Search

Affected by extreme hot and dry weather events, the power supplied by hydropower is seriously insufficient in Sichuan province during the summer of 2022, causing severe power shortage and incalculable economic losses for the society. Therefore, a novel multi-objective scheduling model based on grid-connected hydro-wind-solar-battery energy resources combining flexible reserves is proposed to collaboratively guarantee the power supply reliability of both the contracted long-distance power transmission and the local electricity demand under extreme hot and dry weather. The intermittent nature of water inflow, wind speed, solar irradiance, and load is considered, and the multi-scenarios are produced using Latin Hypercube Sampling method. In this work, thermal plants are regarded as flexible reserves for easing the load shedding level of local load. The McCormick's Envelope method is implemented to linearize the power production model of the hydropower station. A multi-objective model, including minimum penalty cost of load shedding and carbon dioxide emission, is proposed to achieve the economic-environmental equilibrium of the power system. The proposed multi-objective optimal hybrid energy complementary strategy is transformed into a single objective model via ε -constraint method, and the fuzzy satisfying method is introduced to select the best compromise solution in the Pareto Front. The meteorological information of the summer of 2022 is collected to verify the effectiveness of this proposed mixed-integer-linear-programming energy complementary model based on a hydropower station on the Jinsha River in Sichuan province, China. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed model is efficient and can enhance the reliability of real-world power systems under extreme hot and dry weather. A set of policy suggestions have been provided for Sichuan province to develop the power grid to face the extreme weather effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sectors and linkages in economic system can be viewed as nodes and edges in network. And in this paper, network analysis method is adopted into input-output tables to evaluate the structural change of Chinese economy. • The modelling results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerates the undergoing structural transformation of Chinese economy. • Traditional strong sectors like petroleum and finance are severely attacked by pandemic and lag behind in structural status. • Sectors of digital service industries and scientific research expand their activities rapidly under social distancing policies. • Development strategies for China in the post-pandemic era regarding old and new growth engines are proposed. Recognizing the impact of COVID-19 on economic structure is an urgently required task for the post-pandemic era. However, studies have been hampered in undertaking this task by a lack of current data and the use of inappropriate methods. This paper fills the gap in the literature by applying a network analysis method using the newly released input–output tables of China and evaluating the structural impacts on the economy, including the changes in the sectoral closeness, betweenness, risk condition, and network backbone. The modelling results demonstrate that the pandemic has accelerated the structural transformation process of the Chinese economy: the traditional growth engines, such as the petroleum and finance industries, have lagged, whereas new growth engine sectors, including the digital services and scientific research industries, have expanded rapidly. Accordingly, we propose that the government formulate policies to stabilize old growth engine industries and foster new drivers to promote a sustainable economic recovery in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unbalanced load distribution, the single-phase connection of renewable energy, and the uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles (EVs) will bring a severe issue corresponding to the three-phase unbalance in modern distribution networks. To deal with this issue, a novel multistage optimal dispatching model with the hybrid energy storage system (HESS), consisting of the battery energy storage system (BESS), EV, and supercapacitor (SC), is proposed in this paper. The first stage is conducted on the day-ahead stage, driven by minimizing the total operation cost and relieving power unbalance, the unbalanced penalty cost is introduced into the optimal dispatching model with the electricity purchasing cost and the degradation cost of HESS. Also, the chance-constraint stochastic programming (SP) model with the coordinated operation of HESS is accommodated to handle the diverse uncertainties of renewable energy, load demand, and EV users' behaviors. In the intra-day operation stage, a rolling optimization-based dispatch model is formulated to re-optimize the operation of the SC for the rapid response of mitigating the real-time three-phase unbalance caused by renewable energy. The numerical experiments are executed on the IEEE 34-bus three-phase test system. Compared with the cases without considering SC and the degradation cost of HESS, the power unbalance in the proposed model is reduced by 3.27% and 3.62% per day at the real-time stage, respectively, while total operation cost is reduced by 46.77 US$ and 350.62 US$ per day, respectively. The results validated that the proposed model is efficient in reducing the three-phase unbalance under multi-time scales, improving the economic operation of the distribution network. • Three-phase power unbalance reduction is achieved by hybrid energy storage system. • Supercapacitor is embedded with BESS and EV in day-ahead and intra-day stages. • Multi-stage optimization scheduling model proposed to minimize power unbalance. • Rolling optimization employed in intra-day stage to address short-term unbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewables (i.e., solar and wind power) in the Nordic area have highly seasonal characteristics, which severely restrict the wide development of renewables since they can be excessive in summer but insufficient in winter with intermittent outputs. The conventional battery energy storage system (BESS) with short-term adjustment functionality cannot eliminate the seasonal imbalance of renewables. In this regard, a risk-based bi-level planning model is presented to maximize the hosting capacity (HC) of renewables through configuring seasonal hydrogen storage (SHS) and BESS. Specifically, the upper level applies a multi-objective scheme to maximize HC and minimize the investment cost simultaneously. In turn, the lower level is driven by maximizing the profits of the distribution system operator (DSO) with the implementation of price-based demand response (PBDR). Due to forecasting errors of renewables and load resulting from intermittent output and random behaviors, a stochastic programming (SP) method is developed to address and adapt multiple uncertain fluctuations. Moreover, the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) is introduced to measure the effect of the risks raised by multiple uncertainties on system operation. Finally, numerical studies are employed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. Compared to the cases without considering PBDR and SHS, the total renewable energy HC in the proposed model is increased by 2.30 MW and 0.37 MW, respectively, while the yearly cost benefit of DSO is enhanced by 28063.2 US$ and 17823.7 US$, respectively. The promising results demonstrate the empowerment of SHS can promote the cross-seasonal consumption of renewables, effectively maximizing the HC and improving the economic operation of distribution systems. • The hydrogen storage system is considered in this work for the cross-seasonal balance of renewables. • A bi-level planning model is proposed to improve hosting capacity and economic operation of the system. • The coordinated operation of seasonal hydrogen storage, demand response, and battery storage is designed. • The uncertainties and the operation risk brought by renewables and load are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, distribution systems are continuously evolving towards modern and flexible structures while integrating promising renewable energy resources (RERs). In this regard, an optimal network constraint-based expansion planning model combined with an optimal integration framework of intermittent RERs is proposed in this work to improve the topological flexibility in modern distribution networks (DNs). Specifically, the best investment locations and times of substations, lines, and RER-based distributed generations (DGs) are jointly taken into consideration. Additionally, the uncertainty-based multiple scenarios are modeled by probability distribution functions to strengthen the robustness and reliability of DNs influenced by the stochastic of renewable energy and load behavior. The novel network constraint is combined with three levels, where the first level introduces the graph theory to guarantee the radiality topology of modern DNs. In the second level of the network constraint, graph theory and fictitious load theory are collaboratively applied to ensure that each subsystem has a reserve connection interconnected to other subsystems. The third level is modifying the conventional fictitious load theory to ensure each subsystem is linked with at least one DG. The proposed planning model is driven by the minimum present value of total cost, including investment cost of branches, DGs, and substations, cost of substations operation, the electricity purchasing cost of substations and DGs, power losses cost, and environmental penalty cost of conventional generators. Numerical results are presented to verify that a more flexible and resilient topology of the DN system is obtained, and criteria evaluation is introduced to validate its higher performance with respect to existing procedures from power supplied quality, environmental burden, and supplied flexibility three aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic plastics and microplastics are naturally difficult to degrade due to their stable structure of high molecular weight, which are increasingly serious pollution to the environment. Recent findings have presented the existence of enzymes capable of