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In this work, a facial ratiometric fluorescence nanorpobe (RFP) based on gadolinium and nitrogen co-doped CDs (Gd , N -CDs) was for the first time proposed for visual detection of folic acid (FA). The Gd , N -CDs were prepared by hydrothermal heating of Gd(NO 3) 3 ⋅6H 2 O, o-phenylenediamine (OPD), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The as-prepared Gd , N -CDs had an average particle size of 10.27 ± 0.35 nm and exhibited two emission bands at 396 and 548 nm, respectively upon excitation at 340 nm. In the presence of FA, the 560 nm emission of Gd , N -CDs was reduced while the fluorescence signal at 457 nm was enhanced, and the quantitatively determination of FA was based on the fluorescence intensity ratio (F 457 /F 560). The as-constructed RFP achieved a linear range of 0.0–30.0 μM and a low detection limit (LOD) of 3.43 nM. In particular, a distinguishable change in fluorescence colour from bright orange to blue enabled the development of a smartphone-assisted visual sensing platform and a paper-based analytical device for FA detection with LODs of 3.06 μM and 0.83 μM, respectively. The proposed sensing platform was successfully utilised for onsite detection of FA in vegetable, fruit and yolk samples with satisfactory results were achieved. This work highlights the application potential of smartphone-integrated CDs-based RFP as a promising portable method for on-site analysis of FA. [Display omitted] • A Gd , N -CDs-based ratiometric fluorescence method was proposed for ultrasensitive sensing of folic acid. • The proposed method realized folic acid visualization by integrating with a smartphone and a paper device. • The proposed fluorescence methods were successfully used for folic acid detection in food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear phosphorescence quenching mechanism of gadolinium labeled hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Gd-HMME) by oxygen on the filter paper was studied. The intensity Stern–Volmer plot was found to be approximately linear for oxygen concentration from 10% to 100%, but showing a negative curvature from 0% to 10%. The lifetime plot has similar changing trend. The intensity plot is slightly higher than the lifetime plot reflecting the existence of static quenching. The nonlinear responses were related to the nonlinear solubility of oxygen, which perfectly satisfy the nonlinear solubility model. Data analysis indicates that the static quenching rate constant is unchanged and the percentage of static quenching is about 35% ± 3% in the whole range of oxygen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescence–phosphorescence ratiometric oxygen sensing system based on gadolinium labeled hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Gd-HMME) and filter paper was developed. A compact and simple measurement system was constructed utilizing fiber optoelectronic sensing device. Optical parameter (OP) was defined as the ratio of filter paper background fluorescence to oxygen sensitive Gd-HMME phosphorescence. We demonstrate that the OP is independent of excitation intensity in this ratiometric method. The measured results of oxygen concentration were calibrated and displayed by a Labview-based software. The fluctuation is about 0.1% for a wide range of oxygen concentration above 10% and much less than 0.1% for oxygen concentrations lower than 3%. A detection limit of 0.01% was achieved. The response time was determined to be about 4 s. These results indicate that the system we have developed can be used for oxygen detection in the whole range and is especially accurate for very low oxygen concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen sensing properties of a luminescent material gadolinium labeled hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Gd-HMME) based on filter paper were studied. Photoluminescence of Gd-HMME at 712 nm was confirmed to be phosphorescence by a time-resolved spectroscopic analysis and its dependence on oxygen. Quantum yield of the phosphorescence was determined to be 0.014 in air saturated methanol solution ( λ exc = 532 nm). A linear range was found from 10% to 100% oxygen concentration in Stern–Volmer plots for Gd-HMME based on filter paper. Fast response time, recovery time ( t ↓ , 0.4 ± 0.2 s; t ↑ , 1.4 ± 0.2 s) and high photostability were achieved. Our results indicate that Gd-HMME is a promising indicator for optical oxygen sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reports studies on the determination of trace levels of samarium, europium and gadolinium in aqueous samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). In this work, a membrane-based filter paper was used as a sample support for the liquid samples. The laser-induced plasma was produced in air at atmospheric pressure, using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Calibration standards and synthetic mixtures of these lanthanides were prepared using solutions prepared from respective high purity oxides. Linear calibration was obtained for Sm, Eu and Gd by normalizing the intensities of lanthanides emission lines with respective to C(I) 193.029nm emission line. The concentrations of Sm, Eu and Gd were then determined in a solution containing a mixture of these lanthanides. The concentrations of individual lanthanides were obtained within 5% of the expected values. Limits of detection were found to be 1.3ppmw (Sm), 1.9ppmw (Eu) and 2.3ppmw (Gd). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the paper, non-porous and smooth gadolinium oxide layers were synthesized on the inner surfaces of quartz glass tubes using MOCVD (Metalorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition) in the temperature range of 580–800 °C. Commercial Gd(tmhd) 3 (Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)gadolinium(III), 99% (99.9%-Gd)) was a basic reactant. Pure argon (99.999%) was used as a carrier gas. Air was applied to eliminate the carbon. It also was a carrier gas. The magnitude of the extended Gr x /Re x 2 criterion did not exceed the value of 0.01. Other synthesis conditions were established in such a way that this condition was maintained. The evaporation temperature of Gd(tmhd) 3 varied in the range of 170–270 °C.The influence of the synthesis conditions on microstructure, structure and transparency of the deposited layers was investigated. Oval-shaped Gd 2 O 3 aggregates and fine crystallites were formed regardless of the synthesis conditions. The conducted research also shows that the lower deposition temperature and the higher evaporation temperature of reactant, causes smaller crystallite sizes and smaller their number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, it is highly desirable to seek the inorganic phosphors with deep-red emission for the plant cultivation lighting. In this paper, the lanthanide Gd3+ -incorporated Ba 3 WO 6 :Mn4+ oxide phosphors were successfully prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid state reaction. The oxide phosphors were confirmed to crystallize into the double-perovskite structure corresponding to the cubic system with space group Fm-3m. Under the excitation with ultraviolet light 365 nm, all the phosphor samples displayed the deep-red emission band from 650 to 750 nm with the peaks around 678 and 692 nm, which was attributed to the intrinsic 2E g →4A 2g transition of activator Mn4+. It was observed that the luminescence of Ba 3 WO 6 :Mn4+ material was almost ignorable due to the low quantum yield (less than 2%). After the introduction of certain amount of Gd3+ ions to substitute the octahedral Ba2+ site, the double-perovskite structure of the phosphor was hardly changed, but the deep-red emission intensity of Mn4+ was efficiently enhanced and the quantum yield reached 30.4% through the optimization to the Gd3+ and Mn4+ doping concentration. The optimal composition was Ba 2.1 Gd 0.9 WO 6 :0.3%Mn4+ and the Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinate was (0.731, 0.269), which located at the deep-red spectral region. The mechanism for the enhanced deep-red luminescence after Gd3+ incorporation was discussed. Owing to the highly suited to the phytochrome absorption wavelength, the optimized oxide phosphor with bright deep-red emission in the 650–750 nm range is a potential candidate for the plant cultivation lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some years now, gadolinium oxysulfide nanoparticles (NPs) appear as strong candidates for very efficient multimodal in vivo imaging by: 1) Magnetic Resonance (MRI), 2) X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) and 3) photoluminescence imaging. In this paper, we present a selection of results centered on the evaluation of physico-chemical stability, toxicity, bio-distribution and excretion mechanisms of Gd 2 O 2 S:Ln3+ nanoparticles intravenously injected in rats. Two formulations are here tested with a common matrix and different dopants: Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu3+ 5% and Gd 2 O 2 S:Yb3+ 4% /Tm3+ 0.1%. The NPs appear to be almost insoluble in pure water and human plasma but corrosion/degradation phenomenon appears in acidic conditions classically encountered in cell lysosomes. Whole body in vivo distribution, excretion and toxicity evaluation revealed a high