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The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic closed most Canadian public schools for six consecutive months between March and September. This paper explores possible impacts of that closure on student achievement. Longstanding research suggests that lengthy periods of time out of school generally create losses of literacy and numeracy skills and widen student achievement gaps. New American studies have attributed sizeable learning losses to the COVID-19 closures. In lieu of comparable Canadian data, this paper extrapolates from summer learning research to estimate likely shortfalls in literacy and numeracy skills. We draw on data from 14 cohorts of Ontario primary-grade students collected between 2010 and 2015 in which 3,723 attended summer programs and 12,290 served as controls. Across three plausible scenarios, we use meta analyses and OLS and quintile regression models to predict learning losses of 3.5 and 6.5 months among typically-performing and lower-performing students respectively, and achievement gaps that grow up to 1.5 years among same grade peers. After qualifying these predictions, we recommend that provincial ministries offer targeted supplementary programs during the summer and synchronous instruction in the event of future school closures. La pandemie de COVID-19 de 2020 a ferme la plupart des ecoles publiques canadiennes pendant six mois consecutifs entre mars et septembre. Cet article explore les impacts possibles de cette fermeture sur le rendement des eleves. Les recherches suggerent que lorsque les enfants ne sont pas scolarises pendant de longues periodes, les competences en litteratie et en numeratie diminuent et les ecarts de rendement des eleves se creusent. De nouvelles etudes americaines ont attribue des lacunes d'apprentissage importantes aux fermetures du COVID-19. Au lieu de donnees canadiennes comparables, ce document extrapole a partir de la recherche sur l'apprentissage d'ete pour estimer les lacunes probables en litteratie et en numeratie causees par les fermetures. Nous nous appuyons sur les donnees de 14 cohortes d'eleves du primaire de l'Ontario recueillies entre 2010 et 2015 dans lesquelles 3 723 ont suivi des programmes d'ete et 12 290 ont servi de temoins. Dans trois scenarios plausibles, nous utilisons des meta-analyses et des modeles de regression MCO et quintile pour predire les pertes d'apprentissage de 3,5 et 6.5 mois chez les eleves typiquement et les moins performants respectivement, et les ecarts de rendement qui augmentent jusqu'a 1,5 an chez les pairs de la meme annee. Apres avoir nuance ces previsions, nous recommandons que les ministeres provinciaux offrent des programmes supplementaires cibles pendant l'ete 2021 et au-dela et un enseignement plus synchrone en cas de fermeture future d'ecoles pour compenser ces lacunes., INTRODUCTION: THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 SCHOOL CLOSURES .... [T]he COVID-19 Pandemic is likely to generate the greatest disruption in educational opportunity worldwide in a generation.... It is imperative, for this [...]

The purpose of this paper is to confront the notion of 'decline' at the village level by illustrating a more immersive approach to sociological and demographic research within rural and remote communities. The research uses case studies of three villages in Australia, Canada, and Sweden, all of which have been labeled as 'declining villages,' typified by population loss, an aging population, high rates of youth outmigration, and loss of businesses and services. This paper argues that focusing solely on quantitative indicators of demographic change provides a narrow view of rural village trajectories and ignores subtle processes of local adaptation that are hidden from quantitative data sets. Our research integrates quantitative data from the 'outside' with qualitative data from the 'inside,' including visual ethnography, to develop a more balanced perspective on how villages have been changing and what change could mean locally. These objectives are accomplished by revisiting a Dirt Research methodology applicable to a broad range of research into rural and remote villages. Resume Le but de cet article est de confronter la notion de 'declin' au niveau d'un village en illustrant une approche sociologique et demographique plus immersive dans le cadre de communautes rurales et eloignees. La recherche utilise les etudes de cas de trois villages en Australie, au Canada et en Suede, tout consideres comme des 'villages en declin,' caracterises par des pertes de population, une population vieillissante, et des taux eleves d'emigration des jeunes, ainsi que la perte d'entreprises et de services. Cet article pretend qu'une emphase sur des indicateurs seulement quantitatifs et des changements demographiques donne une vision reductrice des trajectoires des villages et ignore des processus subtils d'adaptation locale qui sont masques par des donnees quantitatives. Notre recherche integre des donnees quantitatives 'externes' avec des donnees qualitatives 'internes,' incluant l'ethnographie visuelle, afin de developper une perspective plus equilibree montrant comment ces villages ont change et ce que le changement peut signifier localement. Ces objectifs sont realises en revisitant une methodologie 'Dirt research' applicable a un eventail large de recherche sur les villages ruraux et eloignes., THE PURPOSE OF this paper is to first, confront the notion of 'rural decline' at the village level and second, to illustrate how a more immersive approach to demographic research [...]

This paper uses original Canadian survey data to compare support for and opposition to five energy-related climate policies. Results show that Canadians were very concerned about climate change and supportive of the policies. Variation in support and opposition was investigated using logistic regression. We tested models that associate climate policy support with a combination of one's ecological worldview, climate change attitudes, personal capabilities, contextual influences, and ascription of responsibility to take action on climate change, applying elements of Stern's (2000) theory of environmentally-significant behaviour and Patchen's (2010) model of climate change behaviour. We found that the more abstract policies attracted a different set of predictors than the more concrete policies. Females and parents showed increased support for the more abstract policies. Having an ecological worldview was a significant predictor of support for all policies but was obscured by other factors in a combined model. Cet article utilise des donnees d'enquete canadiennes originales pour comparer le soutien et l'opposition a cinq politiques climatiques liees a l'energie. Les resultats montrent que les Canadiens etaient tres preoccupes par le changement climatique et appuyaient les politiques. La variation du soutien et de l'opposition a ete etudiee a l'aide de la regression logistique. Nous avons teste des modeles qui associent le soutien a la politique climatique a une combinaison de vision du monde ecologique, d'attitudes face au changement climatique, de capacites personnelles, d'influences contextuelles et d'attribution de la responsabilite d'agir sur le changement climatique, en appliquant des elements de la theorie de Stern (2000) sur le comportement significatif pour l'environnement et le modele de comportement face au changement climatique de Patchen (2010). Nous avons constate que les politiques plus abstraites attiraient un ensemble different de predicteurs que les politiques plus concretes. Les femmes et les parents ont montre un soutien accru pour les politiques plus abstraites. Avoir une vision du monde ecologique etait un predicteur significatif du soutien a toutes les politiques, mais etait obscurci par d'autres facteurs dans un modele combine., INTRODUCTION Canada has been a laggard in the global fight against climate change, despite being among the highest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) per capita in the world. This is, [...]

That young Canadians are obtaining more education than previous generations might suggest that the relationship between parents' education and that of their children has weakened. However, accounts of intergenerational educational mobility in Canada published in the past two decades are scant. Drawing on the Longitudinal and International Study of Adults, this paper examines trends in intergenerational educational mobility from 1969 to 2016. Adopting an educational transition approach, I find no change in the relative relationship between parents' and children's education over time despite the structural expansion of education. The results of a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition suggest the upgrading of parents' education across cohorts partially explains this stability. The analyses further reveal a bifurcation in Canada's post-secondary system whereby higher parental education provides and advantage to youth for university degree completion while those whose parents have less education make their way to other post-secondary institutions. Le fait que les jeunes Canadiens soient plus instruits que les generations precedentes pourrait laisser croire que le lien entre l'education des parents et celle de leurs enfants s'est affaibli. Cependant, les comptes rendus sur la mobilite intergenerationnelle de l'education au Canada publies au cours des deux dernieres decennies sont rares. En s'appuyant sur l'Etude longitudinale et internationale des adultes, cet article examine les tendances de la mobilite educative intergenerationnelle de 1969 a 2016. Adoptant une approche de transition educative, je ne trouve aucun changement dans la relation relative entre l'education des parents et celle des enfants au fil du temps, malgre l'expansion structurelle de l'education. Les resultats d'une decomposition Blinder-Oaxaca suggerent que l'amelioration de l'education des parents a travers les cohortes explique partiellement cette stabilite. Les analyses revelent en outre une bifurcation dans le systeme d'enseignement postsecondaire du Canada, selon laquelle une education parentale plus elevee procure un avantage aux jeunes pour l'obtention d'un diplome universitaire, tandis que ceux dont les parents sont moins scolarises se dirigent vers d'autres etablissements postsecondaires., INTRODUCTION Canadian youth today are obtaining more education than previous generations (Zeman & Frenette, 2021). Full-time enrollment at Canadian post-secondary institutions has increased by 81% over the past three decades, [...]