degrading synthetic plastics. The use of enzymes to degrade plastics is environmentally friendly and has great application potential for future engineering. Therefore, considering the recent advancements in this research field, this review highlights enzymes of hydrolases/oxidoreductases for biodegradation of synthetic plastics with their degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, This review provides an extraordinarily detailed insight into influence of intrinsic properties of plastics and enzymes and external environment on enzymatic degradation process. Furthermore, evaluation methods for enzymatic degradation on synthetic plastics were discussed. Finally, perspective for future research to improve innovation in plastic degradation and recycling technology, empowers the development and utilization of biodegradable plastics. [Display omitted] • The use of enzymes to degrade plastics is environmentally friendly for future engineering. • Various enzymes have exhibited plastic-degrading abilities. • Enzymatic adsorption oxidation/hydrolysis degrades plastics to low molecular weight. • Several challenges in the biodegradation of plastics remain to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of significant advancements in the synthesis of lab-scale polymeric membranes for CO 2 separation, only a limited number of studies have transitioned to pilot-scale studies. Fabricating membrane modules is a critical step in realizing the commercialization of gas separation membranes for post-combustion carbon capture, yet specific details regarding this process are rarely demonstrated. In this study, a commercial-size ⌀8ʺ prototype of countercurrent sweep spiral-wound (SW) membrane module with an amine-containing facilitated transport membrane was successfully fabricated. The module comprised 41 membrane leaves, each with a width of 20ʺ and a length of 36ʺ, resulting in a total effective membrane area of 35 m2. To ensure an even distribution of sweep flow on the permeate side to minimize pressure drop, a new epoxy glue dot line pattern was strategically designed to create a countercurrent flow configuration. The SW membrane module exhibited consistent transport performance aligning with the results of the flat-sheet membrane. The successful fabrication of the commercial-size prototype highlights the exceptional potential and effectiveness of the developed full-scale membrane module in effectively tackling the challenges associated with CO 2 capture from flue gas. [Display omitted] • Fabrication procedure of commercial-size prototype of spiral wound module was detailed. • A new epoxy glue dot line pattern was designed for countercurrent flow configuration. • An ⌀8ʺ module contained 41 membrane leaves for 35 m2 membrane area. • Anti-telescoping device and fiber-reinforced plastic were designed and employed. • High performance was obtained with an acceptable pressure drop of <1.5 psi/m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehending the mechanisms underlying the response of water productivity to changing climate is essential for developing effective strategies that can maintain sustainable agricultural productivity and ecological stability amidst water scarcity and climate change. This study aimed to clarify the effects of climate and associated biologic and abiotic factors on the net water productivity (NWP) in the winter wheat—summer maize rotation system within the North China Plain (NCP), through integrating spatial-temporal pattern analysis, the Optimal Parameter-based Geographical Detector model, Random Forest, and Structural Equation Modeling. Despite climate warming and water scarcity, the NWP in the vast majority of rotation systems within the NCP exhibited an increasing trend between 2000 and 2019, which was anticipated to persist in the future. From 2000–2019, the impact of climate on the NWP exerted a fluctuating diminishment, besides the influence of WS. It is essential to add adaptive strategies that can cope with WS fluctuation in future management, to better tackle climate variability. Apart from direct effects, meteorological factors indirectly induced NWP variation primarily by influencing edaphic moisture dynamic and crop growth factors. In the paths underlying the effect of climate change on NWP, positive and negative effects coexisted. Edaphic moisture within the 40–100 cm layer played an important role in affecting NWP throughout rotation systems. To sustainably improve NWP, it was advisable to adopt deeper-rooting crop varieties in conjunction with moderate deficit irrigation and improving topsoil water retention capability. Overall, we incorporated soil and crop factors into the framework of climate impact research, providing a systematic elucidation for the mechanisms through which climate change affects NWP. Additionally, the conclusions were based on a continuous spatiotemporal framework that accounted for the geospatial heterogeneity of variables, thereby giving conclusions ample regional universality. • Soil & crop factors can help clarify mechanisms underlying climate's effect on NWP. • Despite warming and water scarcity, NWP increased and is expected to persist in future. • Impact of climate variability on NWP in wheat-maize rotation is diminishing. • Soil moisture at 40–100 cm depth is important for sustaining NWP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To recycle coal-based solid waste, this study used coal-based solid waste ceramsite with a density grade of 500 as coarse aggregates to manufacture ceramsite foam concrete. The concrete mix design was optimized using response surface experiments. Pore structure characteristics were analyzed to elucidate the connection between thermal conductivity and porosity. Microscale investigations were carried out employing a Vickers hardness tester, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) to offer distinct insights into the fundamental physicochemical mechanisms that govern the evolution of structural performance. The results show that with a foam content of 43 %, a water-to-binder ratio of 0.31, and a fly ash content of 15 %, the concrete produced meets the A10 grade standard. A high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.96) highlights the validity and goodness of fit of the quadratic regression model. The average pore size and roundness of ceramsite foam concrete increase as the foam content rises but decrease with higher fly ash content. The established three-dimensional series thermal conductivity model demonstrates greater precision. A "locking" interface structure develops between ceramsite coarse aggregates and the cementitious matrix, which strengthens the transition zone. With a fly ash content of 15 %, the cementitious matrix contains the highest amount of flocculent C-S-H gel, leading to the highest compressive strength. Thermogravimetric analysis verifies the exceptional thermal stability of ceramsite foam concrete. • Ceramsite prepared from coal slurry and spontaneous combustion coal gangue is utilized to formulate lightweight concrete. • RSM-BBD experiments design was applied to multi-objective optimization of coal-based solid waste ceramsite foam concrete. • A three-dimensional series model was constructed to describe the relationship between thermal conductivity and porosity. • Unveiling the enhanced mechanism of ceramsite in the concrete interface structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes among women with cerclage and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) < versus > 30 kg/m2 STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study utilized the U.S. Vital Statistics Datasets from 2011-2013. Inclusion criteria were women with non-anomalous singletons, with cerclage placement, without diabetes or hypertensive disorders, and who delivered at 20-41 weeks. The primary outcome was the composite neonatal adverse outcome (Apgar score below 5 at 5 min, birth injury, assisted ventilation for more than 6 h, neonatal seizure, or neonatal death). The secondary outcomes included the composite maternal adverse outcome (admission to intensive care unit, maternal transfusion, ruptured uterus, unplanned hysterectomy, or unplanned operating room procedure), chorioamnionitis, and cesarean delivery. Multivariable Poisson regression models with robust error variance were used, while adjusting for confounders. Adjusted relative risk with 95 % confidence intervals were calculated.Results: Of the 22,466 live births that met the inclusion criteria during the study period, 6427 (28.6 %) had cerclage and prepregnancy BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The composite neonatal adverse outcome was significantly increased (aRR 1.45; 95 % CI 1.33-1.60) among women with cerclage and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 when compared to those with BMI < 30 kg/m2. The composite maternal adverse outcome was similar (aRR 0.93; 95 % CI 0.72-1.20) among the two groups. Chorioamnionitis (aRR 1.46; 95 % CI 1.24-1.72) and cesarean delivery (aRR 1.24; 95 % CI 1.19-1.29) were higher in women with cerclage and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.Conclusion: Among pregnancies with cerclage and delivery at 20-41 weeks, the risk of the composite neonatal adverse outcome was modestly increased in newborns delivered by women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 than those delivered by women with BMI < 30 kg/m2. No significant difference was found in the risk of the composite maternal adverse outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare composite neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes among low-risk singleton pregnancies at 37-41 weeks among conception methods: spontaneously-conceived (SC) pregnancy; infertility medications and/or intrauterine insemination (IFM/IUI); and assisted reproductive technology (ART).Design: Population-based retrospective cohort study.Setting: US Vital Statistics datasets 2013-2017.Patient(s): Low-risk pregnancies (without hypertensive disorders, pregestational or gestational diabetes, or history of preterm birth) of women ≥20 years with nonanomalous singletons, who labored, delivered at 37-41 weeks, and had data on pregnancy conception method.Intervention(s): None.Main Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome was the composite neonatal adverse outcome (CNAO). The secondary outcome was the composite maternal adverse outcome (CMAO).Result(s): Of the 19.7 million deliveries during the study period, 54.0% (N = 10,676,184) met the inclusion criteria, with 99.0% (N = 10,573,741) being conceived spontaneously, 0.4% (N = 47,227) by IFM/IUI, and 0.5% (N = 55,216) by ART. The overall rate of CNAO was 6.68 per 1,000 live births. Compared with SC, the risk of CNAO was significantly higher among IFM/IUI (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18-1.41) and ART (aRR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18-1.39). The overall rate of CMAO was 2.50 per 1,000 live births. Compared with SC, the risk of CMAO was significantly increased among IFM/IUI (aRR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.50-1.97) and ART (aRR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.17-2.65).Conclusion(s): Among low-risk term singleton pregnancies, IFM/IUI and ART have modestly higher rates of adverse outcomes to maternal-neonatal dyad than SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pioneer to apply network analysis method to input-output framework and depict the structural evolution of real estate industry in China from 2002 to 2017. • A comprehensive framework is proposed that contains multiple dimensions for characteristic evaluation. • Some methodological deficiencies prevailed in extant literatures like improper definition for mutual relationships based on undirected graph setting are overcome. • Real estate-finance nexus has been tightly built in China. • Transition of Chinese real estate developing enterprises is in process. This paper proposes an innovative framework that identifies the structural characteristics and the evolution process of real estate industry in China from 2002 to 2017 through a series of modified network analysis methods. Our results suggest that the growth momentum of real estate industry can be extended to a wide range of industries especially the financial industry while the systematic risk of the industry is becoming evident. Therefore, macro-prudential policies tailored to local conditions should continue to be the first line of defense. In addition, guiding policies towards professional service for developers are supposed to be emphasized since Chinese real estate industry is within the transition from construction-oriented towards service-oriented. Moreover, to satisfy the demand of citizens for improved housing and promote the upgrading of housing consumption is also critical because the role as supplier of housing in macroeconomy is becoming increasingly important according to our calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of cinnamon extract and Ɛ-polylysine on microorganisms and storage quality of fresh Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group) were investigated. • Cinnamon extract combined with Ɛ-polylysine was superior to cinnamon extract or Ɛ-polylysine treatment alone in microbiological and physico-chemical properties. • Cinnamon extract combined with Ɛ-polylysine reduced the weight loss and total color difference, as well as significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms. • Cinnamon extract combined with Ɛ-polylysine declined polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, maintained the higher level of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and total phenolic content. • Cinnamon extract combined with Ɛ-polylysine treatment could be an effective preservation technique for fresh Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group). The effects of cinnamon extract and Ɛ-polylysine on microorganisms and storage quality of fresh Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group) stored at 4 °C for 12 d were investigated. The results showed that 0.062% cinnamon extract combined with 0.057% Ɛ-polylysine was superior to 0.062% cinnamon extract or 0.057% Ɛ-polylysine treatment alone in microbiological and physico-chemical properties. Cinnamon extract combined with Ɛ-polylysine reduced the weight loss and total color difference, declined polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, maintained the higher level of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and total phenolic content, as well as significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms during storage compared to any single-factor. Therefore, cinnamon extract combined with Ɛ-polylysine treatment could be an effective preservation technique for fresh Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault diagnosis and location play a pivotal role in expediting fault restoration and enhancing power system resilience. However, integrating distributed generation and diverse load profiles has led to more complicated distribution networks, intensifying fault diagnosis and location challenges. Hence, there is a need to transform traditional distribution networks into resilient active ones that actively guide and utilize distributed energy resources, possessing active control and operational capabilities. This paper comprehensively reviews fault diagnosis and location techniques in distribution networks, focusing on faulted line selection, fault section estimation, and accurate fault location. It provides an in-depth analysis of current fault diagnosis and location techniques, along with an assessment of their challenges, summarizing and evaluating the current research status at both local and international levels. To address existing fault diagnosis and location technologies limitations, a method utilizing micro-phasor measurement units (μPMUs) to enhance situational awareness and state estimation of active distribution networks is proposed. The paper also provides a comprehensive analysis of the optimized configuration strategy for achieving network observability and fault diagnosis using limited μPMU, in addition to comparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of typical solution algorithms for the optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem. In response to extreme disturbance scenarios in active distribution networks, resilience enhancement strategies are proposed from three perspectives: fault prevention, fault response, and fault restoration. Finally, a summary and outlook on current research methods for fault diagnosis and location, as well as the challenges and future research directions in resilience enhancement strategies, are provided. [Display omitted] • Review fault diagnosis, section estimation, and accurate fault location methods. • Improving power system resilience through fault diagnosis and location. • Strategies using limited μPMUs to enhance distribution network situation awareness. • Comprehensive methods for power system resilience in extreme disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Quartz sand is rich in fluid inclusions, which are natural thermometers in concrete. • After fire, the highest temperature experienced concrete can be analysed. • Inclusion decrepitation thermoacoustic thermometry is stable and reliable. • The relative error of inclusion decrepitation thermoacoustic thermometry is <10 %. The fire-exposure temperature of concrete directly determines the degree of damage to its microstructure and the performance of concrete. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the fire-exposure temperature of concrete is crucial. But to date, there is not yet an accurate, practical, and effective method for measuring the internal temperature of concrete after fire. Based on the discovery that fluid inclusions in concrete act as natural thermometers, this paper investigates the scientific principles and experimental evidence of the decrepitation thermometry of inclusions. By extracting quartz sand samples from the interiors of concrete members after a fire and performing an inclusion decrepitation test on these samples, the maximum fire-exposure temperature of concrete can be determined with a high degree of accuracy. The test results reveal that the natural sand used in construction typically contains fluid inclusions, indicating that the necessary conditions for inclusion decrepitation thermometry are satisfied for concrete structures. In this study, standard quartz sand samples were configured, and inclusion decrepitation temperature measurements were conducted after subjecting the samples to different heating rates, cooling methods, thermostatic durations, and standing times after fire. The test results indicate that the impact of the aforementioned factors on the inclusion decrepitation temperature measurement is not evident. The maximum relative error between all temperature measurement results and the actual heating temperature is <10 %, and the average relative error is <2.5 %. The experimental results show that fluid inclusions are natural thermometers in concrete. After a fire, the maximum temperature experienced in the concrete can be quantitatively assessed using the initial decrepitation temperature of the inclusion. This method possesses the advantages of being a scientific test method and providing accurate temperature measurements without any indirect analysis or calculation using simple test equipment, sample preparation, and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing interest in carbon capture from syngas and natural gas, H 2 S/CO 2 separation is gradually becoming important in the gas processing and carbon capture industries. This work describes the development of amine-based facilitated transport membranes (FTMs) suitable for syngas desulfurization. Six amino acid salt carriers with varying steric hindrance were synthesized and used to fabricate FTMs. Their H 2 S/CO 2 separation performances were evaluated at 107 °C and 7 bar feed pressure, using a dry feed composition of 1.5% H 2 S and 98.5% CO2. H 2 S/CO 2 selectivity improved significantly as amine steric hindrance was increased. While mildly hindered amines showed low H 2 S/CO 2 selectivities of around 5, sterically hindered and tertiary amines showed substantially improved separation performance, with selectivities in the range of 10–20. A highly hindered carrier containing the di- tert -butyl amine moiety showed the highest selectivity of 19.6, along with an H 2 S permeance of 560 GPU. The di- tert -butyl amine-based FTM was used to study the effect of temperature and feed H 2 S content on H 2 