tolerance of nanoparticles with a long-lasting imaging signal associated with a slow hepatobiliary clearance and very weak urinary excretion. The results show that the majority of the injected product (>60%) has been excreted through the feces after five months. Experiments have evidenced that the NPs mainly accumulate in macrophage-rich organs, that is mainly liver and spleen and to a lesser extent lungs and bones (mainly marrow). No significant amounts have been detected in other organs such as heart, kidneys, brain, intestine and skin. Gd 2 O 2 S:Ln3+ NPs appeared to be very well tolerated up to 400 mg/kg when administered intravenously. Since 2011, we have focused our work on Gd 2 O 2 S nanoparticles (NPs) for multimodal bioimaging using fluorescence, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography with very efficient results already published. However, since the European Medicines Agency has concluded its review of gadolinium contrast agents, confirming recommendations to restrict the use of some linear gadolinium agents used in MRI, a particular attention must be paid to any new contrast media containing gadolinium. Therefore, we present in this paper a compilation of studies about toxicity, bio-distribution and excretion mechanisms of Gd 2 O 2 S:Ln3+ NPs intravenously injected into rats. We also present an in vitro kinetic study of NPs degradation in aqueous and biological media to provide some information on chemical and biological stability. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents a detailed study of Gd3+ substitutions on Structural, Dielectric, Spectroscopic, Raman, and Photo luminance Properties of Ba 0.4 Sr 0.6 Co 2 Fe 16 O 27 magnetic oxides were prepared using the sol-gel auto combustion method. All of these specimens were sintered at 1100 °C for 5 h. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the single-phase detection and structural analysis. The lattice parameters a and c show the insignificant behavior 5.893–5.933 Å, and 32.049–32.476 Å with the concentration of gadolinium ions. The crystallite size ranged from 25 to 30 nm, demonstrating a growing tendency as Gd-substitution was enhanced. The discrepancy in the ionic radii of iron (Fe3+) and substituent elements (Gd3+) is the cause of the variation in cell volume and lattice constants. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of absorption bands (590 and 3000 cm−1) for prepared BaSr-based W-type hexa-ferrites. The vibrational bands of metal oxide ions are responsible for the 590 and 685 cm−1 peaks. The Raman spectrum showed six discrete, brittle peaks: 320, 440, 620, 690, 1300, and 1600 of synthesized nanomaterials—the dielectric constant and dielectric loss increase by substituting the Gd3+ ion. The dielectric parameters and dielectric loss at higher frequencies suggest that the prepared material may be excellent for switching, sensing, and high-frequency applications. [Display omitted] • Gd substituted Ba 0.4 Sr 0.6 Co 2 Fe 16 O 27 were prepared via sol-gel auto technique. • The crystallite size was optimised from 25 to 30 nm. • FTIR evidenced absorption bands (590 and 3000 cm−1) for these materials. • Raman spectra showed six discrete peaks: 320, 440, 620, 690, 1300, and 1600. • These may have potential for switching, sensing, and high-frequency applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laminated metal composites have become a key strategy for the design and manufacture of metal parts with multiple combinations of excellent properties. This paper utilizes the differences in mechanical properties and recrystallization behavior of component metals to prepare a novel 316 L/(316 L-2.5 wt%Gd)/316 L neutron shielding laminated metal composites (LMCs) through composite rolling and solution treatment processes. LMCs have an excellent combination of properties: high strength (tensile strength: 571.36 MPa), sufficient tensile ductility (fracture elongation: 60 %) and high neutron shielding properties (thermal neutron shielding rate: > 90 %). Specifically, compared to the non-composite 316 L-2.5 wt%Gd neutron shielding material, the strength of the hot-rolled LMCs has increased by 2.0 times, and the elongation at fracture has improved by 3.3 times. After solid solution treatment, the elongation of LMCs is further increased, which is 6 times higher than non-composite 316 L-2.5 wt%Gd neutron shielding materials. The specially designed soft-hard matched 316 L/(316 L-2.5 wt%Gd) heterogeneous interfaces achieved good metallurgical bonding, with significant differences in grain sizes and strains. The main reasons for the enhanced strength and plasticity of LMCs are the geometric constraints caused by the layered structure composed of ductile and brittle metallic components, as well as the back-stress strengthening and strain hardening induced by deformation incompatibility at the heterogeneous interface. • 316 L/(316 L-2.5 wt%Gd) heterogeneous interfaces with different grain sizes and obvious differences in strains were constructed. • Heterogeneous structure and interfacial constraints synergistically enhance the strength and plasticity of 316 L/(316 L-2.5 wt%Gd)/316 L laminated composites. • Provides a promising solution to the difficult problem of mutual constraints between neutron shielding properties and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the safety of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has garnered significant attention, prompting the development of Gd(III)-free MRI contrast agents that are safe and non-toxic. Mn-based contrast agents are promising alternatives to GBCAs and have the potential to replace them in clinical applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research progress on manganese complexes as MRI contrast agents, and outlines potential avenues for their future development. [Display omitted] Gadolinium(III)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) play a dominant role in contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and are used to improve the accuracy of diagnoses. In recent years, the safety of GBCAs has attracted extensive attention, which has promoted the development of safe, Gd(III)-free MRI contrast agents that are nontoxic. Mn-based contrast agents are important candidates for such applications, and are expected to replace Gd(III) contrast agents. In this paper, the research progress on manganese complexes as MRI CAs is reviewed, and prospects for their further development are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nb-Si superalloy is one of the most potential structure-materials of next generation aero engine. The influence of rare-earth element Gd on microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-16Si-24Ti is explored in this paper. Results show that phase composition no change by doping of Gd. And the mass of Nbss/(Nb, X) 3 Si eutectic exists in the matrix instead of primary Nbss. The rare-earth element Gd reduces the Si contents in Nbss phases, and the content of O is also limited because of its high active. The deflection, bridging and secondary crack are easily found in coarsened Nbss, and the peak-value of fracture toughness is 8.37 MPa·m1/2 in NST-0.05Gd alloy. The phenomenon of solution strength is obvious, and the maximum value of RT compressive strength is 2214 MPa. The thermal compression test indicates that silicide phases play the major role for high-temperature performance, and the Nbss phases have the poor heat-resistance under HT condition. • The primary Nbss phases can be coarsened by the trace Gd element, and the Nbss/(Nb, X) 3 Si eutectic takes up all the matrix as the certain amount of Gd (0.1 at% or more). • The contents of Si and O elements in Nbss are limited, which is beneficial for the toughness of Nbss phases • The coarsened Nbss phases easily form the deflection, bridging and secondary crack, and the appearance of Nbss/(Nb, X) 3 Si eutectic has the huge stress triaxiality level, which is harmful for the toughness of Nb-Si alloys. • The rare element Gd has the great solution effect, and the silicide phases play the major role for the HT performance of Nb-Si alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on the theory of the separate spatial soliton pair, the dynamical evolution and deflection characteristics of Gaussian beam in a biased series photovoltaic photorefractive crystals circuit are investigated numerically by taking into account the variation of the dark soliton intensity. The results show that changing the dark soliton intensity in one crystal can modulate the dynamical evolution and deflection of Gaussian beam in the other crystal. When the change of the dark soliton intensity is large enough, the matched Gaussian beam can not evolve into a solitary wave. By adjusting the dark soliton intensity a mismatched Gaussian beam can evolve into a stable bright soliton. We give some examples in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In-plane magnetic properties and anisotropy of Tm 3 Fe 5-x Sc x O 12 films were studied. • Tm 3 Fe 4.25 Sc 0.75 O 12 film prepared by LPE is (1 1 1) oriented single crystal structure. • Tm 3 Fe 4.25 Sc 0.75 O 12 film has excellent soft magnetic properties in the (1 1 1) plane. • In-plane anisotropy of Tm 3 Fe 5-x Sc x O 12 films is mainly caused by stress. • In-plane anisotropy of Tm 3 Fe 5-x Sc x O 12 films