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There has been controversy regarding the air pollutants emitted from sources closely related to the activities of daily life in China, such as cooking, setting off fireworks, sacrificial incense and joss paper burning, and barbecue (which have been named the five missing sources – FMSs), and the extent to which they impact the outdoor air quality. To date, due to the lack of both an activity dataset and emission factors, there have been no estimations of the emission of air pollutants from FMSs. In this work, we have attempted to combine questionnaire data, various statistical data, and data on points of interest to obtain a relatively complete set of activity data. The emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous aerosols were tested in our lab. Emission inventories of carbonaceous aerosols with a high spatial–temporal resolution for FMSs were then established, and the spatial variation trend and driving forces were discussed. From 2000 to 2018, organic carbon (OC) emissions were in the range of 4268–4919 t. OC emissions from FMSs were between 1.5 ‰ and 2.2 ‰ of the total emissions in China. Black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and brown carbon (BrC) absorption cross-section (ACS BrC) emissions from FMSs were in the ranges of 22.6–43.9 t, 213–324 t, and 14.7–35.6 Gm 2 , respectively. Their emissions tended to be concentrated in certain periods and areas. The OC emission intensities in central urban areas were 3.85–50.5 times those in rural areas (due to the high density of human activity), while the ACS BrC emissions in rural regions accounted for 63.0–79.5 % of the total emissions (resulting from uncontrolled fireworks). A mass of fireworks led to much higher ACS BrC and EC emissions on Chinese New Year's Eve, with respective values that were 1444 and 262 times their corresponding yearly averages. Significant (p<0.01) correlations between the population's income and pollutant emissions were also found: these correlations were positive (r=0.94) and negative (r=-0.94) for urban and rural regions, respectively, indicating the necessity to regulate residents' lifestyles and increase residents' income in respective urban and rural regions. This study provides firsthand data to identify emissions, variation trends, and impacting factors from the FMSs. This is helpful for modeling works on air quality, the climate effect, and human health risks during specific periods or in specific regions as well as for modifying emission control policies. The data compiled in this work can found at 10.6084/m9.figshare.19999991.v2 (Cheng et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been controversy about the air pollutants emitted from sources closely related to people's daily life (such as cooking, fireworks burning, sacrificial incenses and joss paper burning, and barbecue, named as five missing sources, FMS) impacting the outdoor air quality to what extent. Till now, there is no emission estimation of air pollutants from FMS, as the missing of both activity dataset and emission factors. We attempted to combine the questionnaire data, various statistical data, and data of points of interest to obtain a relatively complete set of activity data. The emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous aerosols were tested in our lab. Then, the emission inventories of carbonaceous aerosol with the high spatial-temporal resolution for FMS were established firstly, and the spatial-variation trend and driving forces were discussed. From 2000 to 2018, organic carbon (OC) increased from 4268 t to 4919 t. The OC emission from FMS was 1.48-2.18 - of its total emission in China. The emissions of black carbon, element carbon (EC), and brown carbon absorption cross-section (ACSBrC) emissions from FMS were in the ranges of 22.6-43.9 t, 213-324 t, and 14.7-35.6 Gm2, respectively. Their emissions tended to concentrate in special periods and areas. The OC emission intensities in central urban areas were 3.85-50.5 times that of rural areas due to the high density of human activities. While the ACSBrC emissions in rural regions accounted for 63.0-79.5% of the total emission result from uncontrolled fireworks burning. A mass of fireworks burning led to extremely higher ACSBrC and EC emissions on Chinese New Year's eve, as 1444 and 262 times their corresponding yearly average values. Interestingly, significant (p<0.01) correlations between human incomes and pollutant emissions were found, but they were positive (r = 0.94) and negative (r = -0.94) for urban and rural regions, indicating the necessity of regulating human lifestyle and increasing income for urban and rural peoples, respectively. This study provided the first-hand data for identifying the emissions, variation trends and impacting factors of FMS, which is helpful for modeling works on air quality, climate effect, and human health risks at specific periods or regions and for modifying their emission control policies. The data in this work could be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19999991.v1 (Cheng et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 3D building models, a large number of texture maps with different sizes increase the number of model data loading and drawing batches, which greatly reduces the drawing efficiency of the model. Therefore, this paper proposes a texture set mapping method based on vertex importance. Firstly, based on the 2D space boxing algorithm, the texture maps are merged and a series of Mipmap texture maps are generated, and then the vertex curvature, texture variability and location information of each vertex are calculated, normalized, and weighted to get the importance of each vertex, and then finally, different Mipmap-level textures are remapped according to the importance of the vertices. The experiment proves that the algorithm in this paper can reduce the amount of texture data on the one hand, and avoid the rendering pressure brought by the still large amount of data after merging on the other hand, so as to improve the rendering efficiency of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve participatory paper maps by separate groups of men and women were facilitated by the High Atlas Foundation in six communities in Morocco between 2010–2020 as part of their process of participatory development. In this research, these sketch maps are analyzed for the first time. The twelve participatory paper maps underwent a gender-focused content frequency analysis. Seven communities were located using OpenStreetMap and Google Maps by a High Atlas Foundation expert. It was found that men contributed more overall geographic elements and written Arabic commentary than women, which could indicate a higher level of familiarity with their community and comfortability in communicating their opinions in writing. It was also found that there are many barriers to adding data from the sketch maps to OpenStreetMap due to language, loss of institutional memory, inconsistencies between the sketch maps of the same location, and inconsistencies between the sketch maps and satellite imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological methods for digital documentation and the experimental best practice standards used to document and describe the many artistic objects determine the challenges and the numerous uses of today's cultural heritage.Because of this, it's crucial to preserve heritage by documenting it consciously and using conservation techniques that don't diminish or affect its worth. The study examines the issues we faced in disseminating all of the technical content we have, rather than focusing on the general importance of digital data for the technical staff. To share our heritage, we must make the digital legacy we have built over the last twenty years accessible. Starting from practical examples of dissemination projects in the context of conservation items, the analysis discusses an investigation into the findings and disciplinary culture that have resulted from research conducted by academics in the field of digital heritage on papers, conferences and EU projects produced and conducted between 2018 and 2022. The paper reviews the digital cultural heritage framework outlined by research up to this point.Our findings demonstrate that, despite the fact that the DCH area is constantly changing, we still primarily consider the technical side of digital without considering it as a genuine possibility for openness and sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to prepare a cellulose paper that was impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the purpose of water purification (disinfection and filtration). AgNP papers were prepared by chemical reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with various concentrations (0.005 M , 0.015 M , 0.03 M , and 0.05 M) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. Two ratios for NaBH4/AgNO3 of 2:1 and 10:1 were used to show the effect of reduction on the formation and removal efficiencies of AgNPs. AgNP papers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. An acid digestion using HCl acid followed by analyzing the samples in an atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS) was conducted to measure the silver concentration in AgNP papers. TEM images showed that the silver nanoparticle size in the papers varied from 1.3 to 75 nm. Water samples, after filtration through AgNP papers, were analyzed using ASS to measure the silver concentration in the effluent water. AgNP paper antibacterial efficiency ranged from 99 % to 100 % for both reduction ratios. The average silver content in the effluent water for the three replicates ranged from 0 to 0.082 mgL-1 , which meets the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) guideline for drinking water of less than 0.1 mgL-1. Turbidity