Two approaches have been adopted to study Chinese overseas. The first one stresses homeland ties and sojourning mentality; the second one focuses on host society conditions and the social construction of Chinese. This paper analyzes the population of Chinese overseas after the Second World War, which has increased steadily over time but unevenly by region from 11 million in 1955 to 39 million in 2007. Certain historical factors and contemporary forces explain the uneven growth. The paper argues that undue emphasis on homeland influence is unwarranted in view of the importance of how receiving society and its policy of accommodation have shaped the growth and development of Chinese overseas communities after the Second World War. Deux approches ont servies a l'etude des Chinois outre-mer. La premiere approche met son accent sur les liens patrimoniaux ainsi que la mentalite du sejour; la deuxieme se focalise sur la societe hote et la construction sociale des Chinois. Selon mon analyse, la population de Chinois outre-mer depuis la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale augmente de facon stable mais irreguliere selon la region, demontrant une croissance de 11 million a 39 million de 1955 a 2007. Certains facteurs historiques et forces contemporaines expliquent cette croissance inegale. Donc, se propose un argument que l'emphase mise sur l'influence du pays d'origine est deplacee voire meme excessive en vue de l'importance des societes d'accueil et leurs politiques d'accommodement qui ont faconne la croissance et le developpement des communautes de Chinois outre-mer depuis la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale., THE LITERATURE HAS ADOPTED TWO DIFFERENT perspectives in understanding the development of Chinese overseas communities. The first one, discussed widely in studies of overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, stresses [...]

Dans cet article, I'auteur reexamine de maniere detaillee les rapports entrc le niveau d'instruction, l'age a la naissance du premier-ne et la descendance finale des femmes au Canada dans les annees 1980, compte tenu des changements en matiere d'options socio-professionnelles pour les femmes qui se sont produits au cours de la derniere generation. Les donnees employees sont tirees de l'Enquete nationale sur la fecondite au Canada de 1984 et concernent les femmes agees de 35 a 49 ans (n= 2083). Les resultats revelent une correlation plus forte entre le niveau d'instruction des femmes et le choix du moment de la premiere grossesse qu'entre le niveau d'instruction et la descendance finale. De plus, cette influence du niveau d'instruction sur le choix du moment de la premiere grossesse semble etre Vun des grands determinants de la tendance generale. Cependant, 1'etude a permis de degager une nouvelle tendance demographique importante: meme si elles ont moins de 20 ans quand elles donnent naissance a lour premier enfant, les femmes de la plus jeune cohorte (agees de 35 a 39 ans) ont eu moins de trois enfants au total. Tout laisse prevoir le maintien chez les femmes canadiennes des tendances recentes au mariage tardif, a une progeniture moins nombreuse, a des niveaux d'instruction plus eieves et a une participation accrue a la population active. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine in some detail the relationship between education, age at first birth and life-time fertility of women in Canada in the 1980s. This re-examination is related to the changes that have taken place in the past generation in life course paths for women. The data in this paper arc developed from the Canadian National Fertility Survey of 1984, focussing on women 35-49 years of age {N = 2,083), The findings show that it is the timing of first birth rather than the number of children ever born that is more related to educational attainment of women. In addition, it appears to be the effect of education on first birth timing rather than lifetime fertility that is of key importance in the overall pattern. However, an important new demographic trend is observable. Even when there is an early first birth (under the age of 20), the youngest cohort of women (age 35-39) had fewer than three children over the reproductive lifetime. It is likely that the recent trends of later marriage, smaller numbers of children, later age at first birth, and increasing levels of education and labour force activity will continue for women in Canada., INTRODUCTION In modern industrial society, the level of completed formal education is probably the single most important predictor of the other major indices of socioeconomic well-being (Statistics Canada, 1983; Trussell [...]

The theory of the treadmill of production highlights how the constant search for economic growth leads to advanced economies being stuck on a 'treadmill,' where their well-being is not improved by economic growth, yet the impacts of this pursuit of growth causes massive, unsustainable environmental damages. In interrogating the specific driving force that keeps the irrational system of the treadmill so powerfully in place, the theory of the treadmill of production focuses on how those who control the production process, corporations, are the primary agents driving the treadmill, while also highlighting how the state and workers generally continue to provide support for the treadmill's continued reproduction. In thinking about ways to begin to unwind the treadmill, there is a clear need to explore why workers, who are also consumers and citizens, continue to support (reluctantly or not) the treadmill of production. Through an analysis of the positional economy of consumption, this paper identifies key stakes that individual consumers have in expanding their income and consumption levels through the treadmill of production, despite the widespread inefficacy of the treadmill to increase aggregate satisfaction levels. This theory of the positional economy of consumption identifies the structural forces that lock individuals into increasing their income and levels of 'defensive consumption' merely to maintain their existing levels of social practices and the well-being generated from them, thus further supporting the reproduction of the treadmill of production. La theorie de l'engrenage de la production' ('treadmill of production') demontre en quoi la recherche constante de croissance economique enferme les economies avancees dans un 'engrenage', oU leur bien-etre n'est pas ameliore par la croissance economique, mais oU les impacts de la poursuite de la croissance se traduisent par des dommages environnementaux massifs et irreparables. En analysant les forces specifiques qui preservent ce systeme avec autant de pouvoir, cette theorie insiste sur l'importance de ceux qui controlent le processus de production (les corporations) en tant que principaux agents appuyant cet 'engrenage', tout en soulignant comment, d'une maniere generale, l'Etat et les travailleurs persistent a soutenir sa perpetuation. En pensant aux manieres d'arreter cet 'engranage', il y a un besoin evident d'etudier pourquoi les travailleurs, qui sont aussi consommateurs et citoyens, persistent a soutenir (a contrecoeur ou pas) cet 'engrenage' de la production. Grace a une analyse de l'economie positionnelle de la consommation, cet article identifie les principaux interets qu'ont les consommateurs individuels a augmenter leurs revenus et leurs niveaux de consommation au sein de cet engrenage de la production, en depit de son inefficacite generale a ameliorer les niveaux de satisfactions agreges. Cette theorie de l'economie positionnelle de la consommation identifie les forces structurelles qui enferment les individus dans une recherche d'augmentation de leurs revenus et de leurs niveaux de 'consommation defensive', seulement pour maintenir leurs niveaux actuels de pratiques sociales et le bien-etre qui en decoule, contribuant ainsi a reproduire l'engrenage de la production., THE CONTINUING PRODUCTION of excessive environmental risk, in particular climate risk, is one of the most fundamental problems facing economically advanced societies around the world. While climate change has already [...]