reduces as Sc3+ substitution decreases. In-plane easily magnetized scandium substituted thulium iron garnet films(Tm 3 Fe 5-x Sc x O 12) with soft magnetic properties have recently attracted attention for fluxgate magnetometer applications. In this paper, thin Tm 3 Fe 5-x Sc x O 12 films were prepared on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates by liquid phase epitaxial(LPE) method. Microstructural properties, composition, magnetic properties and the in-plane anisotropy of the films were discussed. We found that the films turned from tensile stress to compressive stress as the Sc3+ substitution decreased, and the in-plane anisotropy was mainly caused by stress reducing as Sc3+ declined. By analyzing the in-plane magnetic hysteresis loops, the magnetic performance was the best when x = 0.75. Tm 3 Fe 4.25 Sc 0.75 O 12 film had the lowest in-plane coercive field(0.006 Oe) and the highest initial magnetic permeability(3 7 8), which was more beneficial to realize fluxgate magnetometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • HDESs were used for removing Al impurity to produce high-purity GdCl 3. • The separation factor of Al/Gd extracted by the HDES is higher than 400. • No emulsification and third phase formation after HDES extraction of Al. • High purity of GdCl 3 products was obtained by HDES extraction system. • HDESs can be easily stripped and remains stable after 5 cycles. In the current industrial production of high-purity gadolinium (Gd) products, aluminum (Al) is enriched into GdCl 3 solution as the main impurity element. It is urgent to develop a new process to effectively remove Al3+ from GdCl 3 solution. In this paper, a novel strategy for separating Al3+ and Gd3+ based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) is reported. The main physical properties of HDESs were characterized, including density (<0.90 g/cm3), viscosity (<30 mPa·s), water content (<3.5 %) and water solubility (TOC < 300 mg/L). The extraction performances of HDESs for separating of Al3+ from GdCl 3 solution were systemically investigated. Compared with other HDESs, N,N-diethyldodecanamide (DM):ibuprofen (BF) (3:1) HDES has a better separation performance, with the maximum separation factor of Al/Gd (β Al/Gd) being greater than 400. It was found that DM:BF (3:1) HDES could quantitatively remove Al3+ (E% > 99 %) from the original GdCl 3 solution (853.9 mg/L Al3+ and 5466.2 mg/L Gd3+) in three continuous counter-current extraction stages. The co-extraction rate of Gd3+ was only 2.43 %, and the purity of GdCl 3 in the raffinate was 99.9 %. After the loaded HDES was scrubbed one more time, the comprehensive yield of Gd exceeded 99 %. The loaded HDES could be easily stripped, regenerated and sustained stability over five regeneration cycles. The HDES studied in this paper has the advantages of simple preparation, low toxicity, low viscosity, good hydrophobicity and excellent separation effect, which is conducive to the sustainable preparation of high-purity GdCl 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 1Polymers may be converted into gaseous hydrocarbons by catalytic pyrolysis processes. • The use of REM as catalysts increases the yield of gaseous pyrolysis products. • During pyrolysis using lutetium, the composition of the products changes dramatically. This paper describes non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste materials. Four types of waste plastics were used in study: high density polyethylene (PE), low density polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Plastic waste was decomposed into three fractions under pyrolysis conditions: gas, liquid and solid residual. The use of vanadates MeVO 4 and vanadites MeVO 3 of REM (Me=La, Gd, Lu) as catalysts let to change the yield of the gas fraction and change the composition of the gaseous pyrolysis products. Catalytic decomposition increased the amount of the gaseous products by 15–20 %, reduced the condensate, and changed their composition with regard to the non-catalytic process at the same pyrolysis temperature. The total number of reaction products was determined in each fraction. The quantitative analysis of the composition of the gas fraction was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. The study of non-catalytic pyrolysis of plastics and thermogravimetric analysis let to determine the most favorable temperature conditions for the implementation of the catalytic pyrolysis. The catalytic pyrolysis of plastics was carried out in order to obtain the maximum yield of valuable gaseous products. The synthesized vanadites and vanadates of REM were used as catalysts. When using catalysts based on lanthanum and gadolinium compounds, a regular change in the amount of gaseous substances was observed without significant changes in their composition. The use of lutetium vanadate and lutetium vanadite demonstrated a phenomenal result that is associated with the cardinal change of structure of degradation products of PET. The syngas was obtained instead of acetaldehyde. This result is related to the structure of the used catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DCE-MRI is a robust imaging platform for quantifying glymphatic transport. • Glymphatic transport and CSF flow dynamics is dependent on body posture. • T1 mapping can quantify glymphatic transport and cervical lymph node drainage concurrently. • Glymphatic transport kinetics are heterogenous across brain regions. • Regularized optimal mass transport analysis incorporates advective as well as diffusion terms. • Glymphatic transport can be measured by positron emission tomography. Over the past decade there has been an enormous progress in our understanding of fluid and solute transport in the central nervous system (CNS). This is due to a number of factors, including important developments in whole brain imaging technology and computational fluid dynamics analysis employed for the elucidation of glymphatic transport function in the live animal and human brain. In this paper, we review the technical aspects of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in combination with administration of Gd-based tracers into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for tracking glymphatic solute and fluid transport in the CNS as well as lymphatic drainage. Used in conjunction with advanced computational processing methods including optimal mass transport analysis, one gains new insights into the biophysical forces governing solute transport in the CNS which leads to intriguing new research directions. Considering drainage pathways, we review the novel T1 mapping technique for quantifying glymphatic transport and cervical lymph node drainage concurrently in the same subject. We provide an overview of knowledge gleaned from DCE-MRI studies of glymphatic transport and meningeal lymphatic drainage. Finally, we introduce positron emission tomography (PET) and CSF administration of radiotracers as an alternative method to explore other pharmacokinetic aspects of CSF transport into brain parenchyma as well as efflux pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton therapy is an alternative external beam cancer treatment modality to the conventional linear accelerator-based X-ray radiotherapy. An inherent by-product of proton-nuclear interactions is the production of secondary neutrons. These neutrons have long been thought of as a secondary contaminant, nuisance, and source of secondary cancer risk. In this paper, a method is proposed to use these neutrons to identify and localize the presence of the tumor through neutron capture reactions with the gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent. This could provide better confidence in tumor targeting by acting as an additional quality assurance tool of tumor position during treatment. This effectively results in a neutron induced nuclear medicine scan. Gadolinium (Gd), is an ideal candidate for this novel nuclear contrast imaging procedure due to its unique nuclear properties and its widespread use as a contrast agent in MRI. Gd has one of the largest thermal neutron capture cross sections of all the stable nuclides, and the gadolinium-based contrast agents localize in leaky tissues and tumors. Initial characteristics of this novel concept were explored using the Monte Carlo code MCNP6. The number of neutron capture reactions per Gy of proton dose was found to be approximately 50,000 neutron captures/Gy, for a 8 cm 3 tumor containing 300 ppm Gd at 8 cm depth with a simple simulation designed to represent the active delivery method. Using the passive method it is estimated that this number can be up to an order of magnitude higher. The thermal neutron distribution was found to not be localized within the spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) for this geometrical configuration and therefore would not allow for the identification of a geometric miss of the tumor by the proton SOBP. However, this potential method combined with nuclear medicine imaging and fused with online CBCT and prior MRI or CT imaging could help to identify tumor position during treatment. More computational and experimental work are required to determine the feasibility of this new technique termed Proton Neutron Gamma-X Detection (PNGXD). The initial concept of this procedure is presented in this paper as well as future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the solid oxide fuel cell field, the gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) is widely used as interlayer between oxygen electrode and electrolyte materials, as for instance La 2 NiO 4+δ (LNO) and 3 mol.