formal hypotheses-driven research, to the serious disadvantage of qualitative research. The paper draws most heavily on evidence in Canada, the United States, and England, in the fields of anthropology, education, nursing, psychology and sociology The social processes underpinning researchethics review, the author avers, are similar to those associated with a moral panic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the literature on black students and racial disparities in high school completion in Canada and makes original use of the 2006 Census to analyze the educational attainment of 18- to 19-year-olds in Ontario and Quebec. Results of a logistic regression indicate that in both provinces, black/white disparities in graduation rates disappear when income, family structure, language, gender, and place of residence are taken into account. Higher rates of socioeconomic disadvantage among black children pose challenges for high school completion. These findings do not imply that racism has no impact; indeed, the paper concludes that high school completion may not be the outcome most suitable for evaluating the effects of racism on educational attainment. Future studies should examine the causes of racial disparities in intermediate outcomes of school success (i.e., grades, special education placement, academic tracking, and disciplinary sanctions), and their effects on the graduation rates and postsecondary pathways of black students. Cet article contribue a la litterature portant sur les eleves noirs et les inegalites raciales au niveau de l'obtention d'un diplome secondaire des 18-19 ans en Ontario et au Quebec. Les resultats d'une regression logistique demontrent que, dans les deux provinces, les inegalites entre les noirs et les blancs au niveau du taux de diplomation disparaissent lorsque le revenu, la structure familiale, la langue, le sexe et le statut d'immigration sont pris en consideration. Des taux plus eleves de desavantage economique chez les enfants noirs constituent un obstacle pour l'obtention d'un diplome d'etudes secondaires. De plus, l'utilisation de la diplomation afin d'evaluer la presence de racisme dans les ecoles peut s'averer un critere faible. Il est possible que la presence de racisme s'avere detectable uniquement lors de l'utilisation d'indicateurs mesurant de facon plus precise l'experience dans les ecoles ainsi que le cheminement a long terme des etudiants noirs, tels que le taux d'inscription et la performance au niveau de l'education postsecondaire., CONCERNS ABOUT RACISM IN CANADIAN schools and the particular experiences of black students have long attracted the attention of researchers and led to a number of qualitative and quantitative investigations [...]

This paper uses original Canadian survey data to compare support for and opposition to five energy-related climate policies. Results show that Canadians were very concerned about climate change and supportive of the policies. Variation in support and opposition was investigated using logistic regression. We tested models that associate climate policy support with a combination of one's ecological worldview, climate change attitudes, personal capabilities, contextual influences, and ascription of responsibility to take action on climate change, applying elements of Stern's (2000) theory of environmentally-significant behaviour and Patchen's (2010) model of climate change behaviour. We found that the more abstract policies attracted a different set of predictors than the more concrete policies. Females and parents showed increased support for the more abstract policies. Having an ecological worldview was a significant predictor of support for all policies but was obscured by other factors in a combined model. Cet article utilise des donnees d'enquete canadiennes originales pour comparer le soutien et l'opposition a cinq politiques climatiques liees a l'energie. Les resultats montrent que les Canadiens etaient tres preoccupes par le changement climatique et appuyaient les politiques. La variation du soutien et de l'opposition a ete etudiee a l'aide de la regression logistique. Nous avons teste des modeles qui associent le soutien a la politique climatique a une combinaison de vision du monde ecologique, d'attitudes face au changement climatique, de capacites personnelles, d'influences contextuelles et d'attribution de la responsabilite d'agir sur le changement climatique, en appliquant des elements de la theorie de Stern (2000) sur le comportement significatif pour l'environnement et le modele de comportement face au changement climatique de Patchen (2010). Nous avons constate que les politiques plus abstraites attiraient un ensemble different de predicteurs que les politiques plus concretes. Les femmes et les parents ont montre un soutien accru pour les politiques plus abstraites. Avoir une vision du monde ecologique etait un predicteur significatif du soutien a toutes les politiques, mais etait obscurci par d'autres facteurs dans un modele combine., INTRODUCTION Canada has been a laggard in the global fight against climate change, despite being among the highest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) per capita in the world. This is, [...]