The Canadian Review of Sociology has been an important venue for scholarship on ethnicity and race. Through an analysis of publications dealing with both terms in the journal, between 1964 and 2010, the paper finds that publications have focused more on ethnicity than race, using a political economy approach, and quantitative methods. Over time, significant changes have occurred, including a move away from ethnicity to race and a move away from quantitative methods. Many of these changes have occurred in conjunction with policy and demographic changes in Canada and as a response to ongoing racial inequities. La Revue canadienne de sociologie a ete un forum important pour la recherche sur l'ethnicite et la race. Grace a une analyse des publications publies dans la revue entre 1964 et 2010 nous constatons que l'ethnicite a recu plus d'attention que la race, et que la majorite des publications se sert d'une approche d'economie politique et des methodes quantitatives. Au fil du temps, nous relevons l'abandon du concept d'ethnicite et la montee de la race et nous relevons moins d'etudes quantitatives. Ces changements ont lieu en parallele avec des changements politiques et demographiques au Canada et sont en reponse aux iniquites raciales., ONE OF CANADIAN sociology's main areas of concentration is ethnicity and race. (1) It is a topic that is prominently featured in introductory texts and series on Canadian sociology (see, [...]

While education statistics confirm that there is little difference in the dropout rates of native-born and immigrant youth, analyses of Toronto District School Board (TDSB) data have revealed significant variation in school persistence within immigrant groups. Among newcomer youth, the decision to leave school early has been reported to be strongly influenced by socioeconomic status as well as such factors as country of origin, age at arrival, generational status, family structure, and academic performance. While living in low-income conditions is thought to place both foreign- and Canadian-born youth at risk of poor school performance and early school withdrawal, their substantially higher incidence of poverty suggests that today's immigrant youth are likely to face greater obstacles to academic success that may in turn have detrimental, long-term consequences. This paper uses TDSB data to investigate the extent to which living below the low-income cutoff affects the likelihood of dropping out of secondary school, while taking into account generational status as well as a variety risk factors, noted above. Policy implications are discussed. Les donnees du Conseil scolaire du district de Toronto sont utilisees pour determiner quelles sont les repercussions de vivre sous le seuil de faible revenu (SFR) sur le decrochage a l'ecole secondaire, en tenant compte du statut de la generation d'immigrants ainsi que d'une diversite de facteurs de risques (par exemple, le pays d'origine, l'age a l'entree de l'ecole secondaire, la reussite scolaire). Les resultats ont indique que la mesure SFR du voisinage constituait un predicteur significatif du decrochage scolaire, independamment du statut d'immigrant. L'explication du taux de decrochage des immigrants a partir du facteur de la generation n'a obtenu que peu de soutien. La region d'origine s'est averee un predicteur marquant du decrochage ou l'on constatait des differences entre les groupes d'immigrants et entre les etudiants immigrants et les etudiants originaires du pays., IMMIGRANTS ARE WILLING TO BEAR THE costs of moving to a new and unfamiliar country in order to pursue economic opportunities, a better standard of living and, what is especially [...]

Conceptualizing professions has traditionally been problematic because professional characteristics vary across time and place. This paper explores the ways in which professions and occupations were historically demarcated through legislation. A look at professional regulation in five Canadian provinces before 1961 reveals approximately 36 distinct professional groups. I argue that developing a more accurate, empirically based understanding of what professions were in the past will help us conceptualize and advance research on professions in the present. Particularly salient are considerations of status, as well as the structuring of occupations' relations with other occupational groups, the public, and the state. Il a toujours ete problematique de conceptualiser les professions puisque les caracteristiques professionnelles varient beaucoup dans le temps et dans l'espace. Cet article analyse les facons selon lesquelles les professions et les occupations ont ete delimitees historiquement dans la legislation. Un regard sur la reglementation professionnelle de cinq provinces canadiennes anterieure a 1961 denombre environ 36 groupes professionnels distincts. L'auteure croit qu'une meilleure comprehension s'appuyant sur la recherche empirique de ce qu'etaient les professions par le passe aidera a conceptualiser et a faire avancer la recherche actuelle sur les professions. Particulierement importantes sont les considerations sur la qualite de meme que sur la structure des relations d'emploi avec les autres groupes professionnels, le public et l'Etat., RECENTLY IN CANADA, THE UNITED KINGDOM, and elsewhere, we appear to be witnessing fundamental change to what have traditionally been seen as some of the most autonomous, rewarding, and distinctive [...]

In light of public sector reforms in Canada and elsewhere, this paper focuses on the shift of emphasis from social to private responsibilities and raises new questions about the forces of private enterprise and market-based partnerships. Under neoliberal governmental agendas, privatizing responsibility links to three main developments: the reconsideration of the relations of public and private; the mobilization of responsible citizenship; and the formation of a cultural mentality of rule that works alongside these developments. The research for this article is based on extensive analysis of policy documents and public sector reform initiatives, as well as interviews with Canadian federal public service employees. A la lumiere des reformes du secteur public au Canada et ailleurs, l'auteure se concentre sur le deplacement des priorites des responsabilites sociales vers les responsabilites privees et souleve de nouvelles questions sur les forces de l'entreprise privee et des partenariats reposant sur les mecanismes du marche. D'apres elle, dans les programmes neo-liberaux du gouvernement, la responsabilite la privatisation est liee a trois principaux amenagements : la reconsideration des relations entre le public et le prive; la mobilisation de l'esprit de civisme; et la creation d'une mentalite culturelle d'observance de la regle allant de pair avec ces transformations. La recherche qui a ete effectuee pour cet article s'est fondee sur l'analyse a grande echelle de documents de politique et d'initiatives de reforme du secteur public, de meme que sur des interviews de fonctionnaires federaux canadiens., CURRENT RESEARCH AND WRITING FROM AUSTRALIA, Canada, United States, United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, and elsewhere, suggest that we are witnessing a change in how we think about [...]

In this paper, we discuss the concept of "choice" in filial care work. A dichotomy between choice and obligation is constructed in theoretical and empirical literature on filial care work. However, this dichotomy does hot adequately reflect family caregiving experiences; for instance, choice and obligation are hot mutually exclusive motivations. Rather, choice and obligation are "relational" and "contextual" and manifest in the interaction between macro- and micro-contexts. The choice-obligation dichotomy is also ideological. At the moral-political level, it promotes the downloading of responsibility by governments to family, obscures the complexity of filial relationships, and may even promote psychological ambivalence. Les auteures analysent le concept du << choix >> dans le travail des aidants naturels filiaux. Dans la documentation theorique et empirique sur le travail des aidants naturels, une dichotomie entre le << choix >> et l&apos; << obligation >> est consideree comme une construction sociale. Neanmoins, cette dichotomie ne reflete pas adequatement les experiences familiales de fourniture de soins; par exemple, le choix et l&apos;obligation ne constituent pas des motivations mutuellement exclusives. Ils sont plutot << relationnels >>, << contextuels >> et manifestes dans l&apos;interaction entre des macro et des microcontextes. La dichotomie choix-obligation est egalement ideologique. Sur le plan de la politique morale, elle fait la promotion du dechargement de la responsabilite des gouvernements sur les familles, elle obscurcit la complexite des relations filiales et peut meme promouvoir l&apos;ambivalence psychologique., FOR THE FIRST TIME IN OUR history, it is estimated that Canadian adults will spend more time caring for their aging parents than raising their children (McDaniel 2005). According to [...]

This paper analyses the replacement of Caribbean workers by Mexicans in Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program, highlighting the role of racialized understandings in implementing foreign worker programs. It argues that a process of racialization underpins the discourses employed by Ontario growers in search of the most hardworking, reliable and flexible labour force. Sometimes grower discourses manifest a crude racism, casting Caribbean men as hypersexualized Black subjects who pose a risk to Canadian women, while other times these racialized assumptions are framed in terms of physical and/or psychic dispositions to the production of certain crops. Dans cet article, on analyse le remplacement des travailleurs antillais par des Mexicains dans le Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers du gouvernement du Canada, en mettant l'accent sur le role des interpretations racialisees dans la mise en oeuvre de ce genre de programme. On y soutient qu'un mecanisme de racialisation etaie les discours des agriculteurs ontariens a la recherche de la main-d'oeuvre la plus laborieuse, fiable et flexible. Parfois meme, les discours des agriculteurs affichent un racisme grossier, depeignant les hommes antillais comme des Noirs hypersexues qui presentent un risque pour les Canadiennes, alors que, d'autres fois, ces prejuges raciaux sont formules en termes de predispositions physiques ou psychologiques a travailler a certaines recoltes., FOR THE LAST 40 YEARS, the Canadian state has facilitated the movement of up to 20,000 foreign workers annually for fixed periods of employment into the horticultural sector under the [...]