% Y 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 (TZ3Y), respectively. However, cation interdiffusion occurs between GDC and LNO/TZ3Y during their sintering steps at high temperature, which finally lowers the electrochemical performance of the cathode for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this paper, an alternative interlayer is proposed, the praseodymium doped ceria (PrDC with 30 at.% Pr). It is shown that reactivity occurs between PrDC and TZ3Y, but the compounds formed seem to favour the ORR. Besides, little reactivity is detected between LNO and PrDC. As a result, the total resistances, i.e. series and polarization resistance obtained with a LNO//PrDC//TZ3Y half-cell from 500 °C to 800 °C are much lower than those obtained with a LNO//GDC//TZ3Y half-cell, sintered in the same conditions. In addition, differences in the shape of the impedance diagrams are observed depending on the interlayer: this feature is discussed throughout the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a green synthesis method that allows the obtained cubic-Gd 2 O 3 :Er3+,Yb3+ nanothermometers without using precursors derived from inorganic acids unlike other traditional methods. The performed TEM/HRTEM images, SAED patterns, and XRD analyses confirm the formation of cubic phase Gd 2 O 3 : Er3+,Yb3+ with average particle size about of 15 ± 1 nm after annealing the nanoscale metal-organic frameworks of gadolinium co-doped with 2% mol Er3+ and 20% mol Yb3+ ions (Gd-BTC:Er3+,Yb3+ NMOF) at 700 °C for 1 h. The process of formation of the Gd-BTC:Er3+,Yb3+ NMOF was also investigated in detail by SEM, XRD, EDS, BET, FT-IR and STA/TGA-DSC techniques. The up-conversion emission of the obtained cubic-Gd 2 O 3 :Er3+,Yb3+ nanothermometers were investigated in the 83–773 K temperature range upon 980 nm excitation. As it was proved the red to green emission intensities ratio of Er3+ ions changes monotonically in the whole analyzed temperature range. The calculated relative sensitivity of the luminescence thermometer based on the 2H 11/2 /4S 3/2 → 4I 15/2 to the 4F 9/2 → 4I 15/2 of the obtained cubic-Gd 2 O 3 :Er3+,Yb3+ nanothermometers reached 0.75%/K at 500 K. Additionally the faster thermal quenching of the 4F 9/2 → 4I 15/2 emission band in respect to the 4F 9/2 → 4I 15/2 of Er3+ results in the thermally induced change of the emission colour from red through yellow to green. Thus the chromatic relative sensitivities reached S Rx = 0.2%/K and S Ry = 0.225%/K at 710 K. Furthermore, the magnetic measurements also proved the soft magnetic property of Gd 2 O 3 :Er3+,Yb3+ with saturation magnetization (J s) reached of 8 emu/g at temperature of 150 K Obtained results confirms the application prospects of the multifunctional cubic-Gd 2 O 3 :Er3+,Yb3+ nanothermometers in the biomedical fields. • A green synthesis method that allows the obtained cubic-Gd 2 O 3 :Er3+,Yb3+ is presented. • A visual luminescent thermometer was presented-change in the chromatic coordinates. • Multimodal luminescent thermometer based on Gd 2 O 3 :Er3+,Yb3+ is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gadolinium oxyhydride GdHO is a photochromic material that darkens under illumination and bleaches back by thermal relaxation. As an inorganic photochromic material that can be easily deposited by magnetron sputtering, GdHO has very interesting potential applications as a functional material, specially for smart glazing applications. However, the underlying reasons behind the photochromic mechanism – which can be instrumental for the correct optimisation of GdHO for different applications – are not completely understood. In this paper, we rely on the well-established magnetic properties of Gd 3 + to shed light on this matter. GdHO thin films present paramagnetic behaviour similar to other Gd 3 + compounds such as Gd 2 O 3. Illumination of the films result in a reversible increase of the Curie–Weiss temperature pointing to Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida RKKY interactions, which is consistent with the resistivity decrease observed in the photodarkened films. • Gadolinium oxyhydride thin films, deposited by magnetron sputtering, exhibit excellent photochromic properties: transparent films significantly darken reversibly by the action of UV light. • Before illumination, the susceptibility of gadolinium oxyhydride aligns well with that of a paramagnetic material, similar to gadolinium oxide. • In the photo-darkened state, ferromagnetic interactions arise pointing to magnetic interactions via conducting electrons. • Our results align well with the widely accepted hypothesis by which photodarkening in oxyhydrides is caused by the formation of metallic-like domains upon illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates a method for microwave-assisted synthesis of a novel crosslinked nanocomposite from TiO 2 NP-chitosan and ZrO 2 NP-chitosan for the formation of NTiO 2 -Ch@NZrO 2 -Ch and its applicability for removal of trivalent gadolinium and samarium ions from water. The structure of synthesized nanocomposite was verified by FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA and BET. The assembled nanocomposite exhibited good sorption properties to consolidate the fascinating properties of metal oxides nanoparticles and chitosan. The net experimental results revealed that, the sorption procedure was entirely susceptible and controllable by solution pH, interaction time, nanocomposite dose and initial desired metal ion concentration. The maximum uptake capacities were achieved at pH 7 as 450 and 650 μmol/g for Gd(III) and Sm(III), respectively using 10 mg nanocomposite per 10 mL of metal solution. Diverse models were utilized to portray the isotherm and mechanism of the adsorption processes and the results agreed with pseudo -first order and concur with Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms. Possible adsorption mechanism of Sm(III) and Gd(III) onto (NTi-Glu-C)-(NZ-C). Unlabelled Image • Design and green assembly of a novel NTiO 2 -Ch@NZrO 2 -Ch nanocomposite. • High surface reactivity and characteristics of NTiO 2 -Ch@NZrO 2 -Ch. • Excellent sorption up-take of Gd(III) and Sm(III). • Best Gd(III) and Sm(III) adsorption fitting by Freundlich models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first of a two-part paper that is concerned with measuring and interpreting equilibrium and transient conductivity for 10 at.% gadolinium-doped ceria (Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95-δ , GDC10). AC impedance spectroscopy is used to measure conductivity of slender extruded GDC10 rods at temperatures between 700 and 900 °C. From the obtained Brouwer diagrams, the activation energies of the oxide ions and cerium small polarons are estimated to be 0.77 and 2.45 eV respectively. Conductivity relaxation measurements from strongly reducing conditions (4% H 2 , 3% H 2 O, 93% Ar) to strongly oxidizing conditions (97% O 2 , 3% H 2 O) and vice versa reveal great asymmetries in relaxation times. Virtually instantaneous relaxations are observed in the first case, while the oxidizing-to-reducing relaxations take as long as 0.5 h. This paper reports conductivity relaxations with over 20 orders of magnitude in the gas-phase oxygen partial pressure. Models and experiments are used to show that the observed asymmetries cannot be explained by electrode defects or two-dimensional end effects. The companion paper develops a Nernst–Planck–Poisson model to assist the quantitative interpretation of the measurements reported in the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the progression of flash sintering in 10mol% gadolinium-doped ceria specimens. Flash transition is correlated with the generation of n-type electronic conductivity in air under direct-current bias. Its origin is attributed to partial reduction of the material which propagates from the cathodic-to-anodic region. The phenomenon was observed, in-situ , by monitoring the development of electrochemical blackening during the incubation period of the flash-experiment. Anomalous features, including shift in the valence band edge, shrinkage of the band-gap and change in the oxidation state of Ce in flashed samples was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance measurements. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nuclear technology needs better evaluation of gadolinium cross sections for safety and economics. • Experiments at n_TOF (CERN) facility obtained measures of gadolinium thermal capture cross sections. • Sensitivity analysis to gadolinium capture cross-sections for ZED-2 facility with MCNP6.1 code. • New gadolinium capture cross-sections perform better in criticality experimental benchmarks. This paper presents the results of a sensitivity and uncertainty (S&U) analysis on k eff performed on a BWR fuel assembly (FA) poisoned with gadolinia, as well as of a criticality and sensitivity study of the ZED-2 research reactor, in whose moderator has been dissolved. The evidence collected from the ZED-2 analysis, the BWR FA S&U analysis, and from other criticality benchmarks indicates that improvements should be introduced in the 157Gd (n, γ) cross section evaluation, especially in the thermal and near-thermal ranges, and in its uncertainty. In 2016, to cope with this need, the n_TOF Collaboration conducted an experimental campaign to obtain new 157Gd and 155Gd cross section measurements. The preliminary information available from the analysis of the experimental data suggests that these new data have the potential to correct some of the discrepancies found between some experimental benchmarks and their simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide an insight into the effects of different doping ratios on the crystal structure, thermal conductivity, ion diffusion, and high-temperature thermal expansion coefficient of Sc 2 O 3 -Gd 2 O 3 -Y 2 O 3 co-doped ZrO 2 (ScGdYSZ) materials. They were investigated by a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics method. The results show that with Gd 2 O 3 -Sc 2 O 3 -Y 2 O 3 co-doping, the thermal expansion of the resulting materials is all relatively close to that of 8YSZ materials and linear with temperature. At 1473 K, 1 mol%Sc 2 O 3 –3 mol%Gd 2 O 3 –4 mol%Y 2 O 3 stabilized ZrO 2 (1Sc3Gd4YSZ) coating material has the smallest thermal conductivity, with a thermal conductivity of 5.66 W·(m·K)−1. The mean square displacement (MSD) of O2− was linear with the time when the sum of the doping ratio of Sc 2 O 3 and Gd 2 O 3 was 4 mol%, and the MSD of O2− in the material increased with the doping ratio of Sc 2 O 3. increases, the MSD of O2− in the material increases, and the migration diffusion rate is accelerated. • we conducted an in-depth study of the effects of different doping ratios on the microstructure and thermal transport of this material by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. • Co-doping of Gd 2 O 3 , Sc 2 O 3 , and Y 2 O 3 has no effect on the microstructure of thermal barrier coating materials, whereas doping of Gd 2 O 3 and Sc 2 O 3 weakens and strengthens the materials' stability of crystal structure, respectively. • Gd 2 O 3 , Sc 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 were co-doped, were co-doped, and the thermal expansion of the resulting materials was all relatively close to that of the 8YSZ material and linear with temperature. • At 1473 K, when the doping ratio of Sc 2 O 3 and Gd 2 O 3 is summed to 4 mol%, the MSD of O2− is linearly related to the system movement time, and the migration diffusion rate is accelerated as the MSD of O2− in the material increases with the larger Sc 2 O 3 doping ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis of new diglycolamic acid (DGA)-type solid phase extractants covalently bonded to silica. • Structure-properties relationships for the extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) • Determination and optimization of extraction parameters. • Insight into selectivity between different REEs and calcium. Tetraalkyldiglycolamides are known for their high extracting efficiency of rare earth elements (REEs) from nitric acid solutions (1–6 mol/L). Nevertheless, solid-phase extractants based on diglycolamides (DGA) are poorly studied for REEs extraction. This paper explores the design and synthesis of novel REEs adsorbents by grafting silica with diglycolic acid-based ligands. The newly developed solid-phase materials were investigated for their potential to effectively separate REEs from various media. The functionalization of the silica with different ligands was quantified, and the adsorbents' extraction capacities and selectivity for REEs over Calcium (Ca2+), Aluminium (Al3+) and Iron (Fe3+) were evaluated. Si-NH-DGA emerged as the most efficient adsorbent for Gd3+ extraction, exhibiting a remarkable capacity of 44 mg/g at pH 4–6. However, modifications involving ether oxygen substitution with a methylamino group or sulfur led to reduced extraction efficiencies. Si-NH-DGA-NMe 2 demonstrated strong binding of REEs in nitric acid solutions (1–3 mol/L HNO 3) with corresponding adsorption capacities for Y3+, La3+, Gd3+ and Yb3+ being 16.3, 14.2, 22.8, and 30.2 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, it displayed remarkable selectivity for REEs over Ca2+. The equilibrium extraction for Gd occurred within 60 min for Si-NH-DGA and Si-NH-DGA-NMe 2 under their respective optimal conditions. Disodium EDTA solution demonstrated a high stripping efficiency for Gd3+ in the Si-NH-DGA-NMe 2 column extraction, yielding a significant concentration factor (CF = 85). In the same column, following five cycles of loading/stripping of Gd3+, there was an average capacity loss of 6%. Si-NH-DGA-NMe 2 emerged as a promising material for solid-phase extraction from concentrated nitric acid solutions, characterized by high capacity and good selectivity towards middle and heavy REEs. This structure has the potential to be further optimized for the development of a solid-phase extraction column for REEs separation and purification. The findings also highlight the potential of Si-NH-DGA-NMe 2 as a candidate for REEs adsorption for potential industrial applications and the purification of acidic waste solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development and characterization of the Eu3+-doped Ba-Na-B glass system with the varying of Gd 2 O 3 concentrations from 0 to 10 mol%. The photoluminescence emission spectra, excited with 393 nm at Eu3+ ions, show strong luminescence with a peak emission wavelength of 613 nm (5D 0 →7F 2). The highest emission intensity is belonged to the glass sample with 2.5 mol% of Gd 2 O 3. The phonon energy of the host glasses, evaluated from the phonon sideband analysis, is 1017 cm−1. The emission spectra, excited with 275 nm at Gd3+ ions, show the emission band according to the Gd3+→Gd3+ transition at 311 nm (4P 7/2 →8S 7/2) and show the Gd3+→Eu3+ energy transfer, resulting in the emission of light at the characteristic wavelengths of the Eu3+. The highest photoluminescence emission intensity is belonged to the glass sample with 2.5 mol% of Gd 2 O 3 , due to its highest energy transfer efficiency at 59.10%. The emitting light of all the glass samples for both excited with 393 nm (Eu3+) and 275 nm (Gd3+) can be all represented by the x,y color coordinates at (0.65, 0.35) in reddish-orange region. The radioluminescence emission spectra, excited by 50 kV, 30 mA X-ray generator, show the emission bands with Eu3+ characteristics. The highest radioluminescence emission intensity is belonged to the glass sample with 7.5 mol% of Gd 2 O 3 with the highest scintillation efficiencies at 20.61% compared to the BGO sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A facile chemical process is used for preparing 1D Gd 2 O 3 nanorods decorated with MWCNTs based nanocomposites. • A distinctive morphological structure of nanorods and nanotubes in a single network is shown simultaneously. • The intense dual peaks at 1189eV & 1240eV corresponds to Gd 3d 5/2 & Gd 3d 3/2 , which confirms in-situ synthesis of Gd 2 O 3. • The developed nanocomposite has excellent anti-pathogenic properties, so can be used as an antibacterial agent. A facile and scalable chemical method for synthesizing one-dimensional (1D) gadolinium oxide nanorods decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based nanocomposites (GNR) as antibacterial agents for biomedical applications is introduced in this paper. The hybrid nanocomposite was obtained by using gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate as gadolinium precursor and MWCNTs as resource material with hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent and citric acid and cytosine as a reducing agent and stabilizers. The advanced nanocomposite was further studied using sophisticated techniques like XRD, FTIR, XPS, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Thermal Studies /TG-DTA analysis, SEM, TEM and EDS analysis. SEM and TEM studies reveal the simultaneous existence of nanorods and nanotubes in the prepared hybrid nanocomposite material. This kind of morphological orientation has significantly improved the nanocomposite's antibacterial properties. The XPS studies depicts the binding energy of gadolinium oxide and MWCNTs. Different concentrations of nanocomposite and MWCNTs were tested against Gram −ve and gram +ve bacterial strains: Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia , and Micrococcus luteus, respectively by disc diffusion method. Nanocomposite showed better performance against both types of bacteria, especially against gram +ve bacteria, in which MWCNTs did not establish any bacterial zone of inhibition. We believe that the developed advanced nanocomposite has enormous potential for healthcare applications based on these antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terbium (Tb) family has attracted much attention in recent years thanks to the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the quadruplet 149Tb, 152Tb, 155Tb and 161Tb. However, the scarce availability of Tb radioisotopes is one of the main reasons hindering its clinical applications. To increase its availability, this work proposes to use enriched gadolinium (Gd) targets to produce some Tb radioisotopes (149Tb, 152Tb, and 155Tb) via deuteron-induced reactions in cyclotrons. The production