S/CO 2 separation performance. The performances of the newly devised FTMs exceed the H 2 S/CO 2 upper bound, and the learnings shed light on the design of amine carriers for acid gas separations. [Display omitted] • Sterically hindered amines showed superior H 2 S/CO 2 separation performance. • Severely hindered amine-containing membrane showed high H 2 S/CO 2 selectivity of 19.6. • Increasing temperature and H 2 S feed pressure led to reduced H 2 S/CO 2 separation performance. • The obtained performance exceeded the H 2 S/CO 2 upper bounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 30–36 psu and 1.2 g/L of inorganic carbon stimulate growth rates of 18% per day. • Algae alter phycobiliprotein ratio to manage salinity and inorganic carbon stress. • Phycocyanin concentration is significantly affected by salinity. • Two factors interactions don't affect chlorophyll and photosynthetic efficiency. • Below 25 psu, salinity had more significant effect on algae than inorganic carbon. This study investigates a cultivation strategy for the macroalga Colaconema formosanum by determining optimal inorganic carbon concentration and salinity for maximizing biomass and photosynthetic pigment production while also facilitating carbon sequestration. The response surface method was used with a central composite design (CCD-RSM) to determine the optimal conditions. Results showed that adding 1.2 g/L of carbon increased the specific growth rate to 18%–19% per day. The maximum amount of pigment, including phycobiliprotein and chlorophyll, was achieved by adjusting both carbon content and salinity. This strategy enables mass pigment production and offers an eco-friendly approach to carbon sequestration while reducing culture period. This study also sheds light on algal mechanisms against enriched inorganic carbon and salinity content, contributing to an enhanced understanding of these vital processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation water requirement (Iwr) and soil moisture (SM) are two essential metrics that guide scientific irrigation and agricultural water-saving practices. Although they have been extensively studied in the North China Plain (NCP), an exploration into their spatial-temporal coupling pattern remains absent. Here, the spatial-temporal coupling pattern underlying the variations of Iwr and SM across the winter wheat–summer maize rotation system within the NCP was elucidated from a geographic perspective, by developing a geo-statistic framework that integrated the global spatial autocorrelation, spatial hot-spot technique, geographically weighted regression, and the optimal parameters-based geographic detector. From 2000–2019, the Iwr and SM exerted a distinct geospatial heterogeneity. Winter wheat demonstrated a spatially descending gradient in Iwr from north to south, while the pattern in summer maize Iwr varied greatly across periods. Generally, winter wheat had a higher Iwr, while the geospatial pattern of summer maize Iwr displayed a greater variability. Spatial pattern of SM in 0–100 cm soil horizon exhibited an approximately inverse trajectory to that of Iwr, while SM in 100–200 cm horizon demonstrated a spatial staggered pattern. In most cases, there existed a notable negative coupling between Iwr and SM at 0–100 cm depth, but not universal at 100–200 cm. Nonetheless, a pronounced reciprocal enhancement mechanism between SM of two layers was confirmed. Between 2000 and 2019, a geospatial decoupling trend was detected between Iwr and SM throughout the NCP. Despite remaining universality, the pattern of high irrigation demand induced by soil moisture deficit was being weakened. Given these, climate-adaptive water-saving strategies were updated, which provide a new implication for regional agricultural water-saving practice and sustainable production. • Coupling of irrigation water requirement (Iwr) and soil moisture (SM) was captured. • A geospatial decoupling trend between Iwr and SM was detected. • Interaction between SM of two soil horizons on the Iwr was confirmed. • Climate-adaptive agricultural water-saving strategies were updated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the efficient modulation of the electronic structure of nanomaterials, rare earth elements introduction as promoters into nanomaterials has attracted great attention in oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This work demonstrates the cerium carbonate hydroxide (CeCO 3 OH) in situ grown on nickel foam (NF) supported NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a novel promoter in OER process. The hybrid material (Ni 0.75 Fe 0.15 Ce 0.10 /NF) possesses excellent performance for OER where the overpotentials at the current densities of 10 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2 are 228 mV and 270 mV, respectively, along with the Tafel slope of 38.3 mV dec−1. Such performance is comparable in activity to many state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. The enhanced performance in the NiFe LDH can be ascribed to the synergetic interaction between CeCO 3 OH and NiFe LDH by utilizing the advantages of cerium and carbonate in OER. The novelty of our work is the exploration of CeCO 3 OH as a promoter to enhance the OER performance, which expands the application of cerium-based compounds in energy storage and conversion. • The CeCO 3 OH nanoparticles were in situ grown on NiFe layered double hydroxide. • The CeCO 3 OH modulated the electronic structure of NiFe layered double hydroxide. • The Ni 0.75 Fe 0.15 Ce 0.10 /NF possesses Tafel slope of 38.4 mV dec-1 for OER. • The CeCO 3 OH acted as a good promoter for oxygen evolution reaction. • The synergistic interaction in the composite boosted the activity of OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two measurement attributes related to clustering in LSGDM problems are explored. • Trust relationship and opinion similarity are both important in LSGDM scenarios. • Trust-similarity analysis (TSA) is developed to implement clustering operations. • A TSA-based clustering method is proposed for LSGDM events under social network. • A TSA plot is built to visualize the clustering processes. Large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM) under a social network context has attracted much attention in the field of decision science. The clustering of individual opinions and the handling of trust relationships are the main research topics. Opinion similarity and trust relationship are considered to be two important measurement attributes for implementing clustering. Traditional clustering methods often use a single attribute to divide the original group without requiring a combination of the above two attributes. However, these two attributes play different roles in the clustering process, insofar as opinion similarity is used to measure the level of difference among individual opinions, whereas the trust relationship represents the trustworthiness of decision makers. This paper develops a trust-similarity analysis (TSA)-based clustering method to manage the clustering operation in LSGDM events under a social network context. First, the trust-similarity matrix is established to collectively describe the decision information. Second, all measurement attribute values are mapped to a trust-similarity plot from which the joint threshold can be calculated. Finally, a TSA-based clustering method is proposed that considers the attributes of opinion similarity and trust relationship and that allocates their importance to achieve specific clustering objectives. The numerical experiment and comparative analysis reveal the feasibility and advantages of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcrystalline corundum abrasives with a duplex microstructure consisting of elongated anisotropic grains and fine equiaxed grains were fabricated via sol-gel processes using pseudo-boehmite as raw material. Elongated anisotropic grain, as a second phase reinforcement, significantly improved the fracture toughness and strength of samples. When the sample was doped 2 wt% MgO–TiO 2 –SiO 2 additions with the molar ratio of 3:5:11, elongated anisotropic grains had the highest aspect ratio and were uniformly distributed among the fine equiaxed grains matrix. In addition, the sample obtained a maximum density above 3.92 g cm−3, single particle compressive strength of 56.4 N and fracture toughness of 5.93 MPa m1/2. The relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the abrasives was also discussed in detail. Moreover, toughening mechanism of elongated anisotropic grains was clearly explained by charactering crack propagation and fracture surfaces of samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon ion therapy has received increasing attention because of its excellent physical dose distribution and high biological effect comparing against the conventional radiotherapy. However, the range uncertainty is still a major issue that limits further improvement of the treatment efficiency. Hence, we propose a novel method for reducing the range uncertainty in carbon ion therapy based on the Doppler Shift Effect of prompt gamma (PG), which can quantify the average carbon energy by the significant energy shift of the 4.44 MeV PG in the spectrum and then calibrate the range. Specifically, the influences of heterogeneity, initial carbon beam configuration, and detected direction are thoroughly discussed using the Monte Carlo simulation in this paper. Results show a moderate difference (<3.5%) between the Monte Carlo simulation and the analytical calculation, which verify the theoretical feasibility and veracity of the proposed method. The different initial energies (200, 225, 250, 300, and 400 MeV/u) and energy spreads (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) of carbon beam have a not obvious influence on the accuracy of this method. When the detected direction changes from 90° to 50°, the PG energy shift overturns from "red shift" to "blue shift" and the difference value increases significantly. Moreover, for inhomogeneous phantoms, this method can distinguish the different ranges with blocks filled by different materials (bone, adipose, and air) in the beam path. Finally, through the analysis of range verification error with cavities of different thicknesses (0–30 mm) in the water phantom, the precision of