Using Canada as an example, we examine the extent to which immigrants take on the ethnic identity of their host country, thus displaying either an assimilated, integrated, or neither assimilated nor integrated ethnic identity. We pay particular attention to the impact of economic integration, years since migration, ethnic origin and visible minority status on ethnic identity. Surprisingly, our findings reveal that indicators of economic success such as employment status, occupation and prior earnings do hot have an impact on whether immigrants will assume the identity of their host society. The statistical analysis for this paper is situated within the existing acculturation literature. En utilisant le Canada comme exemple, nous tentons de determiner jusqu'a quel point les immigrants adoptent l'identite ethnique de leur pays d'accueil, empruntant ou non une identite ethnique d'assimiles ou d'integres. Nous portons une attention particuliere a l'impact de l'integration economique, du nombre d'annees ecoulees depuis l'emigration, de l'origine ethnique et de l'appartenance a une minorite visible sur l'identite ethnique. Etonnamment, nos resultats demontrent que les indicateurs du succes economique tels que le statut professionnel, l'emploi et les revenus anterieurs n'ont aucune influence sur l'eventualite que les immigrants endossent ou non l'identite de leur societe d'accueil. L'analyse statistique de cet article s'appuie sur la documentation actuelle sur l'acculturation., IN THE EARLY PART OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, social researchers focussing on immigrant acculturation generally presumed that assimilation was an unavoidable consequence of continuous interaction with the dominant cultural group. [...]

This paper examines the interplay of power relations in the Strip club. Through drawing parallels with the service industry, it explores the strategies strip club workers engage in to enhance their autonomy on the job and the resources they use to facilitate acts of resistance. The 'informal economy of favours' (Bruckert, 2002) that develops, through interconnections between and co-operative activities engaged in by workers, serves to create a more supportive work environment and to decrease the inherent uncertainties of the job. L'auteure de cet article etudie les jeux de pouvoir dans un club d'effeuilleuses. En etablissant des paralleles avec l'industrie des services, elle explore les strategies que les travailleurs des clubs d'effeuilleuses utilisent afin d'augmenter leur autonomie au travail et d'accroitre les ressources qu'ils mobilisent pour favoriser des actes de resistance. L << economie informelle des faveurs >> (Bruckert, 2002) qui se cree au sein des communications entre les travailleurs et de leurs activites de cooperation sert a etablir un environnement de travail plus soutenant et a diminuer les incertitudes inherentes a leur emploi., THE CANADIAN ECONOMY HAS INCREASINGLY BECOME more service-based (Little, 1999), resulting in changing labour relations (Sallaz, 2002). In an effort to reduce labour costs, the service industry relies on the [...]

It is the time for celebrating the joy of collectivity, the exhilaration of creating something that snowballs into something much bigger, and more amazing than previously imagined possible. It is a moment when we can break free from the alienation that capitalism enforces in so many ways. Notes from Nowhere (2003: 177) Anti-capital activists create spaces of justice in which diversity and inclusion are fostered, both at the sites countering the meetings of neo-liberal globalization and in their own meeting spaces. Using a hybrid of Young's ideas of justice as inclusion and autonomy, Maffesoli's notion of the social divine and Harvey's militant particularism, as well as activists' voices, this paper examines the ways in which global anti-capital activists forge protest or convergence spaces in opposition to neo-liberalism, as well as some of the key characteristics of these spaces of justice. The spaces created are shared emotional spaces in which alternative ways of being and acting together are explored. Les activistes anticapitalistes creent des espaces de justice, dans lesquels la diversite et l'inclusion sont encouragees, sur les lieux de protestation contre les reunions de la mondialisation neoliberale et dans leurs propres lieux de rencontre. Adoptant un point de vue hybride a partir des idees de Young sur la justice en tant qu'inclusion et autonomie, de la notion de Maffesoli de justice divine et sociale, et du particularisme militant de Harvey, ainsi qu'a partir des voix des activistes, l'auteure de cet article examine les facons par lesquelles les activistes anticapitalistes de la mondialisation etablissent des espaces de protestation ou de convergence en opposition au neoliberalisme et quelques-unes des caracteristiques importantes de ces espaces de justice. Les espaces ainsi crees sont des lieux emotionnels partages dans lesquels des manieres alternatives d'etre et d'agir ensemble sont explorees., IMAGES OF ACTIVISTS PROTESTING outside the sites of summits of the global political and business elite have become commonplace in the mainstream media over the last five years. As activists [...]

Depuis quelques annees, on peut observer que les regions amerindiennes des hautes terres du Perou souffrent d'un nombre accru de meurtres. Cet article examine si la reforme agraire entreprise en 1969 ne serait pas en partie a l'origine de ce ph6nomhe. Des donnees provenant de la communaute de Llallahui sont analysees afin d'examiner les conditions socio-economiques de la paysannerie andeenne et, a partir de cette analyse, des conclusions sur les effets politiques de ce genre de violence sont presentees. In recent years, Peru's Andean regions are experiencing a high level of homicides. This paper examines whether there is a link between this type of rural violence and the implementation of the 1969 land reform. Data from the community of Llallahui are used to discuss the significance of such a phenomenon in terms of the socio-economic conditions which prevail in the region and of the place it holds in undermining peasants' organized political responses., INTRODUCTION A high level of violence afflicts Peru's Andean regions where murder is a common occurrence and generally takes place during important social occasions. Although the dynamics of such conflict [...]

Sociology is increasingly seen as being at a crossroads shaped by an increase in political polarization and the rise of an unprecedented wave of social justice movements. It also wrestles [...]

For all sociologists do to help students recognize various forms of oppression and the ways systems of the same might be dismantled, at a disciplinary level, sociology remains complicit in [...]

Despite continued interest in gender (in)equality at work, Canadian research on gender occupational segregation stopped in the early 2000s. We revisit gender occupational segregation trends using newly developed harmonized occupational categories which resolve temporal changes in occupational classifications. Our analysis of the 1991-2016 Canadian Census Masterfiles finds gender occupational segregation, whether measured by the index of dissimilarity or Gini index, has steadily decreased since the 1990s. Yet the pace of its decline has slowed since 2000. This can be explained by the diminishing changes in vertical segregation, measured by inequality in earnings across occupations. Our results contribute to an ongoing debate about a stalled gender revolution. We also suggest new topics for future study. Malgre l'interet soutenu pour l'inegalite entre les sexes au travail, les recherches canadiennes sur la segregation professionnelle entre les sexes ont cesse au debut des annees 2000. Nous reexaminons les tendances en matiere de segregation professionnelle entre les sexes a l'aide de categories professionnelles harmonisees nouvellement developpees qui resolvent les changements temporels dans les classifications professionnelles. Notre analyse des fichiers principaux du recensement canadien de 1991 a 2016 revele que la segregation professionnelle entre les sexes, qu'elle soit mesuree par l'indice de dissimilarite ou l'indice de Gini, a diminue de facon constante depuis les annees 1990. Pourtant, le rythme de son declin a ralenti depuis 2000. Cela peut s'expliquer par la diminution des changements dans la segregation verticale, mesuree par l'inegalite des revenus entre les professions. Nos resultats contribuent au debat en cours sur l'enlisement de la revolution du genre. Nous suggerons egalement de nouveaux sujets d'etude pour l'avenir., INTRODUCTION The second half of the 20th century was transformative for Canada's women and men. Declining fertility rates and smaller family sizes followed the end of the 'baby boom' years [...]

