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Culture (information or behavior acquired by social learning and shared by members of a community) is an inheritance system that that can contribute to the designation of conservation units for species at risk. The phenotypic diversity produced by culture is of intrinsic value and behaviorally-cohesive communities or sets of communities may be suitable candidate conservation units. This paper considers how cultural information can contribute to the designation of conservation units, in particular when assessing the discreteness and/or evolutionarily significance of potential units. Call and song dialects are particularly useful for documenting discreteness, while differences in seasonal migrations, if consistent, can be evolutionarily significant. Distinctions in foraging behavior or diet can suggest discreteness and/or evolutionary significance but it is important to show these are not environmentally driven. Social and play behavior can also be used to show discreteness. In some cases, it may not be clear whether behavioral differences are genetically or culturally determined but this may not matter for the delineation of conservation units if the behavioral distinctions are heritable. Genetic correlations can indicate the stability of culturally-determined behavior when transmission processes are parallel (e.g., mitochondrial DNA and behavior learned from the mother). The explicit use of cultural data in the delineation of conservation units is currently rare, but should increase as more detailed and extensive behavioral databases are compiled and analytical methods are developed. • Species may be divided into units for effective conservation. • Cultural behavior can indicate discreteness and/or evolutionarily significance. • Stable cultural behavior can be used in the delineation of conservation units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though self-injury and aggression are common in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), understanding of these behaviours in adults with TSC and intellectual disability (ID) is limited. Little is known about their frequency in comparison to other ID-related genetic disorders or their association with other TSC-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TAND). This study determined the caregiver-reported frequency of self-injury and aggression in adults with TSC plus ID in comparison to Down syndrome (DS) and Angelman syndrome (AS), and assessed demographic and behavioural characteristics associated with the occurrence of each behaviour in TSC. Rates of self-injury and aggression in adults with TSC plus ID were 31% and 37.9% respectively. The odds of self-injury for adults with TSC were nearly twice as high as the odds for adults with DS, and the odds of aggression were over 2.5 times higher for adults with TSC than for adults with DS. When compared to adults with AS, odds of self-injury in TSC were around half those of the AS group, and odds of aggression were less than a third of those for adults with AS. These differences were not statistically significant. In adults with TSC, poorer communication and socialisation skills, gastric health problems and impulsivity were associated with self-injury; compulsive behaviour and impulsivity were associated with aggression. Caregivers and professionals should be alert to the likelihood of these behaviours in adults with TSC plus ID, and to characteristics associated with increased risk for their occurrence. We suggest assessment strategies to identify those at elevated risk.What This Paper Adds: This paper adds specific examination of behavioural difficulties in adults with tuberous sclerosis complex who also have intellectual disability, a population at heightened risk of adverse behavioural outcomes which has received limited focussed examination to date. Findings support existing suggestions that there is relatively high risk for both self-injury and aggression, and provide novel insight into characteristics that may be associated with the presence of these behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence of modern and complex behavior is a key debate in human evolution. Neanderthals have been excluded from this debate from many years, until new insight have provided a new conception of the Neanderthal behavior. Nevertheless, although archaeological data of complex and modern behavior has been inferred, this is not a generalized scenario in Middle Paleolithic sites. In the present paper, we point taphonomical issues as the responsible for this misconservation of cognitive markers. Furthermore, we highlight the action of ursids as one of the agents that has most modified the archaeological record. Nevertheless, bears not just erase behavioral evidences, their action may also generate material realities that can be misinterpreted by archaeologist as Neanderthal behavioral markers. In the present paper we analyze issues related to organized use of space and symbolic behavior such as inhumation practices and graphical expression. We approach this issue from a multidisciplinary research based mainly in actualistic, experimental, paleontological and ethological observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous reviews have specifically looked at computer-based or Internet-based approaches. However, there has been no systematic review focused upon electronic communication based interventions for hazardous young drinkers. Out of 3298 relevant citations, 13 papers consisting of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Effectiveness of intervention delivery was assessed using behavioural outcomes. Eight papers delivered interventions using the Web, three implemented text messaging, one used a mobile phone app and the remaining paper used a social networking site. The ability to provide personalized electronic feedback resulted in a reduction in alcohol consumption, frequency of binge drinking, and drinking in a non-risky way. However, intervention length did not appear to have an impact on overall effectiveness. Usage of text messaging and Social Network Sites (SNS) increased accessibility and ease of engaging in an intervention that is appealing and acceptable for young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal interaction is one of the most frequent social interactions humans encounter on a daily basis. In the current paper, we zoom in on what the multi-brain approach has contributed, and can contribute in the future, to our understanding of the neural mechanisms supporting verbal interaction. Indeed, since verbal interaction can only exist between individuals, it seems intuitive to focus analyses on inter-individual neural markers, i.e. between-brain neural coupling. To date, however, there is a severe lack of theoretically-driven, testable hypotheses about what between-brain neural coupling actually reflects. In this paper, we develop a testable hypothesis in which between-pair variation in between-brain neural coupling is of key importance. Based on theoretical frameworks and empirical data, we argue that the level of between-brain neural coupling reflects speaker-listener alignment at different levels of linguistic and extra-linguistic representation. We discuss the possibility that between-brain neural coupling could inform us about the highest level of inter-speaker alignment: mutual understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper [H. Bourlès, B. Marinescu, U. Oberst, Weak exponential stability (w.e.s.) of linear time-varying (LTV) differential behaviors, Linear Algebra Appl. 486 (2015) 523–571] we studied the problem of the title. If a finitely generated torsion module over an appropriate ring of differential operators and its associated autonomous system are regular singular the system is never w.e.s. In contrast we computed a square complex matrix for each irregular singular module and showed that the system is w.e.s. resp. not stable if all eigenvalues of the matrix have positive real parts resp. if at least one eigenvalue has negative real part. In this supplement of the quoted paper we show that the spectrum of the matrix and the decay exponent are isomorphy invariants of the module. The proofs make essential use of results exposed in [P. Maisonobe, C. Sabbah, D -module cohérents et