the proposed method in theory is determined to be 0.008%–6.253%, and this value can be less than 3% with an appropriate detection site. These results indicate that the measurement of the PG energy shift could be applied to reduce the range uncertainty on the basis of the Doppler Shift Effect in carbon ion therapy. • A novel carbon ion range verification method based on the Doppler Shift Effect of prompt gamma is proposed. • The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are tested by Monte Carlo simulation. • The influences of heterogeneity, initial carbon beam configuration, and detected direction are thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving the goal of sustainable development is dependent on the widespread integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems (ESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs). However, a continuous increase in the penetration of such elements would bring more complexities to the distribution network. Accordingly, this paper presents a unified planning model comprising renewable energy-based distributed generation (DG), ESS, and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). In this regard, a Latin Hypercube Sampling method is utilized to generate multi-scenario for describing the uncertainty of renewable energy and load demand. The stochastic EV charging behaviors are represented by various probability density functions (PDF). In addition, an exploitable capacity loss of ESS and EV batteries is calculated by the battery degradation model based on the depth of discharge (DOD). Furthermore, the battery degradation cost is incorporated into the objective of the planning model to identify the optimal decision for candidate assets. A piecewise linearization approach is introduced to convert the problem into a mix-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Numerical results demonstrate that the exploitable capacity loss of batteries plays a key role in asset planning and provides potential contributions to the optimal decisions of the distribution network. In the meantime, by considering battery degradation in the optimization model, the sustainability and lifetime of the battery can be preserved. • Uncertainties include the renewable energy, load demand, and behaviors of electric vehicles are considered. • Renewable energy-based DG, ESS, and EVCS are involved in the unified planning model. • The degradation model is proposed to analyze the exploitable capacity loss of ESS and EV battery. • The enhancement of investment decision while maintaining the lifetime of battery is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net primary productivity (NPP) assumes a pivotal role in the realm of plant growth, organic matter production, and carbon cycling. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the integrated effects of meteorological factors, soil water content (SWC), evapotranspiration (ET), and leaf area index (LAI) on the NPP in agricultural systems remains unclear. Elucidating the evolution pattern of NPP in agricultural system and its responding mechanism to meteorological factors, SWC, ET, and LAI hold pronounced significant for sustainable agricultural operation, agroecological maintenance, and climate-adaptive strategy optimization. This study focused on the winter wheat - summer maize rotation, a predominant agricultural system, in the North China Plain (NCP). Spatiotemporal pattern of NPP was clarified using geostatistical technique, Mann-Kendall test, Sen's Slope, and Rescaled Range analysis. The mechanism underlying the integrated response of NPP to different meteorological factors, SWC, ET, and LAI was revealed through spatiotemporal coupling correlation analysis, Random Forest, and Structural Equation Modeling. The results demonstrated a widespread annual increase in NPP across the majority of rotation areas from 2000 to 2019, with a prominent geospatial heterogeneity. Meteorological factors, SWC, ET, and LAI collectively explained 70.27% of NPP variability. Of which, ET, FAPAR, P, LAI, Tmax, Tmin, and the SWC in 40–100 cm were predominant factors affecting NPP, explaining 63.59% of its variability. These factors exerted multidimensional effects on NPP, instead of a unilateral induction. Despite the limited direct effect, precipitation indirectly improved NPP by significantly increasing the SWC in 40–100 cm soil horizon. The latter not only directly enhanced NPP, but also indirectly promoted NPP by facilitating ET. In context of drought and water deficit, maintaining adequate soil moisture in the 40–100 cm layer through irrigation emerges as a potential strategy to ensure sustainable productivity. ET exerted the greatest comprehensive effect and the largest direct promotion on NPP. LAI, FAPAR, and SWC induced NPP variation indirectly through affecting ET. These consistently underscored the major relationship between productivity and water use. Future intensive agriculture in the NCP should prioritize the trade-off between carbon sequestration and water loss at plant physiological level. Improving the carbon sequestration per unit of water consumption through optimizing the photosynthesis-transpiration mechanism is an imperative climate-adaptative pathway for achieving sustainable food provision and mitigating water crisis. • Meteorological factors, soil moisture, ET and LAI determined 70.27% of NPP variance. • Precipitation promoted NPP by enhancing the soil moisture in 40–100 cm horizon. • ET exerted the greatest comprehensive effect and the largest direct promotion on NPP. • Except direct promotion, LAI, FAPAR, and soil moisture indirectly promoted NPP by increasing ET. • Retaining adequate soil moisture in 40–100 cm is crucial for ensuring sustainable productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introduce the state-of-art temporal fusion transformers (TFT) into economic system forecasting based on the high compatibility between deep learning and the nonlinear characteristics of socio-economic systems. • Propose a scientific economic system forecasting framework on the foundation of the extended gross final product (GFP). • Build a four-dimensional evaluation system including numerical error, direction accuracy, timing error and turning point accuracy. • Empirically forecast the monthly output indicators of the Chinese macroeconomic system. • TFT results have obvious advantages over benchmark models including ARIMA, BP, LSTM, TCN and N-BEATS through comparison analysis. Although helpful in reducing the uncertainty associated with economic activities, economic forecasting often suffers from low accuracy. Recognizing the high compatibility between deep learning and the nonlinear characteristics of socioeconomic systems, in this paper, we introduce state-of-the-art temporal fusion transformers (TFTs) into the field of economic system forecasting and predict the performance of the Chinese macroeconomic system. Based on an extended analysis of gross final product (GFP) and the intertemporal dynamic relationship between demand-side indicators and output indicators, we establish a scientific economic forecasting framework. To summarize the forecasting characteristics of the TFT algorithm, we compare its one-step and three-step modeling effects in forecasting output indicators with a series of representative benchmark models. According to our proposed four-dimensional evaluation system, the forecasts for China's macroeconomic system provided by the TFT model have obvious advantages in terms of overall stability, forecasting efficiency, reduction of numerical and timing errors, direction accuracy, and turning point accuracy. The forecast results show that China's economy faces a risk of slowing growth in the post-pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1), a genetic variant of avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), has been identified in Columbiformes and is the primary cause of diseases in captive and free-ranging pigeons. However, it has also been reported that PPMV-1 can infect chickens naturally and experimentally, thus posing a potential threat to the poultry industry. This study investigated a lethal outbreak of paramyxovirus infection that occurred among 16 oriental turtle doves (Streptopelia orientalis) in a walk-in aviary at a zoo from March to April 2021. Necropsies were performed, and histopathological findings revealed mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in several organs, such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and lungs. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, virus isolation from fresh tissue, and in situ hybridization against the fusion (F) protein confirmed the diagnosis for PPMV-1 infection. The isolated strain NTU/C239/21 was fully sequenced by next-generation sequencing, and the results of phylogenetic analyses revealed that the F protein of NTU/C239/21 shared 98.8% nucleotide sequence identity with Pigeon/Taiwan/AHRI121/2017, which was isolated from a feral pigeon in Taiwan. The present study is the first to identify PPMV-1 infection in Streptopelia orientalis and suggests that Streptopelia orientalis may also play an important role in spreading the infection, similar to pigeons in APMV-1 spreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Establishing a realistic unbalanced harmonic power flow calculation model. • Establishing DG line loss optimization model with harmonic constraint. • Analyzing several DG line loss optimization schemes in distribution network with multi-type harmonic loads. • The harmonic contents have been decreased but also increased the line loss. • Under the same line loss, the optimal capacity of double DG is less than that of single DG, • The optimization of double DG is better without considering the cost. With the large penetration of power electronic devices in distribution networks, power quality problems such as line loss and harmonics have become the main factors affecting the access of distributed generation (DG). At present, the research on DG integration, such as the optimization of the DG capacity using particle swarm optimization algorithm and ant colony algorithm, is mainly focused on the traditional distribution network. In contrast, the research on the power electronic distribution networks, which include a large number of harmonic sources, is not sufficient. This