In many parts of the world, the rewards attached to a university degree vary significantly according to the name of the institution one attends, particularly in countries with highly stratified postsecondary systems. Because the Canadian higher education system is relatively homogenous and non-hierarchical, it has been generally accepted that Canadian graduates enter the labour market on equal footing regardless of where they matriculate. We test this assumption through an experimental audit study that compares employers' responses to fictitious matched job applications from equally qualified bachelor's degree recipients from three Ontario universities: Brock, Queen's, and Waterloo. Not all employers make a distinction between the paired applications; but when they do, Waterloo is favoured. In these cases, even though applicants had the same field of study, academic achievement and work experience, employers singled out Waterloo applicants for a response 84% more often than those from Brock. These findings indicate that institutional affiliation matters in Canada, and suggests that graduates from some institutions fare significantly better in the labour market than their equally accomplished peers from other institutions. We conclude that even in relatively non-hierarchical systems with comparatively minimal structural or resource variation, status hierarchies emerge that privilege some graduates over others. Dans de nombreuses regions du monde, les recompenses lides k un diplome universitaire varient considerablement selon le nom de l'etablissement frequente, en particulier dans les pays ou les systemes postsecondaires sont trfes stratifies. Le systeme d'enseignement superieur canadien etant relativement homogene et non hidrarchisd, il est generalement admis que les diplomes canadiens entrent sur le marche du travail sur un pied d'egalite, quel que soit leur etablissement d'enseignement. Nous testons cette hypothese par le biais d'une etude de verification experimental qui compare les reponses des employeurs a des demandes d'emploi fictives apparides provenant de titulaires de baccalaurdats dgalement qualifies de trois universites ontariennes : Brock, Queen's et Waterloo. Tous les employeurs ne font pas la distinction entre les candidatures jumeiees, mais lorsqu'ils le font, c'est Waterloo qui est favorisde. Dans ces cas, meme si les candidats avaient le meme domaine d'etudes, les memes resultats scolaires et la meme experience professionnelle, les employeurs ont repondu 84% plus souvent aux candidats de Waterloo qu'a ceux de Brock. Ces resultats indiquent que l'affiliation institutionnelle a de l'importance au Canada, et suggerent que les diplomes de certains etablissements rdussissent beaucoup mieux sur le marche du travail que leurs pairs tout aussi accomplis d'autres etablissements. Nous concluons que, meme dans des systemes relativement non hierarchiques presentant des variations structurelles ou de ressources relativement minimes, des hierarchies de statut emergent et privilegient certains diplomes par rapport a d'autres., INTRODUCTION Postsecondary educational attainment is the single most powerful predictor of labour market outcomes in modern societies. In Canada, those with bachelor's degrees are more likely to be employed, make [...]

This study looks at the relationship between unemployment, religious disintegration and suicide in Alberta during 1997-2015. Religious disintegration is operationalized as the percentage of population with no religious affiliation. Economic theory predicts suicides increase when unemployment rates are high and decline when unemployment rates are low. Sociological theory calls for suicides to vary inversely with the degree of religious integration in society. Multivariate analysis supports both economic and sociological interpretations. In Alberta, periods of rising unemployment (recessions) produce more suicides, and increased levels of religious disintegration are positively associated with the incidence of voluntary deaths. Cette itude examine la relation entre le chomage, la disintegration religieuse et le suicide en Alberta entre 1997 et 2015. La disintegration religieuse est opirationnalisie comme le pourcentage de la population sans affiliation religieuse. La thiorie iconomique privoit que les suicides augmentent lorsque le taux de chomage est ilevi et diminuent lorsque le taux de chomage est faible. Selon la thiorie sociologique, les suicides varient inversement au degri d'intigration religieuse dans la sociiti. L'analyse multivaribe appuie les interpretations eonomique et sociologique. En Alberta, les periodes de hausse du chomage (recessions) produisent plus de suicides, et les niveaux accrus de desintegration religieuse sont positivement associes k l'incidence des deces volontaires., 1 |INTRODUCTION Social science research has documented a close relationship between economic cycles and mortality fluctuations (Eyer, 1977; Neumeyer, 2005; Ogburn & Thomas, 1922; Peeples, 2019; Ruhm, 2000, 2005, 2007; [...]

Western education has never been a politically neutral institution. It is rooted in a multitude of domination projects; upholding capitalist, white supremacist, colonial, and hetero-patriarchal ways of knowing. Maintaining control [...]

There is a growing international literature on the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. One of the biggest limitations for researchers in this field continues to be the dearth of population-based surveys that include questions on sexual orientation, gender identity, and high-quality demographic, health, social, political, or economic variables. This research note provides an overview of the current LGBT data landscape in Canada. We start with some of the challenges for researchers studying the LGBT community, including issues of sample size, measurement, response bias, and concealment. Next, we provide an overview of Canadian surveys that include questions on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, including the strengths and weaknesses of each. We end with a brief discussion on newly available administrative data and provide recommendations for researchers and policymakers moving forward. Partout au monde, on ecrit de plus en plus sur la vie des personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles et transgenres (LGBT). L'un des principaux obstacles que rencontrent les chercheurs dans ce domaine continue d'etre la rarete des sondages populaires qui comportent des questions sur l'orientation et l'identite sexuelles et des variables de grande qualite sur la demographie, la sante, la societe, la politique et l'economie. Ces notes de recherche fournissent un survol du paysage actuel des donnees LGBT au Canada. Nous commencons par decrire quelques-uns des defis que doivent surmonter les chercheurs qui etudient la collectivite LGBT, en particulier les questions liees a la taille de l'echantillonnage, aux mesures, au parti pris et a la reticence des repondants. Nous passons ensuite en revue les sondages canadiens qui comportent des questions sur l'orientation ou l'identite sexuelles et pesons les forces et les faiblesses de chacun. Nous discutons enfin brievement des donnees administratives maintenant disponibles et faisons des recommandations pour l'avenir aux chercheurs et aux decideurs., THE LAST THREE decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. Despite this, far less is known about Canada's LGBT population [...]

Amid growing numbers of doctoral graduates entering an increasingly competitive global academic job market, concerns about equity in the hiring process and the value of the Canadian Ph.D. are mounting. Grounded within the historical context of the Canadianization Movement, we examine the doctoral credentials of 4,934 U15 social science faculty between 1977 and 2017 to understand the ebb and flow of incoming and outgoing faculty across the country's academic field. Our trend analyses reveal an overall increase in the proportion of Canadian-trained faculty hires with the noted exceptions of Canada's top three universities who display a strong presence of high-status American-trained faculty throughout. Results from the contemporary period, between 1997 and 2017, reveal a time of retirement during which outgoing Canadian-trained faculty are replaced with increasing proportions of American-trained academics. Pendant qu'un nombre croissant de doctorants s'inserent dans un marche du travail academique global de plus en plus competitif, des interrogations concernant l'equite dans les processus d'embauche et la valeur des doctorats canadiens emergent. En tenant compte d'un contexte historique lie au Mouvement de Canadianisation, nous examinons les diplomes de doctorat de 4,934 'U15' professeurs en sciences sociales entre 1977 et 2017 afin de comprendre le flot fait d'arrives et de departs de professeurs a travers le champ academique du pays. Nos analyses revelent une augmentation generale de la proportion des professeurs formes au Canada, a l'exception notable des trois universites de plus haut niveau, qui ont une grande presence de professeurs de statuts eleves formes aux Etats-Unis. Les resultats de la periode contemporaine, soit entre 1997 et 2017, revelent une ere de retraite pendant laquelle des professeurs canadiens qui partent sont remplaces par une proportion croissante de collegues formes aux Etats-Unis., IN A RECENT UNIVERSITY Affairs piece, Maren Wood asked, 'What is the value of a Canadian PhD to universities in Canada?' (Wood 2017). Amid increasing numbers of doctoral enrollments (from [...]