of the Auger and gamma emitter 155Tb was chosen as a case study because the 155Gd enrichment (92.8%) is the highest available from all Gd stable isotopes. The involved reaction is 155Gd(d,2n)155Tb. Using enriched thin Gd-containing targets, cross-sections of the reactions 155Gd(d,x)153,154,155,156Tb have been measured at the GIP ARRONAX cyclotron facility with a beam energy ranging from 8 MeV to 30 MeV. This measurement allows for estimating the production yield and the purity of 155Tb, and for determining the irradiation parameters for large production batches. A thick enriched 155Gd 2 O 3 target has been then irradiated with an incident energy of 15.1 MeV and a beam current of 368 nA for 1 h. The production yield of 155Tb is 10.2 MBq/μA/h at End Of Bombardment (EOB) and the purity is 89% after 14 days of decay. These experimental values are consistent with estimation based on measured cross-sections. A comparison of the deuteron-induced and proton-induced production routes is also presented in this paper. • Production of terbium isotopes through deuteron-induced reactions in cyclotrons. • Cross-section measurements of terbium isotopes by enriched 155Gd targets. • Simulation of 155Tb production yield and purity with energy from 8 MeV to 30 MeV. • Experimental study of 155Tb yield and purity by irradiating a thick 155Gd target. • Deuteron-induced reactions are more productive than proton-induced reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sorption using a new carbamoylmethylphosphonic acid functionalized polymer. • Investigation of sorption efficiency for gadolinium ions in various operating conditions. • Mechanism of sorption combining solvation and ion-exchange. • Selective sorption of Gd(III) ions in Gd/Ni mixtures. • Selective flocculation. Sorption properties of a new hydrosoluble polymer containing carbamoylmethylphosphonic diacid ( h cmp) moieties were investigated. This polymer was obtained by hydrolysis of the poly(diethyl-6-(acrylamido)hexylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate) (P(CPAAm6C)). The study allowed the determination of an experimental maximum capacity Q max equal to 1.5 mmol⋅g−1 which is three times higher than the one obtained for P(CPAAm6C), as previously described (i.e. 0.6 mmol⋅g−1). Experimental data were fitted with the Langmuir equation and parameters Q max L and K L , were found to be 1.72 ± 0.067 mmol⋅g−1 and 0.302 ± 0.063 L⋅mmol−1, respectively. Additionally, this capacity depends on different parameters (concentration of metals and sorbent, pH, and ionic strength). The study proved that the h P(CPAAm6C) was selective of gadolinium in Gd/Ni mixtures. Additionally, the precipitation of the polymer was observed simultaneously to the Gd complexation. The results described in this paper proved that the h P(CPAAm6C) is a very promising hydrosoluble material for the purification of lanthanide elements or in the field of nuclear fuel reprocessing by using new solvent free and low energy consuming processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Short synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles doped with lanthanides was performed. • It was shown, that both Gd3+ and Tb3+ substitute iron ions in nanoparticle core. • Magnetic and crystallographic analysis was performed to study optimal dopant amount. • Optimum lanthanide content was found out to be less than 2.5%. • These nanoparticles are believed to be useful in targeted endoradiotherapies. Abstract A large range of nanoscale superparamagnetic materials has been under scrutiny from the point of view of their potential theranostic, multimodal applications. In this paper we have investigated the effect of replacing Fe3+ cations with Gd3+ and Tb3+ in the core of the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in search for the optimum level of magnetic core doping with these lanthanides. We have found that the presence of Gd3+ and Tb3+ up to 2.5% at. does not alter significantly the crystallographic structure of such nanoferrites and does not compromise the magnetic properties of doped nanoparticles. The doping level, though relatively small, exceeds the levels of currently used radiopharmaceuticals, where only few radionuclides can be incorporated in a single radiotherapeutic molecule. This new type of multifunctional nanoparticles can be used not only as drug carriers or in magnetic hyperthermia, but also in the so-called endoradiotherapy. The latter feature can be easily implemented upon the replacement of "cold" ions of Tb3+ and Gd3+ in the superparamagnetic core with their isotopes emitting soft β− radiation suitable for the internal radiotherapy, localized directly within the tumor. Therefore, these nanoparticles can be used simultaneously in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia and radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma "zinc sink," may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Cs-corrected STEM and EDS have been utilized to characterize the precipitation in Mg-Gd-Ag. • The crystal structure of γ′ has been revised based on direct observations from 1 0 1 ¯ 0 and 1 1 2 ¯ 0 . • The coprecipitation of and the interface between basal γ′ and prismatic β′ have been investigated. • Coarse particles enriched with Gd and Ag have been identified under the over-age condition. Abstract Based on Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), the present paper reports on the precipitation evolution in Mg-Gd-Ag alloy aged at 200 °C. Basal γ″ precipitates serve as the key strengthening structures in the under-aged sample. The formation of γ″ involves the displacement of a (0 0 0 1) layer along 1 1 2 ¯ 0 Mg , as proved by HAADF observations from both 1 1 2 ¯ 0 Mg and 1 0 1 ¯ 0 Mg. Under the peak-age condition, the alloy is strengthened by basal γ″ and prismatic β ′. At the over-age stage, coarse particles, which are enriched with Ag and Gd, and highly stacked γ″ form within the alloy. No γ′ is observed through the ageing of this Mg-Gd-Ag alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nanosecond electric pulses have been shown to open nanopores in the cell plasma membrane by fluorescent imaging of calcium uptake and fluorescent dyes, including propidium (Pr) iodide and YO-PRO-1 (YP 1). Recently, we demonstrated that nsEPs also induce the phosphoinositide intracellular signaling cascade by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2) depletion resulting in physiological responses similar to those observed following stimulation of G q11 -coupled receptors. In this paper, we explore the role of receptor- and store-operated calcium entry (ROCE/SOCE) mechanisms in the observed response of cells to nsEP. We show that addition of the ROCE/SOCE and transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) blocker gadolinium (Gd3+, 300 μM) slows PIP2 depletion following 1 and 20 nsEP exposures. Lipid rafts, regions of the plasma membrane rich in PIP 2 and TRPC, are also disrupted by nsEP exposure suggesting that ROCE/SOCE mechanisms are likely impacted. Reducing the expression of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) protein, a key protein in ROCE and SOCE, in cells exposure to nsEP resulted in a reduction in induced intracellular calcium rise. Additionally, after exposure to 1 and 20 nsEPs (16.2 kV/cm, 5 Hz), intracellular calcium rises were significantly reduced by the addition of GD3+ and SKF-96365 (1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl) propoxy] ethyl-1 H -imidazole hydrochloride, 100 μM), a blocker of STIM1 interaction. However, using similar nsEP exposure parameters, SKF-96365 was less effective at reducing YP 1 uptake compared to Gd3+. Thus, it is possible that SKF-96365 could block STIM1 interactions within the cell, while Gd3+ could acts on TRPC/nanopores from outside of the cell. Our results present evidence of nsEP induces ROCE and SOCE mechanisms and demonstrate that YP 1 and Ca2+ cannot be used solely as markers of nsEP-induced nanoporation. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Nanosecond electric pulses (nsEPs) of high amplitude induce nanoporation in concert with SOCE/ROCE cellular response. • nsEPs-induced phospholipase C activation is critical step leading to PIP 2 hydrolysis and post-exposure SOCE/ROCE cellular reaction. • Plasma membrane TRPC channels modulation in concert with nsEPs-induced plasma membrane nanoporation greatly contributes to these effects. • Our results demonstrate that YP 1 and Ca2+ cannot be used solely as markers of nsEP-induced nanoporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, (Gd 1− x Ce x) 2 Zr 2 O 7+ x immobilized matrices with high cerium (Ce) amount-of-substance fractions (up to 90%) were prepared by sol-spray pyrolysis, and then sintered at 1600 °C in air. XRD results showed that all samples were in a mixture of pyrochlore and fluorite phase, even after sintering at 1600 °C. All the sintered bulks were dense, and the densities were independent of the additive content. The SEM results showed that all samples were chemically homogeneous. There was no segregation in the grain boundary. EDS quantification yielded a mean composition close to the stoichiometric chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In recent scientific research, an interest has been gained significantly by rare earth metals such as cerium (Ce), samarium (Sm) and gadolinium (Gd) due to their use in fuel cells as electrolyte and catalysts. When used in an electrolyte, these materials lower the fuel cell's operating temperature compared to a conventional electrolyte, for example, yittria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which operates at a high temperature (≥800 °C). In this paper, the tri-doped ceria, M 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 2-δ (M = Sm 0.1, Ca 0.05, Gd 0.05) electrolyte powders was synthesized using the co-precipitation method at 80 °C. These dopants were used for CeO 2 with a total molar ratio of 1 M. Dry-pressed powder technique was used to make fuel cell pellets from the powder and placed them in the furnace to sinter at 700 °C for 60 min. Electrical conductivity of such a pellet in air was 1.2 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 700 °C measured by the ProboStat-NorECs setup. The crystal structure was determined with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD), which showed that all the dopants were successfully doped in CeO 2. Raman spectroscopy and UV-VIS spectroscopy were also carried out to analyse the molecular vibrations and absorbance, respectively. The maximum open-circuit voltages (OCVs) for hydrogen and ethanol fuelled at 550 °C were observed to be 0.89 V and 0.71 V with power densities 314 mW cm−2 and 52.8 mW cm−2, respectively. Highlights • Tri-doped ceria for low temperature SOFC. • Significantly enhanced the ionic conductivity. • Working with ethanol and hydrogen fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Gadolinium oxide generates a slight retardation of cement hydration. • Gadolinium oxide increases hydration intensity by aluminate activity acceleration. • Gadolinium oxide optimum content is 5% in relation to the mass of cement. • A substantial content of ulexite hinders almost completely the cement hydration. • Good long term performance were obtained also for specimens with 3% of ulexite. Abstract Gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 3) is a potentially effective mineral additive that improves neutron shielding properties of cement based composites. The paper presents the influence of Gd 2 O 3 and ulexite (a boron compound) on Portland cement hydration evaluated by isothermal calorimetry measurements and strength. The progress of hydration was investigated on mortar specimens at water to cement ratio w/c = 0.5 and sand/cement ratio 0.75. The addition of Gd 2 O 3 generates a slight retardation of cement hydration, however it accelerates aluminate activity at the same time. The hydration of cement was completely hindered for mortars containing a substantial content of ulexite. The strength test results show that addition of Gd 2 O 3 to Portland cement mortar mix caused a decrease of early age (3 days) flexural and compressive strength. The optimum content of Gd 2 O 3 in respect to the long term compressive strength and the hydration kinetics was 5% in relation to the mass of cement. Good long term strength was also obtained for specimens with 3% of ulexite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A series of magnetic beds with different geometry and constant mass of MCM is tested. • Results relate the temperature span to bed length, flow rate, and volume of medium. • Dependence of the temperature span on the regenerator bed length is observed. • Advanced geometries of the regenerator bed use the magnet gap more efficiently. Abstract Presently the protection of the natural environment is a key issue. Particular emphasis is placed on the elimination of equipment negatively impacting human surroundings. One modern cooling method that is very efficient and environmentally friendly is based on the magnetocaloric effect. Although numerous prototypes employing this phenomenon have been developed, there is still a need to increase its refrigeration capability and decrease the manufacturing price. The main part in this kind of apparatus is a regenerator bed. Its geometry and the method of filling in with magnetocaloric material impacts the performance of the equipment. The presented paper focuses on the analysis of the influence of the regenerator bed shape on the cooling performance of the system. Six different bed geometries, all with the same amount of gadolinium, were designed, manufactured, and tested on a prototype test stand operating in an AMR cycle. The influence of flow rate and volume of the heat transfer medium on the obtained maximum temperature span was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A quantitative dried blood spot (DBS) method based on direct sampling by means of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is presented. Gadolinium-based contrast agents were used as model metallodrugs with a significant relevance for pharmaceutical applications. Challenges regarding the ablation of the complex blood-filter matrix were characterized and successfully addressed by a thorough adaption of the laser ablation conditions. Especially the laser fluence was optimized with respect to the particle size distribution of the generated aerosol as monitored by an optical particle counter. Thus, generation of micrometer-sized particles could be minimized in favor of smaller particles increasing the transport efficiency of the DBS ablation aerosol to the plasma and the recorded signal stability. Inhomogeneous blood drying on the porous filter paper could be compensated by the addition of an internal standard prior to blood spotting. To preserve the advantages of DBS sampling, such as small blood volumes and minimal invasiveness, the combined use of DBS and a capillary blood sampling system is demonstrated. By placing the internal standard into the capillary prior to blood sampling, a simple workflow usable for clinical application was implemented. The applicability of the developed method, achieving limits of detection and quantification in the low μg L−1 range and covering a linear range of over four orders of magnitude, was demonstrated for blood samples containing different concentrations of the gadolinium contrast agents gadopentetate and gadoterate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, in the conduction behaviour of Gd-doped 0.4BiGd x Fe (1-x) O 3 –0.6PbZrO 3 (BFO-PZO) with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 composites, synthesized by solid-state reaction (mixed oxide) technique, was investigated. X-ray diffraction study with Rietveld refinement method revealed the formation of rhombohedral (R 3 c) phase. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss studies as a function of frequency reveal dispersion due to Maxwell-Wagner type of interfacial polarization while weak ferroelectric hysteresis loops have been recorded for all the samples. Complex impedance spectroscopy technique-based impedance, electrical modulus, and electrical conductivity of the composites revealed non-Debye type relaxation mechanism. Correlated barrier hopping (CBH) mechanism dominates in all the composites exhibiting high value of density of states (1023 eV−1 cm−1) which increased further after doping with Gd. It was seen that doping of Gd affects the activation energy of these composites which was complemented by performing density functional theory calculations. Bader charge calculation was performed to understand the chemical environment and charge transfer upon doping. In addition, a small change in the bandgap was found which may cause the change in activation energy. Highlights • Structural analysis of Gd doped BFO-PZO composites. • Dielectric and Ferroelectric studies. • Grain and grain boundary contribution. • CBH model for conduction mechanism. • Bader charge and band structure calculation and charge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, europium-doped gadolinium phosphor, which is a potentially bifunctional material with both fluorescent and magnetic properties, has been prepared in a one-step procedure via flame spray pyrolysis, and its crystal structure, morphology, and PL intensity were investigated. All the prepared phosphors were submicron-sized with spherical shapes and either a pure cubic or pure monoclinic phase. In order to observe the effects of temperature on the crystal phases of the prepared phosphors, we applied a H2 vs. N2/O2 diffusion flame, with the maximum flame temperature ranging from T max=1375 to 2050K. The temperature profiles under various flame conditions are also reported herein to further elucidate the rapid synthesis process. The PL intensity in the cubic phase improved linearly with increasing flame temperature until the transition to a monoclinic phase. The peak of the photoluminescence(PL) spectrum from the phosphors prepared at T max=1733K in the cubic phase was narrower and twice as strong as the peak of the PL spectrum from the phosphors prepared at T max=2050K in the monoclinic phase. This paper provides important data showing the relationship between the synthesis temperature and the phase transition in Gd2O3:Eu in the continuous one-step use of flame spray pyrolysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Phosphor is the decisive material in white light-emitting diodes (WLED), affecting light quality. Silica phosphate has good stability, low cost and environmentally friendly features, so it has great application potential. In