holonomes, Hermann, Paris, 1993]. We also complement the main w.e.s. result of our quoted paper by the case where at least one eigenvalue of the matrix is purely imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Our paper measures time preference for hypothetical rewards via the standard Multiple Price list (MPL) format. • We employ an incentivised experiment using the unique reference numbers of banknotes to determine an individual's willingness to save money. • Hypothetically derived time preference parameters do not predict either incentivised choices in our experiment or actual saving decisions. • Our results remain robust to confounding factors within our incentivised experiment (fungibility and reputation effects). Time preferences are an important determinant of decision-making and are widely measured through hypothetical survey questions. However, the extent to which they offer a good representation of time discounting remains largely unexplored. This paper estimates time preference parameters using a commonly-applied hypothetical elicitation method. We explore whether our estimated parameters correlate with actual and incentivized behaviours related to time preferences. First, we consider the correlation between our hypothetical measures and the result of an incentivised experiment using the unique reference numbers of banknotes as a means of determining an individual's willingness to save money. Individuals are given a banknote and informed that if they chose to retain this specific note for a randomly assigned period of time (2, 7 or 14 days) they will receive a second banknote, in effect doubling their initial endowment. Second, we consider the correlation between hypothetical measures and an individual's observable saving behaviour, including ownership of a savings account and participation in a Rotating Credit and Savings Association (ROSCA). Overall, our results show that hypothetically-derived time preference parameters are not significantly correlated with our measures of actual or incentivized behaviour. We explore the extent to which our results are due to limited power and find that a version of our results comparable to the relevant literature can detect effect sizes in line with similar studies. Furthermore, we recognise that our incentivized experiment will be a noisy reflection of time discounting and subject to confounding factors, such as the inherent fungibility of money. We provide ancillary evidence suggesting that our main results remain robust to these considerations and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part 1 [1] of this two-part paper presented an experimental study of the cyclic behaviour of a novel beam-to-column sleeve connection system for pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) tubular profiles, and the numerical simulation of such behaviour. This Part 2 presents an experimental and numerical study on the sway behaviour of full-scale GFRP plane frames comprising the same tubular profiles and the aforementioned connection system. The GFRP frames were tested under quasi-static monotonic and cyclic loading, with and without infill walls, materialized by composite sandwich panels. The results of the tests show that high-load carrying capacity infill walls have a remarkable effect on the frames' structural behaviour, significantly increasing their stiffness and load carrying capacity, as well as their cyclic performance, namely regarding energy dissipation. On the other hand, such improvement involved extensive damage in the frame elements, particularly in the beams, which at some point compromised their structural integrity. The numerical study included the simulation of the cyclic tests of the unfilled walls, by means of relatively simple finite element (FE) models, comprising frame elements and spring joints simulating the behaviour of the connections, in which the Pivot hysteresis model calibrated in Part 1 [1] was used. The comparison between experimental and numerical results shows that these simple and design-oriented FE models can provide an effective (and conservative) tool for the simulation of pultruded GFRP frames under horizontal cyclic loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we modified the conventional Chua's circuit with a non-ideal voltage-controlled memristor with a quadratic internal state. Dynamical behaviors of Modified Memristor based Chua's Circuit (MMCC) are investigated and Stability of equilibrium points are discussed we have computed the volume contraction rate and proved the system is dissipative. The existence of positive Lyapunov exponent showed the chaotic attractor present in the system. We found many Literatures on dynamic analysis on memristor based Chua's circuit but most of them are restricted to only Poincare maps and Lyapunov spectrum. We carried out bifurcation analysis, bifurcations attained by varying the circuit parameters when evolving on a fixed manifold, bifurcations attained by changing the initial conditions, and hence changing between different manifolds, for a fixed set of parameters, and bifurcations due to changing circuit parameters as well as manifolds. The circuit hold multistability, to check the existence of coexisting attractors and the interesting phenomena of antimonotonicity is identified in the circuit. These special properties shows the intricacy of the circuit, which is vital for secure communication. We successfully implemented MMCC for voice encryption and proved the effective usability of the system in engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ stress in deep rock masses has a significant effect on directional fracturing during slit charge blasting. In this paper, the stress distribution around a borehole under high static stress is studied using theoretical analysis, and the dynamic caustics experimental method is used to study crack propagation behavior related to slit charge blasting under such high static stress conditions. The results show that crack initiation and early propagation are affected by both the stress distribution around the borehole and the action of the blasting gas. In addition, when the static stress is perpendicular to the slit direction, crack propagation is suppressed and the crack propagation length is short. Conversely, crack propagation is promoted and the length of crack propagation increases when static stress is parallel to the slit direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to present a semi-analytical model for predicting the nonlinear tensile properties of corrugated flexible composite skin (FCS) within large deformation range based on iterative integration procedure. The FCS is constructed with two thin-walled curved fibre-reinforced-plastics (FRP) composite shells with a biaxially symmetrical lenticular cross-section, which can be stretched largely along the corrugated direction through pure elastic deformation. Analytical formulations for tensile stiffness of the FCS are derived based on the unit virtual load method, and geometrical equations are established to describe tensile deformation of the FCS. By means of linear elastic and strain energy theory, new geometry and tensile force increment of extended FCS are calculated at a given small increment of tensile displacement. In order to obtain the tensile behaviour of the FCS within large deformation range, semi-analytical model is presented by using the iterative calculation, and then is verified from experiments. Finally, the effect of the geometry on tensile behaviour of the FCS is analyzed numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Learning is inferred from differential behavior in a common test at t2 as a result of differential experiences at t1. • Stimulus learning in zebrafish larvae has been assessed by a change in the response elicitation power of the stimulus. • Stimulus learning is strengthened with more stimulus exposures and possibly with longer interstimulus intervals (ISIs). • Specificity of stimulus learning and the effects of stimulus intensity in the larval zebrafish have yet to be documented. • Stimulus learning has not been assessed by a change in the ability of the stimulus to function as an effective signal or outcome. Within a week of fertilization, a zebrafish larva has developed a robust behavioral repertoire that includes the ability