Seventy new attendees of growing Mainline Protestant churches in Canada agreed to be interviewed regarding what attracted them to, and kept them at, their current congregation. A variety of responses revealed that, in part, the new attendees were drawn to their Mainline Protestant church by aspects of Conservative Protestant theology. Contemporary theories of group membership are used to explore the links between Conservative Protestant theology, group cohesion, and, to a lesser extent, church growth. Soixante-dix nouveaux participants provenant d'une eglise protestante traditionnelle au Canada en croissance ont accepte d'etre interviewes au sujet des caracteristiques qui les ont attires et qui les ont gardes a leur congregation actuelle. Une variete de reponses a demontre que, en partie, les nouveaux participants ont ete attires par leur eglise protestante traditionnelle par les aspects de la theologie protestante conservatrice. Les theories contemporaines de l'appartenance au groupe sont utilisees pour explorer les liens entre la theologie protestante conservatrice, la cohesion du groupe, et dans une moindre mesure, la croissance de l'eglise., BUSINESSES DEDICATE VAST amounts of time and money to analyzing what about their product or service attracts new clients to them and, conversely, what drives clients away. Churches, like businesses, [...]

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY IS A SUBDISCIPLINE closely articulated with all four of the sociological genres distinguished by Burawoy (2005)--the professional, the policy oriented, the critical, and the public. Political sociology, in [...]

INTRODUCTION On December 21, 2013, there was a severe ice storm in Toronto, which knocked out power in parts of the city for days. Most people had their power restored [...]

THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE OF many Canadian families is clearly intertwined with the economy and its labor market. The on going impact even on family structures--postponed marriage, decreased family size, adult [...]

WHEN FEMINIST SCHOLARSHIP established itself in the universities in the 1970s, it confronted a sociology of 'the family' that idealized the white, heterosexual nuclear family and took for granted the [...]

Are redistributive politics in Canada fading or merely in abeyance? In this essay, I examine the empirical evidence for the 'fading' metaphor, examine new, neoliberal lenses that have shaped recent policy developments, and identify changes in the role of political actors and policy-making institutions that have facilitated the redistributive weakening. Ever the optimist, however, I conclude on an upbeat note on future democratic possibilities for a fairer and more just Canada. La politique de la redistribution au Canada, est-elle en train de s'etioler ou est-elle tout simplement en suspens? Dans un premier temps, je pose le contexte empirique a la fois pour et contre la metaphore d' 'etiolement', tendances concernant la disparite des revenus, la pauvrete, et la repartition du revenu. Dans un deuxieme, je me concentre sur le role des nouvelles politiques ainsi que sur le soi-disant virage neoliberal dans l'ideologie politique qui ont faconne nos reponses a ces developpements. Finalement, je discute le caractere changeant a la fois des acteurs politiques et des institutions politiques qui ont restructure d'une facon cumulative la politique de la redistribution des revenus au Canada., I MUST BE EASILY imprinted by starting points and initial experiences. My first course in sociology was entitled Power and Stratification, taught by John Hofley at Carleton University in 1968. [...]

The John Porter Lecture at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociological Association in Victoria 2013 draws upon my book Us, Them, and Others: Pluralism and National Identity in Diverse Societies. Incorporating the findings from an analysis of Canadian English-language newspaper discourses during the 1990s into a theoretical framework inspired by Weberian sociology, the book argues that pluralism is best understood as a dynamic set of triangular relations where the compromise between unequal groups--'us' and 'others'--is rendered meaningful through the confrontation with real or imagined outsiders ('them'). The lecture summarizes the theoretical contribution and explains how multiculturalism became consolidated in dominant Canadian discourses in the late 1990s. The lecture then discusses changes to Canadian multicultural identity at the beginning of the twenty-first century. La Conference John Porter, effectuee lors de la rencontre annuelle de la Societe canadienne de sociologie a Victoria en 2013, se base sur le livre Us, Them and Others : Pluralism and National Identity in Diverse Societies (Winter, 2011). En integrant les resultats d'une analyse discursive des journaux canadiens en langue anglaise pendant les annees 1990, et a travers un cadre theorique inspire de la sociologie weberienne, le livre propose d'envisager le pluralisme comme une serie de relations triangulaires dynamiques, ou le compromis entre des groupes inegaux--'us' et 'other'- est amene a faire sens a cause de la confrontation avec l'autrui reel ou imagine ('them'). La conference debute par un resume de la contribution theorique, puis explique comment le multiculturalisme a ete consolide en tant que discours dominant au Canada dans les annees 1990. Par la suite, les changements subis par l'identite canadienne multiculturelle au debut du 21e siecle sont discutes., MY MAIN MOTIVATION for writing Us, Them, and Others: Pluralism and National Identity in Diverse Societies (Winter, 2011) was to find answers to the following questions: How does a national [...]

Many PhD students are anxious about their job prospects upon graduation. One of the major themes involves a perception that Canadians going abroad for doctoral training are privileged in their job search when they return to Canada to look for academic work. The belief is that many sociology departments prefer to hire graduates of programs outside the country. An examination of available information regarding the number and origin of degrees for recently hired sociology professors in Canada can help address this gap and finds that Canadian departments tend to hire Canadian-trained PhDs more than not, but there are some exceptions. Beaucoup d'etudiants s'inquieent de leurs perspectives d'emploi a la fin de leurs eudes. Un de leurs soucis principaux provient de l'idee repandue chez les Canadiens qu'une formation doctorale outre-mer augmente leurs chances de trouver une position a leur retour au pays. Ils s'appuient sur la conviction que beaucoup de facultes de sociologie preierent engager des diplomes de programmes de pays etrangers. Or, l'information accessible concemant le nombre et l'origine des titres de professeurs en sociologie recemment embauches au Canada, et compte tenu d'une attention particuliere portee a cet ecart, montre que les facultes canadiennes ont tendance a recruter plus de personnel ayant obtenu un doctorat au Canada qu'a l'etranger, bien qu'il y ait quelques exceptions., HOW DO WE SUMMARIZE half a century of accomplishments by thousands of Canadian sociologists? This is a question we repeatedly asked ourselves, and one repeatedly asked by the many colleagues [...]

This article discusses the main trajectories of class analysis that have been published by the Canadian Review of Sociology (CRS) over its first five decades, including research on class structure, the capitalist class, and the working class. Since the 1960s, three major intellectual challenges--(1) feminist/antiracist, (2) poststructuralist, and (3) individualization--have reoriented and fragmented the subdiscipline of class analysis. The article concludes by assessing the extent to which each of these intellectual challenges has impacted the streams of class analysis published in the CRS, and offers three thoughts on future directions for class analysis in Canadian sociology. Cet article discute les grandes trajectoires de l'analyse de classe publiees par La Revue canadienne de sociologie au cours des premieres cinq decennies, y compris la recherche aux sujets de la structure de classe, de la classe capitaliste et de la classe ouvriere. Depuis les annees 1960s, trois interventions intellectuelles--(1) feministe et antiraciste, (2) poststructuraliste et (3) personnalisation--ont suscite une reorientation et fragmentation de la sous-discipline de l'analyse de classe. Pour conclure, l'article evalue la mesure a laquelle chaqun de ces interventions ont influence les chemins de l'analyse de classe publies par RCS; de plus, il offre trois pensees a propos des futures directions de l'analyse de classe dans la sociologie canadienne., SOCIAL CLASS WAS a prominent but contested concept in 1964, the year of the inaugural volume of the Canadian Review of Sociology. For the Canadian sociological community of that time, [...]