this paper, a self-activated reddish-orange phosphor Ca 3 Gd 7 (PO 4)(SiO 4) 5 O 2 : x Sm3+ was prepared by the high-temperature solid-phase method. The phase purity of the sample was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Rietveld refinement method was used to resolve further the sample structure and the location of the substitution of rare earth ions. The photoluminescence properties were studied in detail using fluorescence spectra, temperature-dependent emission spectra and other characterization methods. The electron transition and energy transfer processes of Gd3+ in Ca 3 Gd 7 (PO 4)(SiO 4) 5 O 2 were analyzed. The fluorescence decay curve of the sample was obtained, which belongs to the double exponential curve, and the decay lifetime depending on the Sm3+ doping concentration was calculated. Furthermore, a WLED device was assembled, and warm white light was obtained, with a spectrum showing characteristic red emission, proving to complement the missing red component of commercial WLEDs. These results indicate that Ca 3 Gd 7 (PO 4)(SiO 4) 5 O 2 : x Sm3+ phosphor has great potential for application. • The reddish-orange-Emitting phosphor Ca 3 Gd 7 (PO 4)(SiO 4) 5 O 2 : x Sm3+ was obtained via the high-temperature solid-state method. • The structure of Ca 3 Gd 7 (PO 4)(SiO 4) 5 O 2 : x Sm3+ phosphor, including the incorporation sites of Sm3+, were investigated. • The mechanism of energy transfer in the luminescence process of samples was studied. • The optical properties of Ca 3 Gd 7 (PO 4)(SiO 4) 5 O 2 : x Sm3+ reddish-orange-emitting phosphor were investigated carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Six carboxylic ionic liquids were synthesized to selectively separate Al3+/Gd3+. • High Al3+/Gd3+ separation factor of 923 was achieved by [N1888][C 7 H 11 O 2 ] for industrial GdCl 3 feed. • High Al3+ removal rate of 98.69% was obtained within one-step extraction. • Loaded [N1888][C 7 H 11 O 2 ] can be efficiently regenerated by 0.6 mol‧L−1 HCl solution and 0.5 mol‧L−1 NaOH solution. • The extraction efficiency of Al3+ with regenerated [N1888][C 7 H 11 O 2 ] was only reduced by 3% after five cycles. As the associated element of ion-adsorbed type rare earth ores, aluminum ion (Al3+) has a great influence on the purification of gadolinium ion (Gd3+). In this paper, six carboxylic ionic liquids were synthesized with methyltrioctylammonium ([N1888]+) as cation and carboxyl group as anion, and optimized for selective separation of Al3+/Gd3+. The extraction capability, separation factor, stripping property and recycling stability of the ionic liquid on the separation of Al3+ and Gd3+ were systematically investigated. In addition, the loaded Al3+ can be totally stripped by 0.08 mol‧L−1 HCl solution. A particularly high separation factor of 923 can be obtained for removing Al3+ from industrial GdCl 3 feed solution (762 mg‧L−1 Al3+ and 146 g‧L−1 Gd3+). The removal rate of Al3+ was up to 98.69% and the recovery rate of Gd3+ achieved at 92.47% by carboxylic ionic liquid ([N1888][C 7 H 11 O 2 ]) in one-step extraction. After 0.6 mol‧L−1 HCl solution stripping and 0.5 mol‧L−1 NaOH solution regenerating, the extraction efficiency of Al3+ was only reduced by 3% after 5 cycles of organic phase. With the low acid and base concentration, it greatly reduced the chemical consumption and significantly the emission of high ammonia–nitrogen wastewater in industry. This work provides a low-carbon process for efficient removal of Al3+ from industrial GdCl 3 feed by carboxylic ionic liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reconstruction algorithm has been developed to capitalize on advances in Cherenkov technology for reactor antineutrino detection. Large gadolinium-doped water (Gd-H 2 O) Cherenkov detectors are a developing technology which use Gd loading to increase the visibility of the neutrons produced in inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions, which produce positron–neutron pairs coincident in time and space. In this paper, we describe the reconstruction which uses the combined light from both events in an IBD pair to accurately reconstruct the interaction vertex. Using simulation, the algorithm has been applied to the reconstruction of reactor antineutrinos in Gd-H 2 O and in Gd-doped water-based liquid scintillator (Gd-WbLS), an advanced detector medium which is also currently in development. Compared to a single-event reconstruction, the combined reconstruction improves vertex resolution for reactor IBD positrons by up to a factor of 4.5 at the lowest energies. IBD-neutron vertex resolution was found to improve by more than 30% in most instances. Powerful background rejection with the coincidence reconstruction can be achieved by requiring a minimum quality of fit. This was found to reject up to 94% of accidental coincidences of uncorrelated background events, while retaining at least 97.5% of the IBD signal pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports frequency upconversion and intrinsic optical bistability in the Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped gadolinium tungstate phosphor. The structural analyses confirm the formation of two monoclinic crystalline phases iso-structural to Gd 2 WO 6 and Gd 2 (WO 4 ) 3 with the space groups I2/a and C2/c, respectively. The phase fraction of the two monoclinic phases varies with Li + concentrations. The Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped phosphors show intense upconversion (UC) emission on excitation with 976 nm. Addition of Li + ion enhances the UC emission intensity of Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped phosphors significantly. The mechanisms involved in UC emissions have been discussed using pump power dependence analysis and energy level diagram. A hysteresis loop has been observed for Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped phosphors in increasing and decreasing pump power versus emission intensity curves at room temperature. The polarity of the hysteresis loop is found to be reversed on addition of Li + in the Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped phosphors. These phosphors can be a potential candidate for optical switching devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has described the application of nickel-doped catalytic constituents based on gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) for fabrication of the solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode layer integrated with an in-situ methane-reforming layer (MRL). Nanocrystalline powders of Ni 1−x Co 3x O 1+3× /GDC and Ni 1−x Cu x O/GDC with various compositions (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) were synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted method followed by a thermal treatment to be applied for fabrication of the integrated MRL and the SOFC anode layer, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the synthesized powders should be optimally calcined at 700 °C to exhibit improved crystallinity and catalytic activity. The morphological analysis showed the formation of nanocrystalline powders with particle size ranging from 4 to 86 nm that was confirmed by the crystal size analysis using XRD results. The elemental analysis by EDX indicated a successful distribution of the constituent ceramic and bimetallic phases after the addition of a sonication stage. The results of FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed lack of solvents residual after calcination that was in agreement with residual moisture content values obtained from TGA data. The fabricated anode-MRL bilayers had an adequate porosity (36.7%) and shrinkage (33.5%) after adding carbon particles as a pore former (at a loading fraction of 5.9 wt%). The catalytic performance measurements of the MRL showed a methane conversion of 13% at maximum activity with a weight hour space velocity (WHSV) of 60 L/gh that was mainly due to carbon deposition in the reaction condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misfit dislocations are ubiquitous in thin film systems, and their presence can profoundly affect the chemical and physical properties of materials. In the present paper, we investigate the misfit dislocation array present at the interface of a Gd doped CeO 2 thin film epitaxially grown on a (001) yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) single crystal substrate. Because of the large misfit strain (-4.9%), the growth takes place by domain-matching epitaxy with the formation of geometrical misfit dislocations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, combined with geometrical phase analysis and strain field calculations (in the case of elastic isotropy), reveal that the misfit dislocations are of purely edge type with Burgers vector b = ½[110] and with the dislocations lines parallel to the [1–10] direction. X-ray diffraction, combined with Monte Carlo simulations, allow to quantify the statistical properties of the dislocations ensemble. It is found that the dislocations are distributed according to a Gamma distribution with a mean dislocation spacing of 7.4 nm and with a spacing ranging from 3.5 to 12 nm, in excellent agreement with TEM observations and with the values expected from the relaxation of the misfit strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]