to learn about noncontingent stimuli. I begin this paper with a brief review of the t1-t2 framework in which groups receive different experiences at the first time point (t1) followed by a common assessment at the second time point (t2) and the strengths of this framework for studying stimulus learning. I then describe assays that have been implemented within the t1-t2 framework to demonstrate stimulus learning in the developing zebrafish. I discuss how these assays have been used to address three fundamental questions about stimulus learning: What are the conditions for stimulus learning? What is the content of stimulus learning? How is stimulus learning reflected in behavior? For each of these three questions, I also identify those issues regarding stimulus learning in the developing zebrafish that warrant further analysis at the behavioral level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal loading, such as impact, can induce failure in the elements directly exposed to the hazard or even cause the progressive collapse of the building. Therefore, the structural robustness of buildings to such loading conditions should be checked. In this regard, connections play a fundamental role and, consequently, the knowledge of their resistance and ductility capacity in case of impact is of crucial importance. However, even though in the last years, research efforts have been devoted to this topic, many issues remain still unsolved and the use of complex finite-element models or complicated experimental tests is required to obtain the behaviour of connections. As a contribution towards the robustness assessment of structures, in this paper, the behaviour of friction dampers subjected to impact loads is evaluated. These friction dampers constitute the dissipative part of an innovative typology of friction joint, called Sliding Hinge Joint. Specifically, an analytical tool, easy to employ in practice, based on the component method of Eurocode 3 Part 1–8 and able to predict the behaviour of friction dampers up to failure when subject to different loading rates is presented. The effects of the loading rates on the resistance, stiffness and ductility of the friction damper were implemented in the behaviour of each individual component composing the device. The accuracy of the model is checked against experimental results and 3D FE simulations. The analytical procedure showed to be sufficiently accurate in describing the force-displacement response of friction dampers for both static and dynamic conditions. • Analytical model to assess the response of friction damper subjected to impact loads; • Higher strain rates induced by impact loads increase the force of the damper and decrease its ductility capacity. • Validation of analytical model against experimental and numerical studies. • The analytical model can describe the variation of the response of friction dampers exposed to different velocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent explosion of research on the travel behaviour of the millennial generation has found that compared to past generations they are taking longer to get a driving license, driving less, owning fewer cars and using transit more. Yet these findings are not universal with some countries seeing increases in driver licensing, little change in driving or reductions in public transport use. Most past research has explored wider social and economic explanations for these trends, such as income constraints and delays in adult life transitions. Very few studies have examined the role that local context plays in explaining the change (or the lack of change) in millennial travel behaviour. This paper aims to compare how trends in young adult travel behaviour differ across diverse city contexts. It uses a comparative descriptive analysis of household travel surveys from cities in three countries (UK, USA and Australia), focussing on auto-miles and transit-miles travelled. We find that each city experienced markedly different trends in young adult travel behaviour that are unlikely to be explained by economic differences alone. We suggest that changes to the transport systems in these cities are likely to be playing an under-recognised role in shaping travel behaviour. We suggest that further research should pay greater attention to the role of the transport system in supporting changes to travel behaviour among the next generation of young adults. • Explores travel behaviour of millennials in 6 areas of the UK, USA and Australia • Macroeconomic trends impact car use among millennials. • Some evidence life stage is impacting travel of millennials. • City investments in transit likely play an important role in these trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric Vehicle (EV) uptake has increased rapidly in the recent years. The rate of EV use is likely to increase in the future as well. At this point, the topic of using EVs for secondary purposes other than mobility and transport is getting more popular. This paper outlines the importance of tariff designs and EV consumer behaviour in achieving the business models such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H). We took the United Kingdom (UK) as a case study country to demonstrate how crucial electricity tariffs and consumer behaviour are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A LSTM model is adopted to model the Car following (CF) and Lane Changing (LC) behaviors simultaneously. • The hybrid retraining constrained (HRC) LSTM is proposed to further optimize the LSTM model. • The HRC LSTM is trained and tested using NGSIM dataset to predict two-dimensional trajectories precisely. • Transferability of HRC LSTM is also analyzed and shows good generalization ability. Car-following (CF) and lane-changing (LC) behaviors are two basic movements in traffic flow which are generally modeled separately in the literature, and thus the interaction between the two behaviors may be easily ignored in separated models and lead to unrealistic traffic flow description. In this paper, we adopt a deep learning model, long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, to model the two basic behaviors simultaneously. By only observing the position information of the six vehicles surrounding the subject vehicle, the LSTM can extract the significant features that influence the CF and LC behaviors automatically and predict the vehicles behaviors with time-series data and memory effects. In addition, we propose a hybrid retraining constrained (HRC) training method to further optimize the LSTM model. With the I-80 trajectory data of NGSIM dataset we train and test the HRC LSTM model, while the results show that HRC LSTM model can accurately estimate CF and LC behaviors simultaneously with low longitudinal trajectories error and high LC prediction accuracy compared with the classical models. We also evaluate the transferability of the proposed model with the US101 dataset and a good transferability result is obtained as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition among physicians is widespread, but compelling empirical evidence on its impact on service provision is limited, mainly due to endogeneity issues. In this paper we exploit that many GPs, in addition to own practice, work in local emergency centres, where the matching of patients to GPs is random. The same GP is observed both with competition (own practice) and without (emergency centre). Using high-dimensional fixed-effect models, we find that GPs with a fee-for-service (fixed-salary) contract are 12 (8) percentage points more likely to certify sick leave at own practice than at the emergency centre. Thus, competition has a positive impact on GPs' sicklisting that is strongly reinforced by financial incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The local and global bond-slip behavior of grouted sleeve connection was tested. • The eccentricity impaired the confinement effect of grouted sleeve connection. • The influence of the construction eccentricity was mitigated by a longer bond length. • Analytical model was used to assess the bond-slip behavior of global bond specimens. Grouted-sleeve connections are widely used to connect prefabricated concrete members. The bond stress-slip behavior is an essential issue to be considered when assessing the performance of a