Drawing on the 2000 National Graduates Survey and follow-up of graduates, this research examines who goes to graduate and professional schools in Canada. A greater proportion of students are continuing on to higher levels of education in recent years, yet it remains unclear if family background affects these decisions. The results indicate that social origins influence graduate school attendance both directly through parents' level of education and indirectly through student performance, aspirations, and academic confidence. Field of study and region of undergraduate institution also play a role in shaping educational outcomes, suggesting students may be partially 'liberated' from their family backgrounds by virtue of their undergraduate experiences. S'appuyant sur l'Enquete nationale aupres des diplomos (promotion de 2000) et le suivi des diplomes, cette recherche examine qui va obtenir son diplome et les ecoles professionnelles au Canada. Une plus grande proportion d'etudiants se poursuivent a des niveaux plus eleves de l'education ces dernieres annees, mais il reste difficile de savoir si des antecedents familiaux sur ces decisions. Les resultats indiquent que les origines sociales influent sur la frequentation des etudes superieures a la fois directement par le niveau de scolarite des parents et indirectement par l'intermediaire le rendement des eleves, les aspirations et la confiance academiques. Domaine d'etudes et de la region de l'institution de premier cycle jouent egalement un role dans le faconnement des resultats scolaires, les etudiants suggerant peut etre partiellement 'liberees' de leurs antecedents familiaux en vertu de leurs experiences de premier cycle., INTRODUCTION AS UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENTS at universities continue to rise, many Canadian students are confronted with the decision to attend even 'higher' education. While graduate degrees have long been an option [...]

THIS SPECIAL ISSUE IS SOMETHING OF a departure for the Canadian Review of Sociology. Sexuality studies have shown considerable growth in recent years around the world with the development of [...]

Both Barack Obama and Sarah Palin are commonly labeled 'charismatic' by the public. To assess whether or not Obama and Palin exhibit charisma in the Weberian sense, their rhetoric and actions are examined in the context of past elections and the political stagnation brought about by the politics of the culture wars. Where Palin's connection with the public flows from her role as a fighter in the culture wars, Obama articulated a vision of shared community and, in doing so, reorganized the electorate by incorporating disenchanted youth who had not voted over the past decade into his coalition. Thus, in Weberian terms, only Obama manifests charisma. Barack Obama et Sarah Palin sont tousles deux souvent etiquetes en tant que charismatique par le public. Pour evaluer si oui ou non, Obama et Palin demontrent une forme de charisme tel que definit par Weber, leurs rhetoriques et leurs actions sont examinees dans le contexte d'e1ections passees et dans celui ou regne une stagnation politique mise en scene par la guerre des cultures. La ou la connexion entre Palin et le public emerge de son role de defenderesse dans la guerre des cultures, Obama a articulee une vision d'une communaute partagee, et se faisant, a reorganise l'e1ectorat en incorporant dans sa coalition la jeunesse desenchantee qui n'avait pas vote durant les dix dernieres annees., TO MAKE THIS ARGUMENT, THE ARTICLE is divided into three sections. The first section outlines Max Weber's theory of social change, with particular emphasis on the role of charismatic authority. [...]

Drawing on accounts from 28 adult children, I explore the interpretive dynamics of filial and social responsibility for elderly people. Participants tended to characterize individualistic, voluntary motivations positive]y in talk about personal filial responsibility, yet when speaking about other Canadians, criticized individualistic values as promoting irresponsibility. Others were assessed negatively in contrast to an idealized past and non-Western cultures; 'Canadian society' was used as a contrast against which to define self as filially responsible. In this process, participants also reproduced conceptual opposition between filial and societal responsibility; rarer was an alternative, 'solidarity' paradigm utilized. A partir de comptes rendus de 28 enfants adultes, l'auteure etudie la dynamique interpretative de la responsabilite sociaLe et filiaLe envers les personnes agees. Dans leurs propos sur leur responsabilite filiale, les participants avaient tendance a qualifier de positives les motivations individualistes et spontanees tandis qu'en parlant des autres Canadiens tis critiquaient les valeurs individualistes comme faisant la promotion de l'irresponsabilite. D'autres personnes ont ete evaluees negativement en contraste a un passe et a des cultures non occidentales idealisees: la 'societe canadienne' a ete utilisee comine opposition a celle qui definit la personne comme filialement responsabIe. Dans ce processus, les participants ont egalement reproduit l'opposition conceptuelle entre la responsabiIite societale et la responsabilite filiale; le paradigme alternatif de la 'solidarite' a ete utilise plus rarement., IN CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN SOCIETY, RESPONSIBILITY FOR aging parents (filial responsibility) is topical. When adult children enter midlife, they may witness changes in their parents' health that motivate feelings and thoughts [...]

Randall Collins is Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and is the President of the American Sociological Association. In the following interview, Collins discusses the sociology of emotions, [...]

IN 2014, the United Nations twentieth anniversary of the International Year of the Family, there was a flourishing of conversations across the globe on family theories and policies, and challenges [...]

BEFORE 1985, STATISTICS CANADA'S HOLDINGS OF social data comprised the Census and the Labour Force Survey. The longitudinal and other social surveys which were developed in the 1990s were not [...]

In the late 1990s, the Canadian social assistance policy changed to focus on reducing 'dependency' or long-term receipt. Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (1996-2001) and event history models, we investigate the duration of social assistance receipt for lone mothers and other household heads. We find that lone mothers' education and labor force experience were less important predictors for their duration on social assistance than their previous marital history. Although receipt was generally short term, we find evidence of negative duration dependence, or a 'welfare trap,' after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. This indicates one way in which a welfare receipt is not only the result of particular life course trajectories but also shapes lives. A la fin des annees 1990, la politique de l'aide sociale canadienne s'est transformee, pour se concentrer sur la diminution de la << dependance >> ou de l'aide sociale a long terme. En utilisant des donnees de l'Enquete sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu (1996-2001) et l'analyse historique des evenements, l'auteur etudie la duree de l'aide sociale chez les meres monoparentales et autres chefs de menage. Ses resultats montrent que l'instruction des meres monoparentales et leur experience du marche du travail constituaient des predicteurs moins importants de la duree de l'aide sociale que leur histoire conjugale. Quoique les prestations qu'elles recevaient duraient generalement peu de temps, l'auteur a trouve la preuve d'une dependance nefaste, ou du << piege de l'aide sociale >>, apres un controle de l'heterogeneite non observee. C'est un exemple demontrant que recevoir de l'aide sociale est non seulement, le resultat de trajectoires de vie particulieres, mais faconne aussi la vie., BETWEEN THE LATE 1980S AND THE early 2000s, Canada and other western welfare states engaged in important and contentious debates surrounding the restructuring of welfare state programs. These occurred partly [...]

Stressing the direct impact of ideas on policy change, this article explores the adoption of the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP) in 1965 by addressing two closely related questions: in the mid-1960s: why did the federal government decide to create an earnings-related public pension system on top of the existing Old Age Security program? Second, why did that new system feature a replacement rate higher than initially proposed as well as a separate scheme for the province of Quebec? In order to answer these two questions, the article analyzes the debates leading to the enactment of the C/QPP. Insistant sur l&apos;impact direct des idees sur le changement politique, les auteurs se penchent sur l&apos;adoption du Regime de rentes du Quebec (RRQ) et du Regime de pensions du Canada (RPC) de 1965, en examinant deux questions etroitement liees: 1) Pourquoi le gouvernement federal a-t-il decide de creer au milieu des annees 1960 un systeme public de pension proportionnel aux revenus, en plus du Programme de la securite de la vieillesse alors en vigueur? et 2) Pourquoi ce nouveau systeme presente-t-il un taux de remplacement plus eleve que celui propose initialement, de meme qu&apos;un regime different pour le Quebec? De maniere a repondre a ces deux questions, les auteurs analysent les debats menant a l&apos;adoption du RRQ et du RPC., IN RECENT YEARS, A GROWING NUMBER of scholars have put forward theoretical frameworks aimed at explaining policy change in advanced industrial societies (e.g., Campbell 2004; Hacker 2004; Thelen 2004). A [...]