tests showed that these papers can be usefully used as point-of-use filters as the turbidity reduced to less than 1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report key elements and figures related to the proceedings of the 2021 edition of the XXIVth ISPRS Congress. Similarly to 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused global travel challenges and restrictions for the first half of 2021. Consequently, the physical Congress re-scheduled from June 2020 to July 2021 was again postponed to June 2022, still in Nice (France). Papers were already submitted and the ISPRS Council decided to carry out the review process and the publication of the proceedings of the papers submitted under the label "2021 Edition". The authors of published papers had the opportunity to present their work during a Digital Event, this year scheduled the same week as the planned Congress (5–9 July 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct measurement of the acidity (pH) of ambient aerosol particles/droplets has long been a challenge for atmospheric scientists. A novel and facile method was introduced recently by Craig et al. (2018), where the pH of size-resolved aerosol droplets was directly measured by two types of pH-indicator papers (pH ranges: 0–2.5 and 2.5–4.5) combined with RGB-based colorimetric analyses using a model of G-B (G minus B) vs. pH2. Given the wide pH range of ambient aerosols, we optimize the RGB-based colorimetric analysis on pH papers with a wider detection range (pH ∼ 0 to 6). Here, we propose a new model to establish the linear relationship between RGB values and pH: pHpredict = a⋅Rnormal+b⋅Gnormal+c⋅Bnormal. This model shows a wider applicability and higher accuracy than those in previous studies and is thus recommended in future RGB-based colorimetric analyses on pH papers. Moreover, we identify one type of pH paper (Hydrion® Brilliant pH dip stiks, lot no. 3110, Sigma-Aldrich) that is more applicable for ambient aerosols in terms of its wide pH detection range (0 to 6) and strong anti-interference capacity. Custom-made impactors are used to collect lab-generated aerosols on this type of pH paper. Preliminary tests show that, with a collected particle size range of ∼ 0.4–2.2 µm , the pH paper method can be used to predict aerosol pH with an overall uncertainty ≤ 0.5 units. Based on laboratory tests, a relatively short sampling time (∼ 1 to 4 h) is speculated for pH prediction of ambient aerosols. More importantly, our design of the impactors minimizes potential influences of changed environmental conditions during pH paper photographing processes on the predicted aerosol pH. We further show that the routinely adopted way of using pH color charts to predict aerosol pH may be biased by the mismatch between the standard colors on the color charts and the real colors of investigated samples. Thus, instead of using the producer-provided color charts, we suggest an in situ calibration of pH papers with standard pH buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humankind is known to be curious and inquisitive. Even if the code were lost, future individuals would be eager to find out what kind of message a printed paper offers. This was already the case when hieroglyphs were deciphered. Printed paper does not need additional equipment to be recognized as a data carrier. Therefore, paper as an analogue data store medium provides an interesting redundancy to deliver important information to future generations. The presentation deals with topics of age resistance of paper and inks as well as recommendations of how to empower printed or written paper to be a long-term data store. Different ageing conditions, different inks, different printing processes, and different fibre sources reveal the opportunities and threats. Data obtained during a 2-year-long project together with BASE (Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung – Federal Authority for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management) on the long-term stability of paper (Langzeitbeständigkeit von Papier – Labest Papier) emphasize the feasibility (Arbeitsstandberichte AP1–AP3 (literature, typical damage, recommendations), unpublished data). The ageing mechanisms of paper are known, as are countermeasures. This leads to standards and recommendations for the use of paper for documents. ISO 9706 (1994) is the main proponent of the direction that longevity can be ensured solely via the composition of the paper and the initial situation at the beginning of ageing. DIN 6738 (2007), on the other hand, takes as its basis the approach of assessing the physical ageing of the paper based on artificial ageing and the strength losses observed in the process. Other standards vary the approaches somewhat or mix them in part, for which the lecture presents a comparison table. The usability of a document depends on two essential factors. Firstly, the residual strength after an ageing process must be high enough for the document to be usable. Secondly, the information written on it must still be legible or at least recognizable (ISO 11798, 2023). However, although certain fibre resources that are recommended by different standards dealing with the long-term storage of documents as well as some fibre sources are denied, we must consider that all fibre sources undergo an ageing process. Different combinations of fibre and ink will lead to different results after natural or artificial ageing. This does not necessarily mean that only the best combination is able to fulfil the requirements related to transport information to an address in the far future. Albeit less strong or with higher optical changes, even by current standards, a rejected fibre source may nevertheless be able to keep the printed information over a long period of time. Paper has been a proven reliable information carrier for approx. 1000 years as the oldest known paper document archived in Palermo is from 1109 CE. It is reasonable to expect a reliability for many more years because the "Ebers" papyrus (worldwide longest, complete, and best-preserved papyrus scroll) stored at the University of Leipzig is already 3500 years old. Compared to modern information storage media such as digital media or microfilm, paper also has the advantage of a long migration time and that no reading or decoding device is necessary. Taking this into account, paper documents are predestined to play a major role in record, knowledge, and memory (RK&M) strategies, as described by Pescatore and Palm (2023). Finally, it remains to say that there can never be an intactness in the sense of being completely untouched. Paper, however, is a material consisting of natural polymers that prove their longevity in the world's oldest tree, a 9500-year-old spruce in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to prepare a cellulose paper was impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the purpose of water purification (Disinfection (removal of Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococcus Faecalis, Enterobacter Aerogenes, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis) and filtration). AgNPs papers were prepared by chemical reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with various concentrations (0.005 M, 0.015 M, 0.03 M, and 0.05 M) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. Two ratios of NaBH4 / AgNO3 of 2 : 1 and 10 : 1 were used to show the effect of reduction on the formation and removal efficiencies of AgNPs. AgNPs papers were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). An acid digestion using HCL acid followed by analyzing the samples in Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (ASS) was conducted to measure the silver concentration in AgNPs papers. TEM images showed that the silver nanoparticles size in the papers varies from 1.3 to 75 nm. Water samples, after filtration through AgNPs papers, were analyzed using (ASS) to measure the silver concentration in the effluent water. AgNPs paper antibacterial efficiency ranged (99 % to 100 %) for both reduction ratios. The average silver content in the effluent water for the three replicates ranged from 0 to 0.082 mg/L which meets the United States- Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) guideline for drinking water of less than 0.1 mg/L Turbidity tests showed that these papers can be usefully used as a point of use filters as the turbidity reduced to less than 1 NTU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct measurement of the acidity (pH) of ambient aerosol particles/droplets has long been a challenge for atmospheric scientists. A novel and facile method was introduced recently by Craig et al. (2018), where the pH of size-resolved aerosol droplets was directly measured by two types of pH-indicator papers (pH ranges: 0–2.5 and 2.5–4.5) combined with RGB-based colorimetric analyses using a model of G − B (G minus B) versus pH². Given the wide pH range of ambient aerosols, we optimize the RGB-based colorimetric analysis on pH papers with a wider detection range (pH ~ 0 to 6). Here, we propose a new model to establish the linear relationship between RGB values and pH: pHpredict = a × Rnormal + b × Gnormal + c × Bnormal. This model shows a wider applicability and higher accuracy than those in previous studies, and is thus recommended in future RGB-based colorimetric analyses on pH papers. Moreover, we identify one type of pH paper (Hydrion® Brilliant pH dip stiks, Lot Nr. 3110, Sigma-Aldrich) that is more applicable for ambient aerosols in terms of its wide pH detection range (0 to 6) and strong anti-interference capacity. The determined minimum sample mass (~ 180 μg) highlights its potential to predict aerosol pH with a high time resolution (e.g., ≤ 1 hour). We further show that the routinely adopted way of using pH color charts to predict aerosol pH may be biased by