grouted-sleeve connection loaded in tension. This paper presents an experimental investigation regarding the local and global bond stress-slip behavior of grouted-sleeve connections. Three parameters were investigated: the embedment length, construction eccentricity, and loading time after grouting, respectively. The specimens were subjected to a monotonic tensile load, and the slip between the bar and the grouted-sleeve was measured during the test. Moreover, to evaluate the confinement effect, the circumferential strain at the surface of the grouted-sleeve was measured. The results reveal that the maximum local bond stress increases with the age of the grout, whereas it decreases as the construction eccentricity of the bar increases. Moreover, the influence of the construction eccentricity is mitigated by a longer bonded length. The load-slip relationship is approximately linear for the specimen with an embedment length-to-bar diameter ratio equal to ten, loaded at the age of seven days. Based on the experimental results, an analytical model, including the local and global bond stress-slip relationship, is proposed to evaluate the maximum slip and to describe the strain distribution in the long specimens ( l b / d = 6, 10). The agreement among the experimental and calculated bond stress, the maximum slip and strain distribution at the surface of the sleeve demonstrates the validity of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nonlinear behavior of continuous prestressed composite beams is evaluated. • Secondary moments in continuous prestressed composite beams are significant. • External prestressing improves moment redistribution ability of composite beams. This paper evaluates the flexural performance and quantifies the secondary moments in two-span prestressed steel-concrete composite beams. A nonlinear model capable of simulating the full-range nonlinear behavior of continuous prestressed composite beams is validated against experimental results. A parametric numerical investigation is then conducted to examine the effectiveness of strengthening a continuous steel-concrete composite beam with external tendons of different cross section areas. In addition, secondary moments in continuous prestressed composite beams having different tendon layouts under symmetrical and unsymmetrical loads are investigated. The results indicate that external prestressing not only increases significantly the ultimate load-carrying capacity but also improves the moment redistribution ability of continuous steel-concrete composite beams. Moreover, the analysis shows that significant secondary moments are present in continuous prestressed composite beams throughout the loading history. It is therefore necessary to consider secondary moments in the strength design of this structural typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fossil record is the primary source of data used to study predator-prey interactions in deep time and to evaluate key questions regarding the evolutionary and ecological importance of predation. Here, we review the types of paleontological data used to infer predation in the marine fossil record, discuss strengths and limitations of paleontological lines of evidence used to recognize and evaluate predatory activity, assess the influence of environmental gradients on predation patterns, and review fossil evidence for predator behavior and prey defense. We assembled a predation database from the literature that documents a steady increase in the number of papers on predation since the 1960s. These studies have become increasingly quantitative and have expanded in focus from reporting cases of predation documented by fossils to using the fossil record of predation to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. The data on the fossil record of predation amassed so far in the literature primarily come from trace fossils, mostly drill holes and, to a lesser extent, repair scars, derived predominantly from the Cenozoic of Europe and North America. Mollusks are the clade most often studied as prey and inferred predators. We discuss how to distinguish biotic from abiotic damage and predatory from parasitic traces, and how to recognize failed predation. Our data show that identifying the predator is easiest when predator and prey are preserved in the act of predation or when predators were fossilized with their gut contents preserved. However, determining the culprits responsible for bite traces, drill holes, and other types of predation traces can be more problematic. Taphonomic and other factors can distort patterns of predation, but their potential effects can be minimized by careful study design. With the correct identification and quantification of fossilized traces of predation, ecological trends in predator-prey interactions may be discerned along environmental gradients in water depth, habitat, and oxygen and nutrient availability. However, so far, these trends have not been explored adequately for the fossil record. We also review the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions, but, again, few studies consider those factors from a deep-time perspective. Finally, fossils have been used successfully to infer the behavior of ancient predators and identify and interpret active and passive defense strategies employed by their prey. The marine fossil record of predation has become a major field of research over the last 50 years, but many critical gaps remain in our understanding of the evolutionary history of predator-prey interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In theory, selective laser melting (SLM) technology can fabricate various materials, including numerous metals. The mechanical properties of parts exhibit comprehensive performance, affected by many influence parameters, which are not independent, but rather demonstrate unclear and complex interactions. This paper focuses on two influence parameters, namely the placement orientation and hatch scanning angle, to explore the comprehensive effects on the mechanical properties and behaviors of 316L stainless steel. Based on the SLM process, two relevant experiments are conducted to determine the optimal placement orientation and hatch scanning angle sequentially. The results and analyses of the tensile strength, microhardness, phase constitution, and microstructure, are reported to provide reasonable explanations. The research indicates that optimal placement orientation can be obtained when the fabrication direction is perpendicular to the tensile direction. Moreover, the optimal hatch scanning angle for each slice layer is approximately 30 ° based on the optimal placement orientation, which can enhance the mechanical properties of SLM-based printed parts. • Comprehensive effects on mechanical properties and behaviors are explored. • Fracture zone, morphology, and angle are studied by means of real experiments. • Optimal placement orientation and hatch scanning angle are investigated. • This work can enhance the mechanical properties of SLM-fabricated parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An experimental study on FRP-confined rubber concrete with a large range of replacement ratio was conducted. • The effects of replacement ratio and FRP thickness were clarified. • An existing model was modified for predicting the behaviour of FRP-confined rubber concrete. Abstract Extensive research has been conducted on the use of tyre-derived products (e.g. rubber crumb and granule) to replace aggregates in producing concrete (i.e. rubber concrete). However, rubber concrete has so far been mainly limited to non-structural applications due to its well-known disadvantages including the relatively low stiffness and strength as well as early cracking as a result of lack of proper bonding between rubber and the paste matrix. The weaknesses of rubber concrete may be minimised in a hybrid column through lateral confinement by a fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and longitudinal reinforcement by steel or FRP. This paper presents an experimental study on FRP-confined rubber concrete (FCRC), which covers a large range of replacement ratio (0–75% by volume) of fine aggregates and three thicknesses of FRP. The test results confirmed the effectiveness of FRP confinement in improving the axial behaviour of