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Raindrop size distribution (DSD) is a basic feature of precipitation microphysics, and it plays a vital role in improving radar quantitative precipitation estimation and forecast accuracy. In South China, due to the influence of atmospheric circulation and weather systems, precipitation is frequent, and the types of precipitation and their temporal and spatial distributions are complex. It has become essential to study the types of precipitation in this area and their seasonal variation characteristics. Therefore, in this study, the DSDs in the dry and wet seasons of southern China are analyzed using measurements from seven ground-based two-dimensional video disdrometers (2DVDs) over the course of four years (2016–2019). The dynamic and microphysical characteristics of precipitation in the dry and wet seasons are established for South China, combined with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Fifth-generation Reanalysis (ERA5) data. Compared to the dry season results, the concentration of small raindrops (diameters <1 mm) in wet season is similar, while the concentration of midsized raindrops (diameters between 1 and 3 mm) and large raindrops (diameters >3 mm) in the wet season are significantly greater. Furthermore, taking the contributions to precipitation into account, the rainfall in the dry season is dominated by stratiform rain, which accounts for 59.3% of the total rainfall. Considering precipitation in the wet season, convective rain accounts for 77.9% of total the rainfall. The obtained relations of the shape parameter (μ) versus the slope parameter (Λ) (μ-Λ) and the radar reflectivity factor (Z) versus the rainfall rate (R) (Z-R) have obvious differences for different type rainfall in the two seasons. In the wet season, the water vapor is sufficient and the upward convection activity is intense in South China, causing the frequent occurrence of raindrop collisions and coalescence. This is also the reason that the D m and R values in the wet season are greater than those in the dry season, while the wet season log 10 N w is relatively small. This not only deepens the understanding of the seasonal DSD variation in South China, but also provides theoretical support for improving numerical weather prediction models. • The differences in the DSD characteristics between dry and wet seasons in South China are analyzed using 2DVD and remote sensing data. • The study provides the Z-R and μ-Λ relations of different types of precipitation in South China. • Dynamical and thermodynamical interactions are found to impact the RSD differences between dry and wet seasons′ rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Compared to the Feed-in tariff in China, the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) could not only help to change the driving force of renewable energy industry development, but also provide the renewable energy industry with incentives to achieve the governments' planned goal. This paper first compares the features of RPS of the major industrialized countries. Second the barriers of implementing the Renewable Portfolio Standard in China are analyzed from five aspects. Finally, based on the above analysis, this paper puts forward relative institutional arrangements for the implementation of Renewable Portfolio Standard in China making recommendations for the development of renewable energy industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sweet oranges with distinguished origin label have been becoming a fraud target by confusing or hiding origins. In this study, high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics was used to discriminate the geographical origins of China's sweet oranges from four main producing regions (Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guangxi). Sixty-two components, including various saccharides, amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, ketone, flavanones and other compounds, were identified and quantified via their 1H NMR spectra, and the producing region-specific geographical indication components of China's sweet orange were further screened out. The sweet oranges in Hubei show favorable antioxidant properties due to their rich phenolic compounds, and those in Sichuan show rich and fresh flavors due to their wealthy amino acids. Our results are readily available for nutritional recommendation in human consumption, and helpful to distinguish the geographical origin of sweet oranges based on their nutritional characteristics especially geographical indication markers. • A rapid and inexpensive NMR method was used to analyze sweet orange. • 62 nutritional components in China's sweet oranges were identified and quantified. • The geographical indication markers of each geographical origin were screened out. • The results are available for nutritional recommendation in human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]