the mismatch between the standard colors on the color charts and the real colors of investigated samples. Thus, instead of using the producer-provided color chart, we suggest an in-situ calibration of pH papers with standard pH buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report key elements and figures related to the proceedings of the 2020 edition of the XXIVth ISPRS Congress. The COVID-19 pandemic causes global travel challenges and restrictions for the full year 2020. Consequently, the Congress planned in June 2020 in Nice (France) was postponed to July 2021. Papers were already submitted and the review process was almost complete. Thus, it has been decided to achieve the publication of the proceedings of these papers under the label "2020 Edition". The authors of published papers have the opportunity to present their work during a Virtual Event (31 August – 2 September 2020), while the papers of the 2021 edition will be presented during the (physical) Congress in July 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims on an exploration of recent applications of drones in the Malaysian context. More specifically, to investigate the drone's application status and application areas. To search the academic literature and identify the included documents, we have followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We conducted an overview study of the total number of 54 documents (out of 202) published since 2018, which were extracted from the Scopus database. The results of the bibliometric analysis of the included documents showed that drones in Malaysia are applied in different disciplines, including agriculture, mapping, forestry, river monitoring, transportation, construction, coastal management, flood management, and other applications. Among these, agriculture and mapping are the main application areas. MDPI published the most journal articles, and IGRSM conferences published the highest number of conference papers. Furthermore, scholars from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia have the highest contribution among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores digital education for pupils in a humanities teaching-learning lab. So far, digital humanities educational approaches have been primarily aimed at students. Teaching-learning labs, in which students design, implement and evaluate teaching offers for pupils, have so far almost exclusively existed in STEM subjects.Based on a classification in European frameworks and a literature analysis on teaching-learning labs of digital history education, the current state of the art on the topic is elucidated. Using concrete practical examples, the first results of involving students in digital history projects will be presented and suitable digital tools for teaching humanities content will be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal is the property of Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following the first initiatives taken by the International Programme Committee of the XXIIIrd ISPRS Congress in Prague (Czech Republic) in 2016, modifications of the reviewing process of ISPRS events were further considered during the years 2017 and 2018. This evolution first targets to better fit such a process to the currents requirements and expectations of the ISPRS community. Secondly, it aims to provide unified guidelines for the different steps of the process. Under the aegis of the 2020 Congress Director and ISAC (International Science Advisory Committee) chair, several discussions were held in-between September 2017 and June 2018 with ISAC members, Technical Commission Presidents (TCP), council members, 2016 and 2020 Congress Programme Chairs. This document serves as a unique transparent basis that applies for all kinds of ISPRS events (from Congress and Geospatial Week to smaller workshops), and all categories of people that are bound to be involved in the evaluation process of scientific contributions (authors, reviewers, TCPs, …). It also specifies the evaluation criteria for the works submitted to ISPRS events, both for full papers and abstracts. Subsequently, it helps authors to improve the content and shape of their contributions. Eventually, this paper is targeted to help new chairs to smoothly prepare their future event. The following guidelines were first adopted for the 2018 Technical Commission Symposia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatland restoration and rehabilitation action has become more widely acknowledged as a necessary response to mitigating climate change risks and improving global carbon storage. Peatland ecosystems require restoration time spans of the order of decades and, thus, cannot be dependent upon the shorter-term monitoring often carried out in research projects. Hydrological assessments using geospatial tools provide the basis for planning restoration works as well as analysing associated environmental influences. "Restoration" encompasses applications to pre-restoration and post-restoration scenarios for both bogs and fens, across a range of environmental impact fields. The aim of this scoping review is to identify, describe, and categorize current process-based modelling uses in peatlands in order to investigate the applicability and appropriateness of ecohydrological and/or hydrological models for northern peatland restoration. Two literature searches were conducted using the entire Web of Science database in September 2022 and August 2023. Of the final 211 papers included in the review, models and their applications were categorized according to this review's research interests in seven distinct categories aggregating the papers' research themes and model outputs. Restoration site context was added by identifying 229 unique study site locations from the full database, which were catalogued and analysed against raster data for the Köppen–Geiger climate classification scheme. A majority of northern peatland sites were in temperate oceanic zones or humid continental zones that experienced snow. Over one in five models from the full database of papers were unnamed and likely intended for single use. Key themes emerging from topics covered by papers in the database included the following: modelling restoration development from a bog growth perspective, the prioritization of modelling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions dynamics as a part of policymaking, the importance of spatial connectivity within or alongside process-based models to represent heterogeneous systems, and the increased prevalence of remote sensing and machine learning techniques to predict restoration progress with little physical site intervention. Models are presented according to their application to peatlands or broader ecosystem and organized from most to least complex. This review provides valuable context for the application of ecohydrological models in determining strategies for peatland restoration and evaluating post-intervention development over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is experiencing an unprecedented rate of urbanisation, with 70% of its population expected to live in urban cities by 2050 (United Nations, 2018). This is driving demand for smart city development projects, that address city related issues such as traffic congestion, inadequate housing, excessive crime rates, strains on utilities like energy and water, amongst others. The volume and analysis of data associated with these activities, call for a mechanism for managing data in smart cities.This paper is aimed at developing a data governance framework for managing data generated by smart cities, and improving the way they operate as well as the quality of life of their citizens. The paper will highlight the characteristics of smart cities, the importance for cities to become smart, how the smartness of cities can be measured, and which cities around the world are considered smart. It will also discuss why data is important for the success of smart cities, the types and sources of data typically present in smart city settings and the data management challenges that plague smart cities globally.A sequential mixed methods research approach incorporating qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods was employed, following a multi-step approach starting with analysis of existing frameworks and interviews with subject matter experts. This was followed by a survey of industry professionals, for insights on key framework components, and the use of case studies and questionnaires for framework evaluation.Throughout the research process, the focus of smart cities on people rather than technology was prominent. As such, the most important theme of the framework was identified as "People", particularly in their roles as data stewards and data owners. The remaining five themes of the recommended data governance framework are, Process, Technology, Data, Protection and Valuable Insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding carbon sources and sinks across the Earth's surface is fundamental in climate science and policy; thus, these topics have been extensively studied but have yet to be fully resolved and are associated with massive debate regarding the sign and magnitude of the carbon budget from global to regional scales. Developing new models and estimates based on state-of-the-art algorithms and data constraints can provide valuable knowledge and contribute to a final ensemble model in which various optimal carbon budget estimates are integrated, such as the annual global carbon budget paper. Here, we develop a new atmospheric inversion system based on the 4D local ensemble transform Kalman filter (4D-LETKF) coupled with the GEOS-Chem global transport model to infer surface-to-atmosphere net carbon fluxes from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) V10r XCO 2 