paper presents a novel optimization method for connecting DG to power electronic distribution network to reduce line loss. Firstly, based on the frequency domain model of the distribution network, this paper establishes the harmonic model of distribution network components, including generators, transformers, lines, harmonic sources and non-harmonic sources. Then the location and capacity of DG are optimized using genetic algorithm with network loss reduction as a target and voltage and harmonic as constraints. Finally, the power electronic distribution network is modelled based on the IEEE 34 - node standard model. The obtained results confirmed that the optimization model with harmonic constraints can effectively reduce the line loss by 108.26 kW and the line loss rate by 4.67 % using single DG. Also, when using the double DG, the line loss and the line loss rate are decreased by 118.53 kW and 5.14 %, respectively. In addition, the optimization effect of dual DG is better than that of single DG without considering the cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a cellular-level hadron therapy achieving therapeutic effects via the synergistic action of multiple particles, including Lithium, alpha, proton, and photon. However, evaluating the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in BNCT remains challenging. In this research, we performed a microdosimetric calculation for BNCT using the Monte Carlo track structure (MCTS) simulation toolkit, TOPAS-nBio. This paper reports the first attempt to derive the ionization cross-sections of low-energy (>0.025 MeV/u) Lithium for MCTS simulation based on the effective charge cross-section scalation method and phenomenological double-parameter modification. The fitting parameters (λ 1 = 1.101, λ 2 = 3.486) were determined to reproduce the range and stopping power data from the ICRU report 73. Besides, the lineal energy spectra of charged particles in BNCT were calculated, and the influence of sensitive volume (SV) size was discussed. Condensed history simulation obtained similar results with MCTS when using Micron-SV while overestimating the lineal energy when using Nano-SV. Furthermore, we found that the microscopic boron distribution can significantly affect the lineal energy for Lithium, while the effect for alpha is minimal. Similar results to the published data by PHITS simulation were observed for the compound particles and monoenergetic protons when using micron-SV. Spectra with nano-SV reflected that the different track densities and absorbed doses in the nucleus together result in the dramatic difference in the macroscopic biological response of BPA and BSH. This work and the developed methodology could impact the research fields in BNCT where understanding radiation effects is crucial, such as the treatment planning system, source evaluation, and new boron drug development. • The new Lithium cross-sections for MCTS simulation are calculated and verified. • A significant difference in y spectra for Lithium is observed when using nano-SV. • y ‾ D for BPA and BSH is 158.35 and 132.47 keV/μm with nano-SV, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A field trial with 1.4 m2 spiral-wound (SW) membrane modules fabricated from an amine-containing facilitated transport membrane was conducted with actual flue gas at the National Carbon Capture Center in Wilsonville, AL, U.S.A. Prior to the field test, the membrane modules were systematically evaluated with simulated flue gas to identify the optimal operating conditions, including feed flow rate, feed pressure and operating temperature. With the actual flue gas, the membrane modules showed ca. 1450 GPU CO 2 permeance and 185 CO 2 /N 2 selectivity at 67 °C with feed and permeate pressures of 4 and 0.3 atm, respectively. A 500-h stability was demonstrated in spite of the interference of system upsets and flue gas outages. During the field trial, carbon capture rates of better than 40% were achieved by a single SW module with coal-derived flue gas. Except for a few flue gas upsets, the CO 2 purities in the captured stream were 94.5% or better on dry basis. The data obtained from this project validates the membrane material and provide basis for the design and fabrication of full-scale SW module with a membrane area larger than 50 m2. It should be noted that no significant amounts of Cr, As and Se were deposited onto the membrane during this 500-h test. Highlights • 1.4 m2 spiral-wound modules of a facilitated transport membrane were fabricated. • A field trail was conducted with actual flue gas containing SO x , NO x and O 2. • Performance depended strongly on feed flow rate, pressure and temperature. • 500-h stable performance was demonstrated despite several flue gas outages. • > 40% CO 2 recovery and > 94.5% CO 2 purity were achieved by a single module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• M. furfur produces extracellular vesicles with a mean diameter of 112 nm. • Extracellular vesicles from M. furfur can be internalized into HaCaT cells and mice epidermal keratinocytes. • M. furfur vesicles induce IL-6 synthesis both in vitro and in vivo. Malassezia is one of the commensal microorganisms colonized on human skin and has been shown to be related to several inflammatory cutaneous disorders. Previous studies indicated that Malassezia. sympodialis (M. sympodialis) can produce extracellular vesicles, however, the immunoregulatory function of Malassezia extracellular vesicles on keratinocytes has not been studied. To investigate the extracellular vesicular production capability of Malassezia. furfur (M. furfur) and examine their immunoregulatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Extracellular vesicles derived from M. furfur were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation procedure. Their structure and diameter were determined by negative stain TEM and NTA, respectively. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the internalization of these nanoparticles into HaCaT cells and mice epidermal keratinocytes. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines were screened using PCR Array assay and validated in vitro by qPCR and ELISA assays. In vivo cytokine production was measured by the IHC method. The role of NF-κB in such process was evaluated in HaCaT cells by western blot assay. Our results showed that M. furfur produced ovoid-shaped nanoparticles, which could be then internalized into HaCaT cells, as well as mice epidermal keratinocytes. IL-6 expression was significantly enhanced in response to extracellular vesicular stimulation both in vitro and in vivo , in which process the activation of NF-κB was involved. M. furfur has the ability to release extracellular vesicles, which can be internalized into keratinocytes and promote the production of IL-6 with the involvement of NF-κB dependent pathway. Such findings reveal some important new insights into Malassezia pathogenesis and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The facilitated transport of CO 2 through an amine-containing polymeric membrane on a nanoporous PES substrate was studied at large feed-to-permeate pressure differentials that are relevant to post-combustion carbon capture. With the selective layer reinforced mechanically by incorporation of carbon nanotubes, the carrier saturation of amino groups by excessive CO 2 was observed at high feed or permeate vacuum pressure. Nearly complete carrier saturation was observed at 7 atm feed pressure or a permeate vacuum near ambient pressure. At relatively low vacuum pressures, the vacuum degree and operating temperature affected the CO 2 transport simultaneously. A vacuum pressure significantly lower than the water saturation pressure at certain temperature resulted in the dehydration of the selective layer, thereby a reduced CO 2 permeance. This dehydration was mitigated at a moderate vacuum pressure. At the moderate vacuum pressure, the nanoporous PES substrate controlled the water permeation, leading to a sufficiently hydrated selective layer with high CO 2 permeance and CO 2 /N 2 selectivity. Overall, the membrane performed well with 0.3–0.6 atm vacuum pressures at 67 °C and a feed pressure of 4 atm, achieving the best membrane performance with a CO 2 permeance of 1451 GPU and a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 165. Highlights • Facilitated transport membrane was characterized with large pressure differentials. • Carrier saturation occurred at a high feed or vacuum pressure. • Vacuum pressure affected the hydration of the amine-containing selective layer. • Higher temperature enhanced membrane performance due to faster reaction kinetics. • 1451 GPU CO 2 permeance and 165 CO 2 /N 2 selectivity were obtained at 67 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fabrication of amine-containing membranes for removal of H 2 S and CO 2 from reformate gas for hydrogen purification for fuel cells was scaled up by using a continuous roll-to-roll membrane fabrication machine. The membrane contained aminoisobutyric acid-potassium salt as the mobile carrier and polyvinylamine as the fixed-site carrier for facilitated transport of acid gases in crosslinked polyvinylalcohol as the membrane matrix. Three key variables controlling the membrane selective layer thickness, i.e., the coating solution, substrate web coating speed, and coating knife gap setting, were identified and studied. Membranes in 14 in. in width and > 150 feet in length were fabricated with a uniform selective layer thickness of around 15 µm. The scale-up membranes demonstrated similar performances as the lab-scale membranes with a CO 2 permeance of more than 200 GPU, CO 2 /H 2 selectivity of greater than 200, and H 2 S/H 2 selectivity of higher than 600. The scale-up membranes were used for the fabrication of prototype spiral-wound membrane modules for a field test with autothermal reformate gas as the feed gas. The modeling and optimization of the hydrogen purification process were performed to identify the optimum test conditions for the spiral-wound membrane modules. The modeling results showed that the membrane removed H 2 S to less than 10 ppm and CO 2 to < 1% in the hydrogen product with more than 99% of H 2 recovery for the case of using a wet sweep gas with 40% moisture. The field test results showed that the H 2 S and CO 2 concentrations