I pose the question--just what is university-specific about the activities of universities?--and address it ethnomethodologically in a preliminary way by examining the interactional accomplishment of what is, for the parties present, observably and reportably the beginning of a class at a university. Pursuing an answer to the question, given the audiotaped data to hand, turns on members' reflexive use of the categorical, sequential, and otherwise contextual resources made available by the setting. The questions of the analytic significance of the documentary method of interpretation and of the abstractness of membership categories are briefly taken up. Je pose la question: << Qu'en est-il au juste des activites des universites qui en font precisement des universites?>> Et je l'aborde ethnomethodologiquement d'une maniere preliminaire, en examinant la realisation interactionnelle de ce qu'est, pour les parties presentes, d'une maniere observable et rapportable, le debut d'un cours a l'universite. Rechercher une reponse a la question, etant donne les renseignements sur cassette audio disponibles, provoque l'utilisation reflechie par les membres des ressources contextuelles categorielles, sequentielles et autres rendues disponibles par l'encadrement. Les questions de la signification analytique de la methode documentaire d'interpretation et de l'abstraction des categories d'adhesion sont brievement reprises., THE QUESTION AND THE APPROACH Whether thought to be "in chains" (Giroux 2007), "in ruins" (Readings 1996), "for sale" (Tudiver 1999), or "no place to learn" (Pocklington and Tupper 2002), [...]

In Canada, many universities are taking steps to recruit and meet the needs of immigrants and/or their sons and daughters, many of whom have English as a second language (ESL). There is, however, no research in Canada comparing potential increases in the linguistic capital of ESL and other students over the course of their university careers and the connection between increases in linguistic capital and academic achievement. In this study, it is shown that in contrast to Canadian- and foreign-born students for whom English is a first language, and Canadian-born ESL students, the linguistic capital of foreign-born ESL students increases over 4 years of university study; however, this increase in linguistic capital is not paralleled by an increase in academic achievement. Au Canada, plusieurs universites prennent des mesures pour recruter des immigrants ou leurs enfants et satisfaire leurs besoins--et parmi eux plusieurs ont l'anglais comme langue seconde. Il n'y a pas de recherches au Canada qui comparent la progression potentielle du capital linguistique des etudiants ayant l'anglais comme langue seconde et celui des autres etudiants au til de leur parcours universitaire, avec les relations entre les progressions du capital linguistique et de l'acquisition des connaissances. L'auteur montre dans cette etude que, contrairement aux etudiants canadiens et ceux nes a l'etranger pour lesquels l'anglais est la premiere langue, le capital linguistique des etudiants nes a l'etranger dont l'anglais est une langue seconde s'accroit au cours des quatre annees d'etudes universitaires. Cependant, cette augmentation du capital linguistique ne correspond pas a une augmentation de l'acquisition des connaissances., ALMOST 2 MILLION IMMIGRANTS ARRIVED IN Canada in the 1990s. Seventeen percent of this number were children aged 5-16. As a result of this migration pattern, the foreign born now [...]

IN THE SPRING OF 2003, the Halifax meeting of the CSAA (now CSA) saw its first session on 'Genes and Society.' Since then, the session has not only become a [...]

The literature in inconclusive as to whether the immigrant enclave economy offers returns to immigrant workers and entrepreneurs comparative to those in the mainstream economy. This study uses data from the 2001 Census of Canada on language most often used at work to measure enclave economy participation for Chinese immigrants. The findings show that returns are lower for men or women in the enclave than those in the mainstream economy, respectively, after controlling for human capital, work-related and urban variations. Language features of and job type in the enclave economy explain why returns are inferior to that of the mainstream economy. La documentation sur le sujet n'est pas decisive quant a savoir si l'economie ethnique enclavee enregistre un rendement economique comparable chez les travailleurs et les entrepreneurs immigrants a ceux qui se situent dans le courant economique principal. Les auteurs de cette etude utilisent des donnees du Recensement du Canada de 2001 sur la langue la plus utilisee au travail afin de mesurer la participation des immigrants chinois a l'economie enclavee. Apres les avoir compares au capital humain ainsi qu'aux variations liees au travail et au milieu urbain, les resultats demontrent que le rendement est moins eleve chez les hommes et chez les femmes de l'enclave que celui des gens qui se trouvent dans le courant economique principal. Les caracteristiques de la langue et le type de travail qui s'effectue dans l'economie enclavee expliquent pourquoi le rendement y est inferieur a celui obtenu dans le courant economique principal., THE IMMIGRANT ENCLAVE ECONOMY THESIS first developed by Wilson and Portes (1980) offers a refreshing understanding of how some immigrant groups in North America manage to develop alternate avenues of [...]

This article examines connections between housing, the organization of family life, and the reproduction of social inequality. It focusses on 'on-the-ground' social processes--specifically, those surrounding the organization of social reproduction (the daily care of children and adults) as a private or a collective concern. It examines these processes in a setting where the housing is publicly held and collectively managed. The analysis indicates that the setting has contradictory implications for the organization of daily caregiving work. Of particular concern here is the way this can play out as the reproduction of social inequality among women raising families. L'auteure de cet article examine les liens existant entre le logement, l'organisation de la vie familiale et la reproduction des inegalites sociales. Elle se concentre sur les processus sociaux << sur le terrain >> --particulierement sur ceux entourant l'organisation de la reproduction sociale (les soins quotidiens donnes aux enfants et aux adultes) en tant que preoccupation personnelle ou collective. Elle etudie ces processus dans un cadre ou les logements sont detenus publiquement et geres colleetivement. Son analyse indique que l'environnement a des repereussions contradictoires sur l'organisation de la prestation quotidienne des soins. L'auteure se soucie en particulier de la maniere dont il influence la reproduction des inegalites sociales chez les femmes qui elevent des enfants., CRITICAL INTEREST IN THE ORGANIZATION of family life has a long history in theory and research on the reproduction of social inequality. Gender scholars have shown particular interest in this [...]

Faisant appel a la litterature d'etudes culturelles, cet article sugghre que la condition de post-modernite Cree de nouveaux challenges pour le domaine d'anthropologie culturelle qui vont au dela du probkme pourtant significatif de la representation ethnographique. Explorant le projet post-moderniste comme I'un de ceux qui impliquent une approche particuliere des phenomhnes culturels dans une Bconomie globale, l'article pousse les anthropologues a reconcevoir le concept de culture et a explorer les politiques culturelles de la vie quotidienne dans le contexte d'une representation globale du capitalisme. Drawing upon cultural studies literature, this article suggests that the condition of postmodernity poses new challenges to the field of cultural anthropology that go beyond the (still significant) problem of ethnographic representation. Exploring the postmodernist project as one that involves a particular approach to cultural phenomena in a multinational global economy, the article urges anthropologists to reconceive the concept of culture and explore the cultural politics of everyday life in the context of the global restructuring of capitalism., The use of the term postmodern immediately begs clarification given the ubiquity of the term and the heterogeneity of its referents. I draw upon a growing body of literature in [...]

WHY TRANSITIONAL REFLECTIONS? The original intent of this introduction was to write a synthetic survey--a 'state of the art' statement about cultural studies in Canada and Quebec. That goal was [...]