retrievals. The 4D-LETKF algorithm is adapted to an OCO-2-based global carbon inversion system for the first time in this work. On average, the mean annual terrestrial and oceanic fluxes between 2015 and 2020 are estimated as - 2.02 and - 2.34 GtC yr -1 , respectively, compensating for 21 % and 24 %, respectively, of global fossil carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions (9.80 GtC yr -1). Our inversion results agree with the CO 2 atmospheric growth rates reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and reduce the modeled CO 2 concentration biases relative to the prior fluxes against surface and aircraft measurements. Our inversion-based carbon fluxes are broadly consistent with those provided by other global atmospheric inversion models, although discrepancies still occur in the land–ocean flux partitioning schemes and seasonal flux amplitudes over boreal and tropical regions, possibly due to the sparse observational constraints of the OCO-2 satellite and the divergent prior fluxes used in different inversion models. Four sensitivity experiments are performed herein to vary the prior fluxes and uncertainties in our inversion system, suggesting that regions that lack OCO-2 coverage are sensitive to the priors, especially over the tropics and high latitudes. In the further development of our inversion system, we will optimize the data-assimilation configuration to fully utilize current observations and increase the spatial and seasonal representativeness of the prior fluxes over regions that lack observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods kill numerous people every year in both developed and developing countries. The transfer of research findings from the academic community to practitioners, policy-makers and citizens may reduce the impact of floods on mortality. This systematic review analyzes 44 scientific articles extracted from WOS and SCOPUS databases written in English, published between 2010 and 2020, and focuses on flood fatalities. The first main finding of this review is the classification of drivers of flood mortality into two groups: the first group relates to the environment, and the second group relates to the fatalities. The second main finding is the identification of strategies to practically cope with the identified drivers of flood fatalities. The main shortcomings of the review concern (a) the unavailability of papers based on flood fatality occurrence in developing countries and (b) the absence of data focusing on people who have survived floods. This review amplifies useful findings, best practices and lessons learned that can be useful for administrators, risk managers, and teachers of primary and secondary schools to mitigate the impact of future floods on human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which published papers have transformed our understanding of the chemical processes in the troposphere and shaped the field of atmospheric chemistry? By way of expert solicitation and interactive peer review, this paper explores the influence of the ideas in peer-reviewed articles based on input from our community of atmospheric scientists. We explore how these papers have shaped the development of the field of atmospheric chemistry and identify the major landmarks in the field of atmospheric chemistry through the lens of those papers' impact on science, legislation and environmental events. We also explore the ways in which one can identify the papers that have most impacted the field and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches. Our work highlights the difficulty of creating a simple list, and we explore the reasons for this difficulty. The paper also provides a history of the development of our understanding of tropospheric chemistry and points some ways for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a semi-quantitative assessment of the physical vulnerability of buildings to landslides in the Loures municipality, as well as an analysis of the landslide risk computed as the product of the vulnerability by the economic value of the buildings and by the landslide hazard. The physical vulnerability assessment, which was based on a questionnaire sent to a pool of Portuguese and European researchers, and the assessment of the subjectivity of their answers are innovative contributions of this work. The generalization of the vulnerability to the smallest statistical subsection was validated by changing the map unit and applying the vulnerability to all the buildings of a test site (approximately 800 buildings), which were inventoried during fieldwork. The economic value of the buildings of the Loures municipality was calculated using an adaptation of the Portuguese Tax Services formula. The hazard was assessed by combining the susceptibility of the slopes, the spatio-temporal probability and the frequency-magnitude relationship of the landslide. Finally, the risk was mapped for different landslide magni15 tudes and different spatio-temporal probabilities. The highest landslide risk was found for the landslide with a depth of 3m in the landslide body, and a height of 1m in the landslide foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has a very ambitious energy transition agenda and massive challenges ahead to accomplish it. To integrate the high solar energy potential in the north an the high wind power potential of the south of the country, considerable investments in the electrical grid and new balancing mechanism and storage capacities are necessary. This study addresses the potential of individual industries, particularly the paper industry, to provide flexibility to the electrical system on-site. To achieve this, an optimization model that minimizes energy provision costs is proposed. The model considers the demand of a company including its demand side management potential, combined heat and power generation capacities, as well as on-site renewable energy generation location potential from photovoltaics and wind power. The model is computed under multiple parametrization scenarios to estimate under which conditions it would be advantageous for the company to use renewable electricity. This allows to evaluate how much of the renewable electricity produced in high peaks can be used by the company, and in how far, demand side management and combined heat and power can compensate low generation periods of renewable electricity. The model is feeded with typical hourly electricity and heat demand profiles of a prototypic paper producing company, which were statistically derived from one and a half years of measurements. Moreover, electricity generation time series from photovoltaics and wind power are derived from physical models that rely on ERA5 reanalysis data. The latter data set allows to compute the model in locations all around Chilean territory in a 30 km x 30 km spatial grid. Results are presented in the form of maps of the shares of renewables that would be enabled at avery location by industries of the same characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBiosludge is a solid waste of the pulp and paper industry, which is usually incinerated for energy recovery or landfilled. This study evaluates the energy balance and carbon footprint of using pulp and paper mill sludge in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems with alternative uses for the biogas, in different regions of the world, using Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA). The digested residues from the AD are assumed to be used for biochar production, and subsequent incorporation into forest soils. Three scenarios based on alternative uses of biogas were investigated: (i) biogas for vehicle fuel in the transportation sector, (ii) biogas for heat and electricity in the power sector, and (iii) biogas for cooking in households. The E-LCA results demonstrate that both energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions abatement of biosludge treatment in the AD systems significantly improve relative to the baseline scenario of incineration. The displacement of fossil fuel with biogas, and carbon stabilized in biochar contribute largely to the truncation of the energy and carbon footprints. Therefore, a combination of AD and pyrolysis technologies as a novel energy-biochar production system could offer an opportunity for sustainable management of pulp and paper mill sludge. Regarding biogas, the local or national infrastructure determines possible uses, and this aspect was shown to affect E-LCA results. Keywords: Biochar, biogas, digested sludge, carbon footprint, energy balance, waste treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2020 the ICA joined the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) as an associate member. As a community composed of businesses, government agencies, universities, and research organizations that work with geospatial data, the OCG is a resource to which software developers who work with geospatial data turn for guidance and advice. As such, it provides the ICA with an opportunity to reach a group of people who might not have had prior experience or background in cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High resolution solar absorption spectra, taken within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) in the mid-infrared spectral region are used to infer partial or total column abundances of many gases. In this paper we present the retrieval of a column averaged mole fraction of carbon dioxide from NDACC-IRWG spectra taken with a Fourier-Transform-Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer at the site in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. The retrieved time series is compared to co-located standard TCCON measurements of total column CO2. Comparing the NDACC and TCCON retrievals we find that the sensitivity of the NDACC retrieval is lower in