were about 4–10 ppm and < 3%, respectively, in the hydrogen product on a wet basis and that the agreement between the modeling results and the test results was reasonably good. Highlights • Fabrication of amine-containing CO 2 -selective membrane for H 2 S removal was scaled up. • Scale-up membranes were tested with both simulated and actual reformate gases as the feed gases. • Modeling and process optimization were performed to identify the optimum module test conditions. • Good membrane performance was obtained in agreement with the modeling results. • Field test results have shown the potential for H 2 S removal in fuel cell application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract A new Co(II) compound, [Co 2 (DIPT) 4 (PClA) 2 Cl 2 ]·H 2 O (NCl-1) (DIPT = 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) -1H-imidazo [4,5–f]-[1,10]phenanthroline, HPClA = 3-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylie), have been successfully synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions. By hydrogen bond and π-π stacking interactions constitute a stable three-dimensional space structure. The luminescent properties of the NCl-1 dispersed in different solvents have been investigated systematically, demonstrating unique selectivity for the detection of MeOH via a fluorescence quenching mechanism. The luminescent intensity of NCl-1 was selectively quenched by Fe3+ ions. In addition, the magnetic property of NCl-1 is investigated, which shows the anti ferromagnetic behavior induced by the external field. Highlights • One new Co(II) MOF have been synthesized. • The compound demonstrates unique selectivity for MeOH and Fe3+ ions. • The magnetic study reveals the dominant anti ferromagnetic interactions. Abstract A new coordination Co(II) complex, namely, [Co 2 (DIPT) 4 (PClA) 2 Cl 2 ]·H 2 O (NCl-1) (DIPT = 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) -1H-imidazo [4,5–f]-[1,10]phenanthroline, HPClA = 3-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylie) has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, nitrogen adsorption analysis and powder X-ray diffraction. NCl-1 constructed by six coordinated mode with metal center and connected different ligands and ions, exhibits a three-dimensional structure under interactions of hydrogen bond and π-π stacking interactions. The luminescence explorations demonstrated that NCl-1 exhibits highly selective and sensitive sensing for organic solvents (MeOH) and metal ion (Fe3+). Furthermore, magnetic analysis indicated that NCl-1 also own the property of anti ferromagnetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Proposing a liquid MEMS inclinometer sensor basic on the wettability of metal liquid droplet. • The sliding angle of micro-mercury droplet on annular groove is analyzed. • The sensor we proposed has an accurate resolution (3.625°) and a wide measuring range (±10.12° to ±45°). The use of liquid droplets as the sensing element allows the sensor to improve its impact resistance. Abstract This paper proposes a liquid microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inclinometer sensor and reports its design, fabrication, and characterization. In the sensor, a liquid metal droplet moves inside an annular-shaped channel, driven by gravity. The position of the liquid metal is reflected by electrodes and the new tilting angle is obtained. A MEMS fabrication process has been developed, and characterisation of the sensor has been carried out. Experiments show that the sensor has a resolution of 3.625° and a wide measuring range of ±45°. In comparison with solid MEMS gyroscopes, the proposed liquid sensor has advantages of fewer manufacturing steps and low costs. Beside, its resilience against impact is outstanding. Its sensitivity and accuracy are more than sufficient for hand held electronics, which are the main targeted applications of the proposed liquid sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A predictive control approach is proposed to reduce pitch. In this method, a controller consisting of a short-term predictor, a force estimator and an attack angle allocator is developed to reduce pitching. The online estimation of hydrodynamics is the essential part of the control approach. Pitch and heave motions are predicted in real-time with the short-term predictor. The predicted motions are then employed in the force estimator to forecast the ship's hydrodynamics online, where the dynamic equilibrium between ship motions and external forces is applied. The predicted hydrodynamic forces, regarded as expected stabilizing forces, are further applied to evaluate the optimal effective attack angles of the fin actuator. Active fins are allocated based on the estimated optimal effective attack angles. For evaluation purposes, the numerical simulations and experimental tests of pitch stabilization on a ship model under various sea states are investigated. Both results suggest that the predictive control approach performs satisfactorily in terms of pitch stabilization. Highlights • A predictive control approach is proposed to reduce the pitch motion. • The hydrodynamic is predicted online to evaluate the optimal effective attack angles of the fins actuator. • An anti-pitch controller consisting of a short-term predictor, a force estimator and an angle allocator is developed. • Numerical and experimental investigations on pitch control on a ship model under various sea states are carried out. • The proposed predictive control approach performs effectively in pitch stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A novel facilitated transport membrane was synthesized in a composite membrane configuration with a 170-nm selective layer coated on a polyethersulfone nanoporous substrate. In the selective layer, poly(N -vinylformamide- co -vinylamine) with amino groups covalently bound to the polymer backbone was used as the fixed-site carrier and an aminoacid salt, synthesized by deprotonating sarcosine with 2-(1-piperazinyl)ethylamine, was blended as the mobile carrier. The membrane demonstrated a CO 2 permeance of 975 GPU (1 GPU = 10-6 cm3 (STP) cm-2 s-1 cmHg-1) and a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity > 140 at 57 °C with 1 atm feed and permeate pressures. The membrane performance was also characterized with a vacuum pulled on the permeate side to simulate actual separation process conditions. However, the rubbery selective layer of the synthesized membrane sank into the nanoporous substrate, resulting in a drastically reduced CO 2 permeance. To address this issue, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) wrapped by a copolymer poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone- co -vinyl acetate) were dispersed in the selective layer as reinforcement nanofillers. The gas permeation measurements showed that the incorporation of MWNTs strengthened the polymer matrix and the selective layer penetration was refrained by a 3 wt% MWNT loading. The presence of MWNTs also mitigated the polymer compaction if the feed gas was compressed. Highlights • 2-(1-piperazinyl)ethylamine sarcosinate facilitated CO 2 transport as mobile carrier. • Rubbery selective layer sunk into nanoporous substrate upon permeate vacuum. • Carbon nanotube enhanced selective layer rigidity to sustain vacuum suction. • Vacuum and substrate affected the hydration of amine-containing selective layer. • 1451 GPU CO 2 permeance and 165 CO 2 /N 2 selectivity were obtained at 67 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of carbamazepine cocrystals with aromatic carboxylic acids have been prepared, including ( CBZ ) 1 ( DBA ) 1 , ( CBZ ) 2 ( DBA ) 1 (CH 3 OH) 1 ( DBA  = 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acid), ( CBZ ) 1 ( NA ) 1 (H 2 O) 1 ( NA  = 1-naphthoic acid) and ( CBZ ) 1 ( AC ) 1 ( AC  = anthracene-9-carboxylic acid). The synthons formed in CBZ cocrystals, e.g. amide···acid heterodimer, amide···amide homodimer, and amide···acid···H 2 O heterosynthon have been discussed and compared with synthons in reported CBZ cocrystals in CSD. The solid state properties of these cocrystals, such as transformation, solubility and their stabilities have been discussed in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of roll and pitch motions is important to improve the safety and operability of a ship. A pitch-roll stabilization (PRS) control approach for a ship with two pairs of active fins is proposed. In this approach, the key part is the onboard forecasting of the ship's hydrodynamic forces. According to the proposed approach, a PRS controller was developed by integrating a short-term predictor, a force estimator and a fin angle allocator. The PRS controller outputs the optimal attack angles for the active fins by inputting the collected ship's motion time series. First, the short-term predictor serves to predict the future motions of the ship. Second, the predicted ship motions are used in the force estimator to estimate the external hydrodynamic forces. Finally, the predicted hydrodynamic forces, regarded as the expected stabilizing forces, are further employed to evaluate the optimal effective attack angles for the fins' actuator. The active fins are actuated based on the specified optimal effective attack angles. To evaluate the performance of the proposed PRS control approach, numerical simulations and experimental tests under various sea states were investigated. Both the numerical and experimental results suggest that the proposed control approach provided a satisfactory reduction of the pitch and roll motions simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vacuum-assisted deposition setup was developed in pilot scale to scale up and continuously deposit zeolite-Y (ZY) nanoparticles on 14-in wide nanoporous polyethersulfone (PES) substrate. The deposited substrate was used for composite membrane fabrication for carbon capture from flue gas. The effects of operating parameters, including ZY dispersion concentration, pressure differential, and web speed, on the ZY layer thickness and uniformity were studied. A ZY dispersion concentration of 0.08 wt%, a pressure differential of 3.7 in Hg, and a web speed of 3 ft/min were identified as the optimal operating conditions for depositing a thin and uniform ZY layer with a thickness of approximately 160 nm. A mathematical model with two