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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.015 Byline: Joseph Holden (a), Andy J. Howard (b), L. Jared West (c), Eleanor Maxfield (d), Ian Panter (e), John Oxley (f) Abstract: Environmental change caused by urban development, possibly augmented by climate change, may result in accelerated decay of in situ archaeological resources. Damage may be related to changes in hydrological processes. Such archaeological resources have to be considered in environmental planning. In this paper we highlight the need for improved hydrological data from urban archaeological sites using the case study of the City of York, UK, arguably one of the most well studied and well preserved urban archaeological environments globally. We suggest that the quality of hydrological data collected during routine surveys and experimental work must be improved and standardised in order for us to produce reliable archaeological risk models for urban sites. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (b) The Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (c) School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (d) Environment Agency, Rio House, Aztec West, Bristol BS32 4UD, UK (e) York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX, UK (f) City of York Council, The Guildhall, York YO1 9QN, UK Article History: Received 24 August 2008; Revised 16 March 2009; Accepted 22 April 2009

This paper will describe two phases of investigation to characterize conditions that have led to preservation of archaeological remains beneath the historic core of Nantwich. It will discuss the different types of monitoring employed and the relative merits between methodologies for monitoring key indicators, and outline experimental methods for the application of gas monitoring. The Nantwich project is in the middle of a five year programme and therefore interpretations presented here are provisional, and are briefly compared to similar studies from York. The continuation of conditions that have preserved organic remains beneath these two historic centres for over a thousand years are now subject to threat due to various causes from the impact of the modern world, and the conclusions suggest that achieving long-term sustainability of preservation conditions will require a holistic approach from spatial planners, engineers, hydrologists and archaeologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the approaches to characterizing and monitoring two very similar sites in proximity. It explores the paucity of scientific evidence for understanding conditions of preservation, and techniques for monitoring it, that presently exist for sites that lie in superficial unconsolidated sediments within which a capillary fringe has developed above a groundwater table, rather than for a more conventional water-logged site. Challenge and review by peers is essential for a robust approach to ensuring management measures are appropriate, rather than relying on the knowledge and experience of a single individual or team. Since 2007, a monitoring programme for the internationally important timber platform at Hanson's Must Farm clay extraction site has been developed and enhanced, whilst excavations within the footprint of the quarry have revealed outstanding preservation of organic remains. The 3000 year inundation and sedimentary sequence, and the 100 years recent development in this landscape, are described along with the unusual preservation processes which have contributed to exceptional survival of archaeological remains. The results from Must Farm are contrasted to the paucity of monitoring data from Flag Fen, and the separate trajectories between a developer-funded project and a nationally protected monument are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]