the troposphere (by a factor of two) and higher in the stratosphere, compared to TCCON. Thus, the NDACC retrieval is less sensitive to tropospheric changes (e.g. the seasonal cycle) in the column average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mark the 20th anniversary of Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS), an interdisciplinary and international journal dedicated to the public discussion and open-access publication of high-quality studies and original research on natural hazards and their consequences, we highlight 11 key publications covering major subject areas of NHESS that stood out within the past 20 years. The papers cover all the topics contemplated in the European Geosciences Union (EGU) Division on Natural Hazards including dissemination, education, outreach and teaching. The selected articles thus represent excellent scientific contributions in the major areas of natural hazards and risks and helped NHESS to become an exceptionally strong journal representing interdisciplinary areas of natural hazards and risks. At its 20th anniversary, we are proud that NHESS is not only used by scientists to disseminate research results and novel ideas but also by practitioners and decision-makers to present effective solutions and strategies for sustainable disaster risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origami that can form various shapes by setting simple creases on the paper and folding along these creases has a lot of applications from the fields of art to engineering. The inverse problem of origami that determines the distribution of creases based on the desired shape is very complicated. In this paper, we use theoretical kinematics to systematically analyse an inverse folding problem of a toy about how to fold a piece of paper into a disc through a smaller hole without breaking it. The results show that some four-crease and six-crease patterns can achieve the expected function, and they can be easily folded with 1 degree of freedom (DOF). It not only opens up a new way to solve the inverse folding problem but also helps students to understand mechanisms and machine theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River ice is a common occurrence in cold climate hydrological systems. The annual cycle of river ice formation, growth, decay and clearance can include low flows and ice jams, as well as mid-winter and spring break-up events. Reports and associated data on river ice occurrence are often limited to site and season-specific studies. Within Canada, the National Hydrometric Program (NHP) operates a network of gauging stations with water level as the primary measured variable to derive discharge. In the late 1990s, the Water Science and Technology Directorate of Environment and Climate Change Canada initiated a long-term effort to compile, archive and extract river ice related information from NHP hydrometric records. This data article describes the original research data set produced by this near 20-year effort: the Canadian River Ice Database (CRID). The CRID holds almost 73,000 variables from a network of 196 NHP stations throughout Canada that were in operation within the period 1894 to 2015. Over 100,000 paper and digital files were reviewed representing 10,378 station-years of active operation. The task of compiling this database involved manual extraction and input of more than 460,000 data entries on water level, discharge, date, time and data quality rating. Guidelines on the data extraction, rating procedure and challenges are provided. At each location, a time series of up to 15 variables specific to the occurrence of freeze-up and winter-low events, mid-winter break-up, ice thickness, spring break-up and maximum open-water level were compiled. This database follows up on several earlier efforts to compile information on river ice, which are summarized herein, and expands the scope and detail for use in Canadian river ice research and applications. Following the Government of Canada Open Data initiative, this original river ice data set is available at: https://doi.org/10.18164/c21e1852-ba8e-44af-bc13-48eeedfcf2f4 (de Rham et al., 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Version 1.1 of the editorial of Geoscientific Model Development (GMD), published in 2015 , introduced clarifications to the policy on publication of source code and input data for papers published in the journal. Three years of working with this policy has revealed that it is necessary to be more precise in the requirements of the policy and in the narrowness of its exceptions. Furthermore, the previous policy was not specific in the requirements for suitable archival locations. Best practice in code and data archiving continues to develop and is far from universal among scientists. This has resulted in many manuscripts requiring improvement in code and data availability practice during the peer-review process. New researchers continually start their professional lives, and it remains the case that not all authors fully appreciate why code and data publication is necessary. This editorial provides an opportunity to explain this in the context of GMD. The changes in the code and data policy are summarised as follows: The requirement for authors to publish source code, unless this is impossible for reasons beyond their control, is clarified. The minimum requirements are strengthened such that all model code must be made accessible during the review process to the editor and to potentially anonymous reviewers. Source code that can be made public must be made public, and embargoes are not permitted. Identical requirements exist for input data and model evaluation data sets in the model experiment descriptions. The scope of the code and data required to be published is described. In accordance with Copernicus' own data policy, we now specifically strongly encourage all code and data used in any analyses be made available. This will have particular relevance for some model evaluation papers where editors may now strongly request this material be made available. The requirements of suitable archival locations are specified, along with the recommendation that Zenodo is often a good choice. In addition, since the last editorial, an "Author contributions" section must now be included in all manuscripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis technologies could be a novel energy-biochar production system to maximize energy and nutrient recovery from pulp and paper mill sludge. Herein, the life-cycle energy production and emissions reduction of sludge treatment from a typical pulp and paper mill were investigated, in which alternative uses of biogas for industrial or household application, in different regions of the world, were assessed. The three scenarios considered for different end-uses of biogas are: (A) biogas for vehicle fuel in the transportation sector in Sweden, (B) biogas for heat and electricity in the power sector in Brazil, and (C) biogas for cooking in households in China. The results of Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) show that for all these three scenarios, the use of biogas and pyrolysis gas contributes most to emissions mitigation, while the dewatering and drying processes carried out on the sludge, contribute the most to the environmental emissions. Addition of biochar to the soil, contributes significantly to a reduction in global warming by sequestering carbon in the soil. Compared to scenarios B and C, Scenario A, in which biogas substitutes gasoline in transportation, and heat from combusted pyrolysis gases is used for district heating in Sweden, demonstrates the highest environmental performance for all the evaluated impact categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential mean to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at three selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The OCS simulations are driven by different land biospheric fluxes to reproduce the seasonality of the measurements. Increasing the plant uptake of Kettle et al. (2002a) by a factor of three resulted in the best comparison with FTIR measurements. However, there are still discrepancies in the latitudinal distribution when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study and compared to measurements. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential mean to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at three selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The OCS simulations are driven by different land biospheric fluxes to reproduce the seasonality of the measurements. Increasing the plant uptake of Kettle et al. (2002a) by a factor of three resulted in the best comparison with FTIR measurements. However, there are still discrepancies in the latitudinal distribution when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study and compared to measurements. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a companion paper (Jing et al., 2015), a high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory (HTSVE) for 2013 in Beijing has been established based on near real time (NRT) traffic data and bottom up methodology. In this study, based on the sensitivity analysis method of switching on/off pollutant emissions in the Chinese air quality forecasting model CUACE, a modeling study was carried out to evaluate the contributions of vehicle emission to the air pollution in Beijing main urban areas in the periods of summer (July) and winter (December) 2013. Generally, CUACE model had good performance of pollutants concentration simulation. The model simulation has been improved by using HTSVE. The vehicle emission contribution (VEC) to ambient pollutant concentrations not only changes with seasons but also changes over moment. The mean VEC, affected by regional pollutant transports significantly, is 55.4 and 48.5 % for NO2, while 5.4 and 10.5 % for PM2.5 in July and December 2013, respectively. Regardless of regional transports, relative vehicle emission contribution (RVEC) to NO2 is 59.2 and 57.8% in July and December 2013, while 8.7 and 13.9% for PM2.5. The RVEC to PM2.5 is lower than PM2.5 contribution rate for vehicle emission in total emission, which may be caused by easily dry deposition of PM2.5 from vehicle emission in near-surface layer compared to elevated source emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observing System Experiments (OSEs) are carried out over a one-year period to quantify the impact of Argo observations on the Mercator-Ocean 1=4° global ocean analysis and forecasting system. The reference simulation assimilates sea surface temperature (SST), SSALTO/DUACS altimeter data and Argo and other in situ observations from the Coriolis data center. Two other simulations are carried out where all Argo and half of Argo data sets are withheld. Assimilating Argo observations has a significant impact on analyzed and forecast temperature and salinity fields at different depths. Without Argo data assimilation, large errors occur in analyzed fields as estimated from the differences when compared with in situ observations. For example, in the 0-300m layer RMS differences between analyzed fields and observations reach 0.25 psu and 1.25 °C in the western boundary currents and 0.1 psu and 0.75 °C in the open ocean. The impact of the Argo data in reducing observation-model forecast error is also significant from the surface down to a depth of 2000 m. Differences between independent observations and forecast fields are thus reduced by 20% in the upper layers and by up to 40% at a depth of 2000m when Argo data are assimilated. At depth, the most impacted regions in the global ocean are the Mediterranean outflow and the Labrador Sea. A significant degradation can be observed when only half of the data are assimilated. All Argo observations thus matter, even with a 1=4° model resolution. The main conclusion is that the performance of global data assimilation systems is heavily dependent on the availability of Argo data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) algorithms have demonstrated outstanding performance in a wide range of remote sensing applications, including image classification, image detection, and image segmentation. Urban development, as defined by urban expansion, mapping impervious surfaces, and built-up areas, is one of these fascinating issues. The goal of this research is to explore at and summarize the deep learning approaches used in urbanization. In addition, several of these methods are highlighted in order to provide a comprehensive overview and comprehension of them, as well as their pros and downsides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kashiwa Library (KL), The University of Tokyo, holds a collection of old paper maps over the world, about a half of which were originally collected for the International Map Exhibition 1980 in Tokyo. The collection has 3,200 maps published in the 1970s and 1980s, and 1,260 of them were displayed at the exhibition. The map collection is important because it represents the cartography at the emerging era of new technologies and techniques such as satellite remote sensing, computers and GIS for map production (Arikawa et al., 2016). These maps were donated from the Japan Cartographers Association in March 2016, after their collection and storage by the association since the exhibition. In the Japanese fiscal year 2017, the Center for Spatial Information Science (CSIS), The University of Tokyo, and KL started a cooperative research project to produce a digital archive of this map collection, with support from the University of Tokyo Academic Archives Project that facilitates digital archiving of academic materials owned by various units at the university. This presentation explains the procedure of making our digital archive "Kashiwanoha Paper Maps Digital Archive". "Kashiwanoha" is the address of the Kashiwa Campus of The University of Tokyo where KL and CSIS are located, and it literally means "oak leaf". There are three steps for opening the archive to the public: (1) conversion of analogue paper maps into digital ones, (2) developing a digital archive system for storing and browsing the digital maps, and (3) license applications for publishing the maps on the web. (1) Conversion of paper maps into digital ones: We tried to make map images as detailed as possible for enhancing the value of the archive and presenting high-resolution images to users. The method of digital conversion is simple; we used a large size scanner for sheets up to A0 size to obtain 600 dpi high-resolution images of the paper maps. However, a part of the collection could not be scanned because some maps have been damaged or are thicker than the capacity of the scanner. We tried to use photo stitching methods with handy cameras for conversion of these maps. (2) Developing a digital archive system: To make our digital archive open to public, we developed a web application for users to search map data and browse high-resolution digital map images with a web browser. The front-end user interfaces of our system are coded by JavaScript and HTML5, and the back-end server scripts are coded by Perl. The web interface displays boundary boxes of maps on the tiles of OpenStreetMap© (https://www.openstreetmap.org/). This function allows users to understand geographical locations of the images (Figure 1). In the map image view, users can browse each map image in detail with using a tracking and scaling function, and can read 16 attribute data such as Title, Scale, Topic, Author, and Description (Figure 2). (3) License applications: We have been making license applications for web publication to the creators or publishers of the maps. This process is taking time because the list of creators and publishers includes a lot of individuals as well as private and government organizations, and some countries that provided maps have changed their status drastically since 1980. As of December 2018, we have obtained licenses for about 220 maps from four Japanese organizations. We have been discussing related issues such as the way to publish the digital map images and their fair use policy. In November 2018, we opened our digital archive system to public (URL: https://maparchive.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/browse/). As of January 2019, anyone with web access can see 41 map images and metadata using our system. We will keep developing the system and making license applications to expand the contents to enhance the value of this digital archive. Especially, we need to implement functions to produce metadata features efficiently. Currently, making metadata requires a great effort because we need to read information from each map manually, if we do not have any other document about it. A possible better way to make metadata is to use the crowd sourcing method by ordinary users like the case of OpenStreetMap. Another possible way is metadata extraction using an appropriate image processing method. Either way can be adapted to not only making metadata but also vectorizing maps, which will make our system and the digital archive more useful and valuable. We will also attempt to publish the digital archive system itself as an open source software. We expect such an attempt will lead to effective utilization of hoarded paper maps all around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies have been creating geospatial products for customers for many decades and, in some cases, for over two centuries. During that time the nature of the products largely remained the same, consisting of cartographic representations of the world, usually generalized and projected in a two-dimensional form. Even when mapping agencies began to convert their mapping from paper to digital form, the products created were largely based on their paper map counterparts. In recent times, the general public has become far more aware of geospatial data due to global initiatives from Google, Bing, Apple, OpenStreetMap and others. While some users of geospatial data still require the same products as before, many other users need different kinds of geospatial data and products, ones which will provide new challenges to National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies. In this paper we discuss some of these new geospatial data users and illustrate some the challenges using an example from Ordnance Survey's recent experience of a project in the connected autonomous vehicle domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, World Bank Group (WBG) is conducting assessment for 190 countries and produces a ranking report based on Doing Business performance – an initiative to measure benchmark efficiency on business regulation and their enforcement by a sample study (e.g. for Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur City Hall - DBKL). One of the ranking categories is based on Dealing with Construction Permits (DCP) which made us proud as announce Malaysia ranks for 2019 is #3 (based on 2018 assessment). This achievement was based on continues efforts and studies from the last bottom of #137 (since, 2007), #113 (2012) and continues with positive results (straight improvement) respectively till this year. Maintaining the top three ranks is not an easy task; however, is not impossible either. Lots of study in innovations, suggestions and implementation should be carried out to maintain and improve Malaysian DCP ranks. As per DCP of this year assessment, Work Bank has suggested all countries with 5 new suggestions (new additional marking schema). One of them is to engage Geographic Information System (GIS) for land use, cadastre, water, electricity and sewage related datasets. This paper propose an initial