This article examines the relationship between educational and occupational choices, and decisions about having children, among a sample of university-educated women. The research described here attempts to interpret the finding, evident in a longitudinal panel study of Alberta university graduates as well as in the 1991 Census, that a higher proportion of women in traditional fields like education or nursing have children by their thirties than do graduates of more non-traditional fields. The paper reports the experiences of a sample of women as they deal with the possibility, or the reality, of motherhood in a variety of traditional and non-traditional workplaces. While acknowledging the probable effects of gender socialization both on occupational choices and on family intentions, the paper suggests that the organization of work also materially affects reproductive decision making.

This paper introduces and contextualises the collection of papers that constitute the special issue on organizational crisis. In contradiction to mainstream notions of organizational crisis as a change that threatens the existence, growth or profitability of an organization, the term is here defined as the widespread existence of organizational processes that routinely reproduce ethnocentric, gendered, and other anti-human practices that continually recreate organizational environments as (social) psychologically damaging sites of human interaction. Pointing to the persistence of organizational realities and the relative absence of alternative theories of organizing, the paper outlines the contours of a radical theory of organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is motivated by the discrepancy between poll results revealing high levels of environmental concern and the minimalist actions adopted by most people. Specifically, it asks why the recycling bandwagon did not generalize to other behaviours? It addresses these questions by investigating the interpretive packages used by would-be agenda-setters to frame individual lifestyle changes. The results reveal a stunted discourse that fatally undermines the environmental project. The analytic task of the paper is to explain the content and structure of this discourse by reference to the interests and actions of both large and small actors. Consistent with the concept of distorted consumption, much of this discourse can be attributed to the mobilization of bias by large actors. Nevertheless, the results for the small steps package are more readily ascribed to "consumer authority" and indicate that the relative power of each type of actor may have shifted over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the relevance of various representations of ruralism/urbanism in Marx, Tonnies, and Weber as these pertain to the current literature on the issue of reflexivity in social science. Acknowledging the linguistic turn in human science inquiry, the re-examination of this discourse does not attempt to develop an "essentialist" definition of rurality. Rather the analysis is concerned with the meaning of the attempts by Marx, Tonnies, and Weber to develop a concept of rurality which involves teasing out the way negations and oppositions operate in their texts. The paper argues that the rural-urban discourse is structured by a modernist interest in engaging otherness and questioning limits. It also shows the difficulty a modernist consciousness has with preserving a sense of the very otherness it needs to engage. Several Canadian studies, which draw on the rural/urban distinction are cited to illustrate the field's conceptual predicament. The paper argues that part of the problem which modernity has with otherness (in this case the otherness of the rural) lies in the scientific requirement that, by virtue of a commitment to objectivity, reflexivity be excluded from the process of inquiry. Reflexivity, as intrinsic and necessary to the process of human science inquiry, is therefore both a topic and a resource for the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents sociologist Bonnie Fox's comments on author's paper "Family Study in Canada." The paper was about historical change. It questioned how an area of Canadian life that figured so large in the initial sociological enterprise in Canada could later become peripheral to concerns of the few sociologists who ultimately decide which papers are published in the official journal, which topics deserve special issues of that journal. Most texts try to present the "state of the art" at the time of writing. The textbook remains the only place where knowledge in the field is codified and legitimated. It was precisely because most Canadian family sociology textbooks attempt to catalogue all the knowledge in the field that they seemed entirely appropriate for the purpose of establishing how the field has been constructed through the 1980s. Fox's sketch goes a little way toward including a few names of the many Canadian scholars who have made important contributions to the field but whose identities and ideas.