rubber concrete, and clarified the effects of the two important parameters (i.e. replacement ratio of fine aggregates and FRP thickness). The test results also show that the behaviour of FCRC can be significantly different from that of FRP-confined natural aggregate concrete (NAC) with the same unconfined strength and confinement stiffness. By the inclusion of a simple coefficient to consider the effects of rubber aggregates, the existing models for FRP-confined NAC can be modified to provide reasonable prediction of the test results of FCRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis was carried out to evaluate the behavior of frame joints with Design for deconstruction (DfD) connections. • Modelling method for the concrete-concrete interface behavior was provided in this FE model. • Simulation results were found to be comparable with experimental results and can be adopted to conduct parametric studies. This paper presents a simulation study on the seismic behavior of newly developed concrete beam-column frame joints with design for deconstruction (DfD) connections. A two-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis was carried out using ABAQUS software. Material constitutive laws for concrete and steel, interaction behavior for smooth concrete-concrete interface, interaction behavior for concrete-steel bond, and element type were presented. The FE model was calibrated using experimental data and simulation results were found to be comparable with experimental results. Particularly, the cracking pattern and failure mode can be well predicted by this FE model. Parametric studies were carried out subsequently based on the calibrated FE model. Results show that the condition of concrete-concrete interface has very limited effect on the overall capacity of concrete frame joint with DfD connections but will influence the cracking pattern and ductility of joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with analytical, experimental and numerical studies with respect to the rupture behaviors (including the fracture initiation and crack propagation) of a ship side plate induced by the lateral impact loading from a full-shape bulbous bow indenter. Analytical expressions were developed to calculate the whole collapse resistance, especially the initial fracture prediction and crack propagation resistance of the side plate. Small scale tests and numerical simulations were conducted to validate the proposed analytical method. The specimens were quasi-statically punched by a combine-shaped bulbous indenter, which is specifically designed to distinguish the fracture initiation and crack propagation behaviors. The results from these three methods well correlated which confirmed the validation of the proposed analytical method. In addition, the experimental observations demonstrate that the crack propagation resistance is not related to the crack number generated in the plate. Moreover, in the crack propagation process, failure of the plate is due to the tension effect at the crack tips with high stress concentration, and the plate can still absorb energy significantly after rupture. Finally, the influence of friction effect on the collision response is discussed. • The rupture behaviors, especially crack propagation after fracture for ship side plate are researched. • A simplified analytical method for predicting the whole collapse resistance is proposed. • The analytical method is verified by model tests and numerical simulations, the results match well. • The influences of crack number and friction effect on lateral resistance are specially investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the multi-axial creep behavior of Inconel 783 at 700 °C is studied. The stress triaxiality was introduced for the specimen by adding a circumferential notch with different acuity ratios. In order to study the influence of the notch ratios on creep ductility and damage evolution of Inconel 783, the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN model) is adopted in numerical simulation for investigating the multiaxial failure of the notched bar. Actually, the micro-observation is also employed in explaining the creep failure mechanism. Furthermore, the damage characteristics around the notch were studied by comparing the numerical results with experimental data with various notch acuity ratios. Actually, the creep damage evaluated by the evolution of the effective porosity takes the multiaxial state of stress into account, which is embedded in GTN model. The results indicate that the multiaxial creep ductility and damage calculated by the adopted GTN model are in agreement with the experimental data, and the multiaxial creep behavior is well predicted. • The multiaxial creep behavior of Inconel 783 at 700 °C is studied. • A cavity-based viscoplastic model is adopted in numerical simulation. • The creep damage is evaluated by the evolution of the effective porosity. • Numerical prediction by GTN model coincides well with the test results. • The failure mechanism is disclosed for the specimens with various notches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the dynamical behavior of a stochastic SEI epidemic model with saturation incidence and logistic growth. Firstly, by constructing a suitable stochastic Lyapunov function, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of an ergodic stationary distribution of the solutions to the model. Then we obtain sufficient conditions for extinction of the disease in two cases, that is, the first case is that the susceptible population survival and infected and exposed populations extinction; the second case is that all the populations extinction. • A stochastic SEI epidemic model with saturation incidence and logistic growth is proposed and studied. • We establish sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique ergodic stationary distribution. • We obtain sufficient conditions for extinction of the disease in two cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents a bounding surface model to predict the hydromechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils under isotropic stress states. The model combines the hydraulic law of Gallipoli et al. [8] with the mechanical law of Gallipoli and Bruno [9]. The hydraulic law relates the degree of saturation to the single variable scaled suction, which accounts for the effect of both suction and void ratio on the water retention behaviour of soils. The hydraulic law is made up of two closed-form equations, one for drying paths and one for wetting paths. Similarly, the mechanical law relates the void ratio to the single variable scaled stress, which accounts for the effect of both stress state and degree of saturation on the deformation of soils. The mechanical law is made up of two closed-form equations, one for loading paths and one for unloading paths. The proposed hydromechanical model is expressed in a finite form and has therefore the advantage of not requiring any approximate numerical integration. The model has been validated against four sets of laboratory data showing a good ability to predict the coupled behaviour of unsaturated soils (e.g. collapse-compression upon wetting) by means of a relatively small number of material parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new buckling-restrained steel plate shear wall system with assembled multi reinforced concrete (Multi-RC) panels (MBRSPSW). The finite element model of MBRSPSW system with hinged frame, validated by existing experimental results, is developed to investigate the general mechanical behaviors, such as hysteresis property, horizontal shear force, internal force demands of boundary columns and damage of RC panels. Three key parameters, including steel plate slenderness ratio, gap width between RC panels and number of RC panels, are discussed. To investigate the general behavior of MBRSPSW system and conventional buckling-restrained steel plate shear wall (BRSPSW) system, two test specimens with rigid frame corresponding to actual moment-resisting frame are further conducted. The results show that MBRSPSW system provide stable bearing capacity and good energy dissipation capacity by dividing single RC panel into multi-RC panels. The internal force demands of the boundary column of MBRSPSW system, especially for the