study (concept paper) towards engaging GIS in DCP activity as a response (first action) suggested by World Bank Group; crucial in maintaining DCP rank for 2020 as well as to provide better business regulations and enforcements for DBKL or other local authority. Later, an impact study will be conducted, utilizing new integrated GIS system publishing service (GeoMap) and the output of the study will indicate whether Malaysia Productive Corporation (MPC) should engage or ignore the 5th suggestion by World Bank Group, or to enhance with other initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between physical and chemical mechanisms involved in pollutant transport in rivers occur with varying degrees, depending on flow discharge and physical conditions. One of the issues that greatly affect the transport, especially in small mountain streams, is transient storage zones. The main effects include temporary retention of pollutants and reduce its concentration at the downstream and indirect impact on sorption process in the streambed. This paper proposes a one-dimensional model to simulate the pollutant transport in rivers with irregular cross-sections under unsteady flow with transient storage zones. The proposed model verified with analytical solution and comparison with 2-D model. The model application shown by two hypothetical examples and four set of real data that covers different processes governing on transport, cross-section types and flow regimes. Comparing results of the model with two common contaminant transport models show good accuracy and numerical stability of the model than other ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of retrieved total column ozone amounts TCO between the Pandora #34 spectrometer system and the Dobson #061 spectrophotometer from direct-sun observations was performed on the roof of the Boulder, Colorado NOAA building. This paper, part of an ongoing study, covers a one-year period starting on 17 December 2013. Both the standard Dobson and Pandora total column ozone TCO retrievals required a correction TCOcorr=TCO (1+C(T )) using the effective climatology derived ozone temperature T to remove a seasonal difference caused by using a fixed temperature in each retrieval algorithm. The respective corrections C(T ) are CPandora = 0.00333(T-225) and CDobson = -0.0013(T-226.7) per K. After the applied corrections removed the seasonal retrieval dependence on ozone temperature, TCO agreement between the instruments was within 1% for clear-sky conditions. For clear-sky observations, both co-located instruments tracked the day-to-day variation in total column ozone amounts with a correlation of r² = 0.97 and an average offset of 1.1±5.8 DU. In addition, the Pandora data showed 0.3% annual average agreement with satellite overpass data from AURA/OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and 1% annual average offset with Suomi-NPP/OMPS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, the nadir viewing portion of the Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays color in scientific visualizations is standard and extensively used to group, highlight or delineate different parts of data in visualizations. The rainbow color map (also known as jet color map) is famous for its appealing use of the full visual spectrum with impressive changes in chroma and luminance. Besides attracting attention, science has for decades criticized the rainbow color map for its non-linear and erratic change of hue and luminance along the data variation. The missed uniformity causes a misrepresentation of data values and flaws in science communication. The rainbow color map is scientifically incorrect and hardly decodable for a considerable number of people due to color vision deficiency (CVD) or other vision impairments. Here we aim to raise awareness of how widely used the rainbow color map still is in hydrology. To this end, we perform a paper survey scanning for color issues in around 1000 scientific publications in three different journals including papers published between 2005 and 2020. In this survey, depending on the journal, 16 %–24 % of the publications have a rainbow color map and around the same ratio of papers (18 %–29 %) uses red–green elements often in a way that color is the only possibility to decode the visualized groups of data. Given these shares, there is a 99.6 % chance to pick at least one visual problematic publication in 10 randomly chosen papers from our survey. To overcome the use of the rainbow color maps in science, we propose some tools and techniques focusing on improvement of typical visualization types in hydrological science. We give guidance on how to avoid, improve and trust color in a proper and scientific way. Finally, we outline an approach how the rainbow color map flaws should be communicated across different status groups in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainbow colour maps are known to be problematic yet remain widely used in scientific communication. This study extends work by Stoelzle and Stein (2021) to investigate the extent of their use in geoscience publications. It is found that over half (55 %) of all papers surveyed from six geoscience journals from the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 (n=2638) contained at least one visualisation that uses rainbow or red–green colour schemes and are therefore potentially misleading and colour-inaccessible. Recent changes to the submission guidelines for all European Geosciences Union (EGU) journals would seem to place greater responsibility in the future with editors and reviewers to identify and correct colour issues as part of the review process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural connectivity is an important factor in preserving coral diversity. It maintains the stability and adaptability of coral reef ecosystems by facilitating ecological flow, species migration, and gene exchange between coral communities. However, there has always been a lack of consistent solutions for accurate structural connectivity describing and quantifying, which has hindered the understanding of the complex ecological processes in coral reefs. Based on this, this paper proposes a framework that uses advanced remote sensing and deep learning technologies to assess coral structural connectivity. Specifically, accurate coral patches are firstly identified through image segmentation techniques. And the structural connectivity is quantified by assessing the connectivity patterns between and within these coral patches. Furthermore, Tetiaroa Island in the South Pacific is used as a case study to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the framework in assessing coral structural connectivity. The experimental results demonstrate that the framework proposed in this paper provides a powerful tool for understanding the internal ecological processes and external spatial patterns of coral reef ecosystems, thereby promoting scientific understanding and effective management of coral reef conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades of decline, disinvestment, and racism have left Detroit with an abundance of abandoned buildings, ruins, vacant lots, and illicit trash dumps. Though these structures and materials might have forfeited their previous purposes, they can act as catalysts, substances, and co-creators of artworks. The paper is thus interested in examining the intricate interplay between art, space, and materiality in Detroit further. Drawing from the practices of local artists Olayami Dabls and Scott Hocking, the paper adopts a new materialist framework to investigate the dynamic agency of matter in the artistic process. By considering materials as active participants in the production of art and space, the paper seeks to add to the emerging interest in the emancipation and meaning making of material in art as well as cultural geography's engagements with new materialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preface to the Proceedings of the 8th Smart Data Smart Cities (SDSC) conference provides an overview of the concept of a Smart City, which involves the use of digital layers for city governance, citizen services, and sustainable development. Smart Cities utilize intelligent technology to enhance urban life by integrating data from various sources such as sensors, demographics, mapping, and building information models. The conference focuses on the use of spatial information and communication technologies in Smart Cities, covering topics such as 3D modeling, citizen engagement, transportation, urban decision-making, and smart urban mobility. The volume consists of 31 research papers selected through blind review, addressing different aspects of Smart Cities. [Extracted from the article]