Based on an analysis of in-depth interview data from 212 activists in a variety of social movements, this paper considers the way in which diverse movements' discourses frame political issues. After identifying primary injustice frames and social visions articulated by sample respondents, the authors assess the plausibility of a cross-movement unity based on shared "master frames," i.e., common understandings of injustice and a common social vision. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of their analysis for the viability of counter-hegemonic politics and for theorizations of contemporary social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper critically examines the assumptions of the advocates of "globalization" and develops an alternative that is the polar opposite. The first half of the paper challenges the following assumptions about "globalization": that national sovereignty is eroding for all countries; that the level of transnational ownership is higher now than in the past; that "globalization" has been the inevitable result of technological change; that democracy is strengthened by global economic liberalization. The second half of the paper examines the prospects for the creation of democratic alternatives to globalization in old and new social movements. Socially controlled investment funds that have "location commitment" to communities are seen as an alternative to the globalization vision of transnational corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current analyses of social movements in Canada focus primarily on the internal methods by which state hegemonic practices are challenged in an attempt to transform the relations of power. As a result, little attention is given to the methods by which the state increasingly constrains and channels social movements into particular directions Chat are crucial to the direction and ultimate success, or damise, of social movements. This paper looks atone way in which the state now intervenes to pre-empt antagonistic groups that have the potential to become full social movements, by co-opting them into little more than interest groups. Specifically, this paper attempts to show how the state successfully prevented a potential social movement on Prince Edward Island from reaching fruition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the perceptions of the employees, the media and the local community regarding the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. The legacy of nuclear waste from the Cold War is a global problem emerging in local contexts. This paper examines this problem from the perspective of the social identities of those who participated in the first ten years of production activities at the Hanford Site (1943-1953) and stayed to live in the locality. The issue of nuclear waste, specifically the transition to nuclear waste cleanup, is explored by means of life-histories, In particular, the paper explores the decline of the "culture of secrecy" in the locality in terms of the problems and opportunities it represents in the interpretation of the past and the present. The paper argues that this transition is particularly significant for those who participated in the construction of the Hanford Site. The analysis presented in the paper suggests that the relationship between self and locality is tightly connected to the perceived role of the Hanford Site as a peacekeeper since World War II.

The article argues that attitude is an invalid predictor for behavior in the issue of environmental protection. This paper contends that the environment is a domain in which attitudes do not predict behaviors very well. After reviewing evidence of low association, the author argues that the findings are not a result of poor methodology. Rather, the environment is a synthetic macro-category that does not fulfil any of the three criteria that are necessary for strong associations between attitudes and behavior. The paper goes on to argue that the attitude-behavior model misconceives the social structural basis of most environmental impacts and should be replaced with a more macro approach that focuses on collective actions. To this end, the author reconceptualizes environmental public opinion so that its potential impact on political debates can be addressed. With the amount of research devoted to environmental attitudes and attitude change, one might expect that these would be modestly if not strongly related to behavior.

This paper concerns the case study in sociology, and in the social sciences in general. The classical definition attributed to the case study is examined here by recalling the methodological conflict in sociology, marked by a rift between qualitative and quantitative methods, and by a retrospective look at the well-known case studies that American researchers devoted to French Canada (or Quebec), more particularly to its rural culture whose transformation relates to the 'meeting of two worlds.' The criticism levelled at these case studies are examined, especially those concerning their presumed lack of representativeness and objectivity. This lack was invoked without these terms being really stated or clearly determined. In this article, objectivity is defined as being the detailed account of the methodological strategies and operations guiding the approach to an object of investigation. Moreover, a distinction is made between statistical representativeness and sociological representativeness which best determines the generalization value of the case study. Finally, while this approach is considered as a study, or even as descriptive theory, this paper shows that description proves essential in the definition of explanatory theories. The example of the case study approach to the French-language economy in Quebec is presented in order to re-examine, in strictly methodological terms, all the points raised in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Porter's The Vertical Mosaic, published in 1965, is generally regarded as the first comprehensive study of Canada's national class structure. This paper makes the (qualified) argument that it is Leonard Marsh's little-known volume, Canadians In and Out of Work: A Survey of Economic Classes and their Relation to the Labour Market, published in 1940, that deserves this mark of distinction. The paper also provides a brief 'sociology of sociology' type of explanation for the difference in the receptions accorded the two volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]