bending moment, decrease significantly compared to that of BRSPSW system. Damage of RC panels of MBRSPSW system is greatly decreased compared with that of BRSPSW system. Number of RC panels and the gap width of MBRSPSW system have significant effect on the tension damage of RC panels, especially for the number of RC panels. BRSPSW system is found to fail prior to MBRSPSW system with a plastic hinge at the bottom of boundary column in test investigation and damage of RC panels of the latter is much lower than that of the former. The experimental observations agree well with the numerical results. • The bending moment of the boundary column of MBRSPSW system decrease significantly compared to that of BRSPSW system. • Damage of RC panels of MBRSPSW system is greatly decreased compared with that of BRSPSW system. • Number of RC panels and the gap width of MBRSPSW system have significant effect on the tension damage of RC panels. • The experimental observations agree well with the numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Collaborative robots (cobots) have been increasingly adopted in industries to facilitate human–robot collaboration. Despite this, it is challenging to program cobots for collaborative industrial tasks as the programming has two distinct elements that are difficult to implement: (1) an intuitive element to ensure that the operations of a cobot can be composed or altered dynamically by an operator, and (2) a human-aware element to support cobots in producing flexible and adaptive behaviours dependent on human partners. In this area, some research works have been carried out recently, but there is a lack of a systematic summary on the subject. In this paper, an overview of collaborative industrial scenarios and programming requirements for cobots to implement effective collaboration is given. Then, detailed reviews on cobot programming, which are categorised into communication, optimisation, and learning, are conducted. Additionally, a significant gap between cobot programming implemented in industry and in research is identified, and research that works towards bridging this gap is pinpointed. Finally, the future directions of cobots for industrial collaborative scenarios are outlined, including potential points of extension and improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the only available effective treatment option for obesity and its comorbidities is weight loss surgery (WLS). Long-term maintenance of weight loss after surgery cannot be explained by caloric restriction or malabsorption alone and has been attributed to unexplained changes in eating behavior. Whether these behavioral changes are related to altered taste or reward functions, or both, are subject to debate. In contrast to reduced food cravings and food addiction following WLS, recent clinical studies have revealed that bariatric surgery patients are prone to an increased risk for substance use disorder (SUD), especially alcohol use disorder (AUD). The substitution of drugs for previously stimulating foods, and the emergence of SUD after WLS, supported by preclinical studies, strongly suggest that manipulation of gut-brain signals may bring about changes in the reward system. This paper reviews current clinical and basic science research and discusses potential underlying mechanisms of reward-related behaviors. Specifically, it explores relevant neural and hormonal changes that present post WLS and their effects on dopaminergic reward pathway and highlights targets for potential pharmacological interventions. Special emphasis is given to recent work suggesting that different types of WLS procedures such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) have differential effects on alcohol consumption in humans and rats. These differential effects may hold the key not only to understanding increased substance use following WLS but may also help elucidate the contribution of gut-brain signals to regulation of reward, in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The values of parameters of a well-calibrated model are useful in detecting micro behavior. • We illustrate the evolution of banks strategy in response to different economic conditions. • It explores the banks reactions to financial shocks. • The result is an early warning indicator which anticipates phases of instability. In this paper, we show that the values of parameters of a well-calibrated model are useful in detecting micro behavior. We use a calibration procedure suitable for validating agent-based models to show how the evolution of model parameters, obtained via a rolling window estimation, illustrates the evolution of agents' strategies in response to different economic conditions. In this regard, we calibrate the well-known financial model of Brock and Hommes using three banking indices (i.e., the S&P SmallCap 600 Financials Index, the STOXX Europe 600 Banks, and the STOXX Asia/Pacific 600 Banks) running from 1994 to 2016. The choice of a spatially and temporally diversified dataset allows us to analyze differences and similarities in the behavior of banks belonging to the different macro areas, as well as to capture agents' reaction to the several economic phases characterizing the time series investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We examine three behaviors of older pedestrians at 30 pedestrian crossings. • They have a shorter start-up delay time than younger pedestrians. • Older pedestrians crossing streets turn their heads less frequently. • They provide less reliable estimates of the distance of an approaching vehicle. • Safety technologies, campaigns and environmental designs should target these behaviors. Abstract This paper aims to explore three walking behaviors of older pedestrians that may increase their crash risks when crossing urban streets. Older and younger pedestrians' start-up delay in initiating a crossing and number of head turns during street crossing are observed at 30 pedestrian crossings in Seoul, South Korea, using video recorders. In addition, their estimation of the safe crossing distance to an approaching vehicle is collected in a survey. Our study shows that older pedestrians have a shorter start-up delay time than younger pedestrians, older pedestrians crossing streets turn their heads less frequently, and older pedestrians provide less reliable estimates about the distance of an approaching vehicle. Safety technologies, campaigns and environmental designs should target these behaviors to improve the safety of older pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A rational selection of the q-factor for the design of steel MRFs is evaluated. • Selection method considers the seismic demand and building characteristics. • EC8-prescribed q-factors may lead to significant overstrength levels. • Improved q-selection methodology may result in relevant material savings. • The methodology leads to acceptable levels of building collapse performance. Abstract The main objective of the research presented in this paper is to assess the influence of a more rational selection of the behaviour factor (q) for the seismic design of steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) according to Eurocode 8 (EC8). To this end, a large set of steel MRFs were designed using for code-prescribed behaviour factors as well as using the Improved Force-Based Design (IFBD) methodology for a more consistent selection of q. The seismic performance of the archetypes was assessed through nonlinear static and response-history analysis. The results point to the discrepancy between the design assumptions and the real response of the structures, as significant differences between the design base shear and the lateral strength of the frames were observed for frames designed with code-prescribed behaviour factors. Moreover, it is shown that IFBD-designed steel frames exhibit more uniform inelastic demands over the building height, as well as ductility demands more compatible with the design assumptions. Finally, the fragility and seismic risk assessment conducted shows that all building archetypes, regardless of the q -scenario considered, exhibit values of mean annual frequency of collapse that comply with limits available in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Corrosion of the reinforcement is one of the