Geodynamic modeling often involves challenging computations involving solution of Stokes and continuity equations under condition of highly variable viscosity. Based on new analytical approach we developed generalized analytical solutions for 2-D and 3- D incompressible Stokes flows with both linearly and exponentially variable viscosity. We demonstrated how these generalized solutions can be converted into 2-D and 3-D test problems suitable for benchmarking numerical codes aimed at modeling various mantle convection and lithospheric dynamics problems. Main advantage of this new generalized approach is that large variety of benchmark solutions can be generated including relatively complex cases with open model boundaries, non-vertical gravity and variable gradients of viscosity and density fields, which are not parallel to Cartesian axes. Examples of respective 2-D and 3-D MatLab codes are provided with this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical maps depict landscapes as they once were, and include evidence for a wide range of information, including settlement distribution, land use, natural resources, transport networks, toponymy, and other natural and cultural data within an explicitly spatial context. Maps produced before the expansion of large-scale mechanized agriculture reflect a landscape that is lost today, and there is a growing awareness that these historical maps record information about the distribution of archaeological sites, many of which are now no longer visible. This paper will present the ongoing work of the Mapping Archaeological Heritage in South Asia (MAHSA) project, led by the University of Cambridge. We focus here on some of the problems and potential solutions relating to the use of digitised historic Survey of India maps for archaeological research, and their relationship to the libraries which house them. We explore the issues encountered when working to follow best practice in meeting the dual aims of: a) meeting the archaeological research aim of extracting, analysing, and recording geospatial data from historic maps sheets; and b) producing an accessible, interoperable resource that links across different repositories and media formats. This case study stems from coordination between the MAHSA Project and two UK Legal Deposit libraries. The aim is to obtain information that is archaeologically relevant, and to make digitised and georeferenced Survey of India maps available openly for the wider public and research community, while also serving the cataloguing and research needs of the participating organisations. Pakistan and western India are extremely rich in archaeological and cultural heritage sites, which span in date from the earliest villages, through several phases of urbanism, the rise and fall of numerous historical states and empires, and up to the colonial and modern periods. Today, many areas are densely occupied and undergoing rapid development, so many sites are at risk, typically from factors including erosion, large-scale development, looting, and the expansion of extensive irrigation agriculture and the concomitant levelling of large tracts of land. Archaeological site destruction has been observed in the field and is ongoing, and the level and rate of site loss is largely unmonitored. The MAHSA project is developing heritage management tools and expertise that will work towards addressing these threats to archaeological sites and monuments. The project is documenting the endangered archaeology and cultural heritage of the Indus River Basin and the surrounding areas, and will publish this information in an Open Access geospatial database using the Arches online database platform, which uses the CIDOC-Conceptual Resource Model ontology (http://www.cidoc-crm.org/). It aspires to become sustainable by being the default management database for local heritage stakeholders through a programme of collaboration and training. Digitising historic maps is a major component of the MAHSA project workflow, which integrates three approaches to identify archaeological and cultural heritage sites, document them, and then make these data openly available. These are: i) collating and systematising the existing published data on archaeological and cultural heritage sites; ii) using historic maps, remote sensing and automated site detection methods to identify and document previously unidentified archaeological and cultural heritage sites; and iii) collaborating with local stakeholders and offering training in GIS, methods of site detection, recording of sites on the ground, and documentation (Figure 1). Previous research has shown that the colour maps issued by the Survey of India from 1905 to 1941 document the location of thousands of mound features that are often archaeological sites (Petrie et al. 2019). Generated as a legacy of Britain's colonial past, paper copies of these maps are held in UK Legal Deposit libraries, which house hundreds of these historic map sheets, many of which remain available only in paper form, or as text-catalogued digital images (as opposed to georeferenced map objects). The extent of the overlap between the collections is currently under review, but together these collections represent a vast analogue dataset that currently exist largely as bibliographic objects with their own historic and visual value. If these maps are fully digitised and georeferenced, however, they have the potential to offer detailed geospatial data about archaeological sites and monuments which predates much of the development and land use changes seen in recent decades. These maps also encode information relevant to a wide range of other disciplines. As part of the workflow, MAHSA is also making use of machine learning approaches to detect specific features and words that are documented on maps that have a specific archaeological relevance (Garcia-Molsosa et al. 2021). Although this represents a very specific application of machine learning, these approaches can be readily adapted to a wide range of other applications. Once digitised and georeferenced, historic maps exist as a multifaced resource: as images in their own right; as holders of bibliographic and historic information; as signposts to larger datasets; and as containers of geospatial data (in both paper and digital form). With paper copies held, curated, and distributed across nationally important library collections, the digitisation process must therefore serve a wide variety of end users, with the resulting output of digitised maps following best practice in meeting the data standards of all stakeholders, including those in digital spaces (Hyland, Atemezing, and Villazón-Terrazas 2014). As public bodies, UK Legal Deposit libraries are working to make collections increasingly available online for both public consumption and research purposes. The MAHSA project is therefore working to meet these multiple angles of data creation, curation, and dissemination. One way in which these requirements can be met is to enable digitised historic maps to exist as data objects that adhere to the principles of Linked Open Usable Data (LOUD) in their generation, curation, analysis, and dissemination. This also contributes to their compliance with open access FAIR data principles, aiming to make maps-as-data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (Wilkinson et al. 2016). The MAHSA project is approaching this problem by working to make georeferenced digitised historic maps available through the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF). IIIF facilitates open access to images, by making use of JSON-LD, linked data and standard W3C web protocols (Babcock and Di Cresce 2019). The final step in this workflow is the creation of a geospatial search portal, which is able to point users to the appropriate library holdings. Historic maps will be linked/related as information resources to the individual heritage resources in the MAHSA Arches database, pointing back to library holdings, and enabling historic maps to be found, accessed, and used by a wide variety of users. We use this case study to examine the implementation of best practices in both workflow and data standardisation when working with multiple stakeholders. We evaluate aspects of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction of such requirements, and explore how to feed the lessons learned during so far with our own particular case study back into the improvement cycle for LOUD-compliant data solutions for digitised historic maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over past decades, a lot of global land-cover products have been released, however, these is still lack of a global land-cover map with fine classification system and spatial resolution simultaneously. In this study, a novel global 30-m land-cover classification with a fine classification system for the year 2015 (GLC_FCS30-2015) was produced by combining time-series of Landsat imagery and high-quality training data from the GSPECLib (Global Spatial Temporal Spectra Library) on the Google Earth Engine computing platform. First, the global training data from the GSPECLib were developed by applying a series of rigorous filters to the MCD43A4 NBAR and CCI_LC land-cover products. Secondly, a local adaptive random forest model was built for each 5° x 5° geographical tile by using the multi-temporal Landsat spectral and textures features of the corresponding training data, and the GLC_FCS30-2015 land-cover product containing 30 land-cover types was generated for each tile. Lastly, the GLC_FCS30-2015 was validated using three different validation systems (containing different land-cover details) using 44 043 validation samples. The validation results indicated that the GLC_FCS30-2015 achieved an overall accuracy of 82.5 % and a kappa coefficient of 0.784 for the level-0 validation system (9 basic land-cover types), an overall accuracy of 71.4 % and kappa coefficient of 0.686 for the UN-LCCS (United Nations Land Cover Classification System) level-1 system (16 LCCS land-cover types), and an overall accuracy of 68.7 % and kappa coefficient of 0.662 for the UN-LCCS level-2 system (24 fine land-cover types). The comparisons against other land-cover products (CCI_LC, MCD12Q1, FROM_GLC and GlobeLand30) indicated that GLC_FCS30-2015 provides more spatial details than CCI_LC-2015 and MCD12Q1-2015 and a greater diversity of land-cover types than FROM_GLC-2015 and GlobeLand30-2010, and that GLC_FCS30-2015 achieved the best overall accuracy of 82.5% against FROM_GLC-2015 of 59.1 % and GlobeLand30-2010 of 75.9 %. Therefore, it is concluded that the GLC_FCS30-2015 product is the first global land-cover dataset that provides a fine classification system with high classification accuracy at 30 m. The GLC_FCS30-2015 global land-cover products generated in this paper is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986871 (Liu et al., 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]