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To explore the long-term safety and benefit of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) plus autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (aBM-MNC) stem cell transplantation (SCT) without immunotherapy in established type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the primary completion of this trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01374854), the authors randomized patients (n = 21 per group) to either SCT or standard care (control) and previously reported effects on insulin secretion. The authors report about the incidence of chronic diabetes complications (primary endpoint) after 8 years of follow-up. The authors also report on secondary endpoints, safety, islet function and metabolic control. Data were obtained from 14 of 21 patients in the SCT group and 15 of 21 patients in the control group who completed follow-up. At 8 years, the incidence of peripheral neuropathy was 7.1% (one of 14) in the SCT group versus 46.7% (seven of 15) in the control group (P = 0.017). The incidence of diabetic nephropathy was 7.1% (one of 14) in the SCT group versus 40.0% (six of 15) in the control group (P = 0.039). The incidence of retinopathy was 7.1% (one of 14) in the SCT group versus 33.3% (five of 15) in the control group (P = 0.081). Two patients (two of 14, 14.3%) in the SCT group and 11 patients (11 of 15, 73.3%) in the control group developed at least one complication (P = 0.001). One and six patients in the SCT group and control group, respectively, had at least two complications (P = 0.039). No malignancies were reported in the treated group. Co-transplantation of umbilical cord MSCs and aBM-MNCs in patients with established T1D was associated with reduced incidence of chronic diabetes complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]