major deterioration problems in existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. One of the important damage modes is the deterioration of the bond between steel and concrete. In this paper, the acoustic emission (AE) technique is evaluated for damage detection, characterisation and localisation during the corrosion process and during pull-out tests. AE monitoring is applied during accelerated corrosion as well as during pull-out tests, in combination with standard inspection techniques such as crack width measurements. RC prisms with smooth or ribbed reinforcement were corroded up to different corrosion levels: 0%, 1.5%, 5% and 10% mass loss. The corrosion process was accelerated in the laboratory. One of the specimens of each rebar type at every corrosion level was monitored continuously with the AE technique. At the target corrosion levels, pull-out tests were carried out to study the bond capacity. During these tests, AE monitoring was performed on every specimen. Results show that AE is able to detect damage during the corrosion progress and that the moment of crack initiation can be determined from the cumulative AE event curves. During the pull-out tests, debonding damage was successfully detected, characterised and located based on AE data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We propose an extension for Reo, including both new primitive channels and semantics as stochastic timed automata. • We adapt PTCTL to describe the properties of stochastic and timed connectors. • We develop a Python framework to model and verify stochastic and timed connectors. Abstract Modern distributed systems are often coupled with flexible architectures, composed of heterogeneous components, and deployed on different execution nodes. In such architectures, connectors (or middlewares) are widely used to orchestrate the separated components and make them functioning. Apparently, correctness of such systems highly depends on the behavior of connectors. Reo is a channel-based coordination language where complex connectors are compositionally constructed from simpler ones. In this paper, we propose a stochastic and real-time extension of Reo, including a set of new primitive channels and an expressive semantics as Stochastic Timed Automata for Reo (STA r). Furthermore, a logical formalization of STA r for property analysis has been proposed and the transformation from STA r to PRISM and JANI has been implemented. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate how STA r and its corresponding logic can be used to capture coordination scenarios in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Data from 97 papers, for various types of ruminants and of climates, have been compiled. • Both animal and sward characteristics, impact the animal behavior components. • The Incisor arch is an important animal factor for behavior, related to body weight. • Sward height is a better predictor than herbage mass to explain bite mass components. • Some sward characteristics interact on bite mass, e.g. the sward height and density. Abstract Bite mass (BM) is the main parameter determining intake, production level and efficiency for grazing ruminants. Various data have been published concerning BM and its components bite diameter, bite area, bite depth and bite volume (BDiam, BA, BD and BV). However, it was not yet possible to have a clear quantitative view of the relationships between BM and its related components. The sward factors and animal traits influencing BM have only partially been studied previously. To progress on this topic, we performed a meta-analysis of a large set of 96 publications (776 treatments). Bite volume is closely linked with BM, and when linear components of BV are considered, BDiamis much more determining than BD. Among the sward characteristics, sward height (SH) is a key factor of BM through its strong and almost linear influence on BD and BV. On this aspect, SH is more determining than herbage mass/ha. Herbage bulk density (HBD) is also an influencing factor, notably at low HBD, which induces an adaptive behaviour consisting of increasing BDiam and BA. A significant interaction was observed between SH and HBD in determining BM;for low values of SH, the positive influence of HBD on BM was distinct. The measured parameters were diversely scaled with BW. For BM, the power coefficient was 1, while it was 0.346 for incisor arcade (IA) and of 0.20 for bite depth. Incisor arcade is an accurate determining factor for BM via BDiam and BA. Analysis of the various factors of variation in bite mass and its components studied in the literature facilitates our understanding of the adaptive strategies of the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The ever increasing size of ships and offshore platforms has resulted in 'softer' hull which require hydroelastic effects to be taken into account when predicting fluid-structure interactions. The majority of such investigations are carried out numerically using potential flow solvers. Although nonlinear potential flow methods are also used, RANS/CFD (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations) can fully take into account of nonlinearities. It is important, therefore, to verify and validate the results from such numerical predictions. This paper aims to investigate the symmetric motions and responses of flexible barge in regular waves by coupling RANS/CFD and Finite Element software. The two-way interaction between a fluid solver, Star-CCM+, and a structural solver, Abaqus, is applied by exchanging pressures and nodal displacements more than once every time step, namely implicit coupling scheme. A combination of overset and mesh morphing approaches and finite volume solution to allow for the motions of a body at the free surface is used. The computational results compared with experimental measurements and 2-D linear hydroelastic predictions show good agreement. The discrepancies between the 2-D and CFD/FEA cosimulation arise due to the strong influence of bow and stern radiated waves and the agreement between them improves when the nonlinearities are not as dominant. Highlights • Two-way coupling between RANS/CFD and Finite Element software to predict symmetric distortions and bending moments. • Computations performed on a very elastic rectangular stationary barge in regular head waves. • Total vertical displacements compared with measurements and 2-D linear predictions. • Effect of nonlinearities seen to be a reason for discrepancy between the present coupling and 2-D linear. • Present method compares well with experiments in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A graphical method for intuitively illuminate fundamental driving habits of drivers. • Describe the basic and internal driving patterns of drivers based on big data. • A good application in the analysis of driving safety. Due to differences in driving skills and personal characteristics among drivers, the behaviors of drivers when faced with various driving environments differ, causing different levels of driving safety concerns. In past research, the measurement of safety-related driving behavior mostly focused on classification, while few studies were concerned with individual driving behavior characteristics. However, it is important for drivers to recognize and correct their dangerous behaviors and optimize their driving. This paper presents a graphical method for modeling individual driving behaviors, and the results can be used in driving safety analysis. Based on the assumption that drivers have specific driving habits, typical driving patterns during driving are first detected and extracted. These typical driving patterns are then sorted according to their frequencies, forming a driving behavior graph that can directly illustrate each driver's behavior features. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis method for evaluating driving safety based on the behavior graph is provided. To verify the proposed method, a case study focusing on vehicles' longitudinal motion was conducted using GPS data collected from Beijing taxis. The results demonstrated that the graphical method can describe the individual features of a driver's longitudinal acceleration behavior and distinguish differences among drivers. The development of this method can help understand the individual features of driving behaviors and further support measures to optimize driving safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present paper investigates the role of urban stress, local identity and sustainable worldviews in the prediction of a set of urban pro-environmental behaviors: recycling, domestic water saving, non-littering, sustainable transport, support for environmental associations, and willingness to pay for green energy. Using self-report measures, a correlational field study was carried out (N = 242). Results show that both urban stress and endorsement of sustainable worldviews are significant positive predictors of pro-environmental behavior in general, and of non-littering and supporting environmental organizations in particular. City identity moderates the relationship between urban stress and, respectively, willingness to pay for green energy and non-littering: a high level of stress predicts these pro-environmental patterns only for those who strongly identify with their city. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. Highlights • We verified the impact of urban stress, city identity, and sustainable worldviews on pro-environmental behaviors • Urban stress and sustainable worldviews predict general pro-environmental behavior • Urban stress predicts pro-environmental behavior in high city-identifiers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite its importance in sealing, a fundamental understanding of the behavior of elastomeric O-rings in a gas environment is still incomplete. Further experimental research is needed to obtain a precise predictive model which can describe the combined effects of gases and mechanical loading. The effect of CO 2 pressure (2, 4 and 6 MPa) on the mechanical compression behavior of HNBR and FKM seals at two temperatures (60 and 130 °C) is described in the paper. To evaluate the contribution of nanofiller reinforcement, experimental tests were carried out on two kinds of rubber which are reinforced or not with nanofiller (10 phr of expanded graphite). A ranking of materials was performed thanks to experimental database. HNBR seems to be the better candidate in the service conditions applied. Furthermore, the nanofillers which are introduced in the rubber can lead some damages in Rapid Gas Decompression conditions, notably when the zero pressure was applied (desorption). Highlights • This method permits the characterization the materials used in the structure obtained with industrial process. • Mechanical compression tests were carried out on O-rings under CO 2 pressure at two temperatures. • Mechanical compression tests were carried out on O-rings after CO 2 desorption. • In order to improve the measurements of the local strain an in situ optical measuring system is used. • The parameters of the behavior law are modified and are a function of the temperature and CO 2 pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents and discusses numerical results concerning the (i) elastic local and distortional post-buckling behaviours and (ii) imperfection sensitivity of regular convex polygonal cross-section (RCPS) simply supported tubes under uniform compression (columns). Although it was shown recently that the local and distortional buckling behaviours may be often characterised by duplicate bifurcation modes, knowledge concerning the corresponding post-buckling behaviour is still lacking. The results presented are obtained through a geometrically non-linear Generalised Beam Theory (GBT) formulation previously reported by the authors. This GBT formulation is first employed to characterise the column bifurcation behaviour, namely by helping to pinpoint the occurrence of the above two distinct buckling behaviours. Then, post-buckling results are presented and discussed for (i) different combinations of the local-to-distortional buckling load ratio and the (ii) amplitude of the critical-mode initial geometrical imperfections, in order to characterise the RCPS column imperfection sensitivity. Such results provide the evolution, along given equilibrium paths, of the column deformed configurations (expressed in GBT modal form), relevant displacement profiles and participation diagrams based on either stress resultant strain energies or amplitude functions. For comparison and validation purposes, ABAQUS shell finite element values are reported. Highlights • Elastic local and distortional post-buckling investigation on regular polygonal cross-section columns. • Assessment via Generalised Beam Theory (GBT) analyses – modal nature ideally suited for this task. • Sensitivity analysis of the initial geometrical imperfection shape, "rotation" and amplitude. • Surprising slightly unstable distortional post-buckling behaviour exhibited by the polygonal columns. • Two mechanically distinct distortional post-buckling behaviours unveiled and explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic recrystallization to a large extent determines the microstructure of near-α titanium alloys during the thermo-mechanical processing in α + β two phases zone. And the initial microstructure has a dramatic effect on the recrystallization behavior. Therefore, this paper deals with the recrystallization behavior of a near-α TA15 titanium alloy sheet with substantial prior deformed substructures during the annealing and hot tension at 800 °C. Undeformed and deformed regions of tensile samples, viz., static recrystallization and dynamic recrystallization, were studied respectively through EBSD observation. It was found that, the unusual intragranular nucleation of discontinuous recrystallization was observed in the relatively coarse grains, which was formed by the enclosed low angle grain boundaries rearranged by the thermally activated recovery. And most of the recrystallized grains manifested as three types of special grain boundaries, namely [0001]30°, 11 2 ¯ 0 75 ° and 13 8 ¯ 5 ¯ 3 90 ° , which showed the cusps in grain boundary energy and can stabilize the recrystallized grain embryo. The substantial prior deformed substructures of the employed TA15 sheet, viz., low angle grain boundaries and dislocations, can facilitate the formation of subgrains and nucleation, which brought about a mixture of continuous and discontinuous recrystallization, regardless of dynamic or static. During the hot tension, the activation of dislocations would accelerate the annihilation and rearrangement of dislocations, thus, recrystallization can take place more frequently, which finally leads to an equiaxed microstructure. • Quasi-in-situ annealing treatment of the initial TA15 sheet was carried out. • A mixture of continuous and discontinuous recrystallization was observed during annealing and hot tension. • Effect of substantial prior deformed substructure on the recrystallization behavior was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Mg-Zn alloy had been investigated as biodegradable material for fabricating orthopedic implants. In this paper, nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) [Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 ] was uniformly distributed on the surface of magnesium particles by ball milling process, and then the composite of Mg-5.5Zn/HA was successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Effect of the nano-HA content on the compressive strength and the bioactivity in vitro (corrosion behavior, cytotoxicity) of the composite was analyzed. Results indicated that with the increasing of the nano-HA content (from 0 to 10 wt%), the compressive yield strength is improved remarkably. Comparing with Mg-5.5Zn alloy, of the nano-HA (10 wt%) can improve the compressive yield strength by 43% and bending strength by 14%. Furthermore, the in-vitro immersion tests revealed the positive and negative effects of nano-HA content on the corrosion behavior of Mg-5.5Zn/HA composite. The nano-HA can improve the degradation resistance of the Mg-5.5Zn matrix. Addition of 10 wt% HA can decrease the corrosion rate by 49%. Furthermore, the composite exhibits acceptable cytotoxicity to L-929 cells, and impressive potential to be used as an orthopedic implant material. • The high density and completely solid solution Mg-5.5Zn/HA composite was successfully fabricated by Spark plasma sintering (SPS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]