adjustable parameters was derived from Darcy's law to correlate the operating parameters to the ZY layer thickness. After coating a polymeric amine-containing selective layer on the deposited substrate, the formed composite membrane showed a CO 2 permeance of 800 GPU with a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity over 150 at the typical flue gas temperature of 57 °C, which was superior to the performance of the membrane coated on the bare PES substrate. This improvement was due to the reduced selective layer penetration and effective diffusional length from the deposited substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe) evacuated under different temperatures were used as catalysts for selective ethylene tetramerization with alkylaluminum cocatalysts in a laboratory slurry reactor to obtain C 8 alkanes, possibly as gasoline additives contributing to octane number. Depending on evacuation temperature, the surface area, the content of Fe II and Fe III coordinatively unsaturated sites of MIL-100(Fe) both changed, which were found to be three main factors affecting oligomerization performance. MIL-100(Fe) evacuated at 250 °C with intact pore structure and high rate of Fe II sites reached the maximal catalytic activity of 1.26 × 10 5 g/(molFe·h), and more than 80% of products were C 8 mainly comprising branched and ringed alkanes. The high C 8 selectivity was not attributed to the steric hindrance of the pore structure of MIL-100(Fe) but the nature of metal sites. The cocatalysts had obvious influence on oligomerization performance via scavenging capacities rather than chain transfer processes through alkylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability improvement is regarded as a crucial task in modern distribution network expansion planning. Compared to previous works, this paper presents a bi-level optimization model to optimize the planning of the distribution network complying with multiple renewable energy and energy storage system (ESS) functionalities to guarantee the economical and reliable operation of the distribution network. The candidate assets include substations, distribution lines, renewable energy-based distributed generations (DGs), and ESSs are systematically involved. The load level affected by seasonal change and the multiple uncertainties, including renewable energy, load fluctuation, and contingency outage, are comprehensively considered. The uncertainties caused by the stochastic of renewable energy and load demand are described using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method. To address the computational burden and complexities associated with non-linear AC power flow, the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)-based bi-level model is proposed via piecewise linearization methodology. Therein, the upper-level optimization model is proposed to minimize the total present value cost of the planning scheme in normal operating conditions. The lower level model, which is constrained to investment decision-making of the upper-level framework, aims to minimize the total cost of expected energy not supplied (EENS) considering the uncertainties of the single contingency outage. The effectiveness of the proposed bi-level planning model is validated by numerical studies to guarantee economic and reliability improvement for distribution network. • Multiple uncertainties are comprehensively considered in the proposed model. • Branches and multi-type generators are incorporated to the joint planning model. • Optimal allocation and reliability assessment are coordinated to build bi-level model. • The benefits from ESS for reliability enhancement is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A mass transfer intensification method is developed for slug flow at low flow rate. • Intensification effect of this method is significant at low flow-rate. • Mass transfer mechanism is systematically revealed for this method. • This method has excellent efficiency of energy usage. Liquid-liquid slug flow has great application potential in many fields. The effective intensification of mass transfer is an important impetus for its wider application. However, it still lacks a method which can intensify its mass transfer at low flow-rate without slug breakup. Hereon, the periodic expansion microchannel is used to induce the interface deformation of the droplets in slug flow to strengthen mass transfer. Concentration field obtained by experimental analysis, and velocity field obtained through numerical simulation are used to investigate the influence of expansion structure on the mass transfer mechanism of liquid–liquid slug flow. The regulating mechanism of mass transfer is disclosed by investigating the effect of operating conditions on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient k L a and intensification factor E. Optimized E can reach up to 1.5. Introducing expansion structures could intensify the mass transfer of slug flow in a microchannel with low energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital could protect mental health. We examined whether the COVID-19 context and province-level COVID-19 situation altered the longitudinal association between cognitive social capital (generalized trust, trust in neighbors, trust in local government officials, and reciprocity) and depression. Results from multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models showed that trust in neighbors, trust in local government officials, and reciprocity were more crucial in longitudinally reducing depression in 2020 than in 2018. Also, as compared with provinces where the COVID-19 situation was less poor, trust in local government officials in 2018 was more crucial in reducing depression in 2020 in provinces with a worse COVID-19 situation. Therefore, cognitive social capital should be taken into account for pandemic preparedness and mental health resilience. • Pre-COVID-19 cognitive social capital protected against peri-COVID-19 depression. • Cognitive social capital was more crucial in reducing depression in 2020 than 2018. • 2018 trust in local government officials was more crucial in reducing depression in provinces with worse COVID-19 situations. • Cognitive social capital should be taken into account for pandemic preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the variety of loads in microgrids continues to grow rapidly, the drawbacks of using conventional voltage and current double closed-loop PI control are becoming increasingly intolerable. These disadvantages include poor static tracking of the output and the need for complicated tuning of optimal PI control parameters. Model predictive control (MPC) is widely studied in recent years and gradually applied to the inverter as a modern control strategy. Currently, the research on MPC mainly focuses on reducing the computational burden of algorithms and improving computing skills. In this paper, the control theory of continuous-control-set model predictive control (CCS-MPC), optimal switching vector model predictive control (OSV-MPC), quasi-sliding mode model predictive control (QS-MPC) and optimal switching sequence model predictive control (OSS-MPC) are elaborated. Also, the disadvantages of adopting conventional voltage and current double closed-loop PI control on microgrids are clarified. Moreover, aiming at evaluating the influence of connecting and/or removing the common loads, such as electric vehicles to the microgrid on the output performance of microgrids in practical engineering applications, single three-phase voltage source inverter with LC filter system with two-phase pure resistance load, three-phase diode rectifier bridge nonlinear load, constant power load and constant current source load applying four different MPC methods, are simulated. The simulation results show that under different types of load, system with nonlinear load applying OSV-MPC method has the biggest value of total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage and the biggest steady state root mean square (RMS) tracking error of the output voltage, which are 1.33% and 2.1 V, respectively. The performances of the output voltage of the system adopting MPC are generally improved compared to the system using conventional voltage and current double close-loop PI control. Regarding the output voltage performance of a system under load step change, a system using the OSS-MPC method with a nonlinear load exhibits the smallest overshoot of the output voltage and the smallest root mean square value of the tracking error (RMSE) between the output voltage and the reference value within 20ms after the load step change. Specifically, the overshoot and RMSE are 2.804 V and 0.810 V, respectively. The simulation results provide valuable guidance for selecting the appropriate model predictive control strategy for microgrid integrating complex loads, such as electric vehicles in practical applications. • Three different kinds of model of three-phase voltage source inverter with LC filter system are established. • Four main types of MPC methods are adopted to the system. • Different types of load are connected to the system. • Output performances in load jump and steady state are compared by simulating in MATLAB/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysing circuit principle of harmonic source of nonlinear equipment. • Studying the harmonic source of ferromagnetic saturation devices. • Evaluating working characteristics of impact load equipment like arc furnace. • Discussing harmonic emission level of electric locomotive in different working conditions. • The causes of harmonics are explained from the physical level. The future of power systems is moving towards a greater use of renewable energy sources and a higher proportion of power electronic devices. However, this has led to an increase in power quality issues that can seriously affect the stable operation of power systems. One key aspect of evaluating power quality of the grid is analysing harmonics and their sources. There are several challenges in understanding and controlling harmonics, including modelling the sources of harmonics, tracing them, and controlling their impact. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the common models of harmonic sources in modern power systems, and provides insight into the circuit mechanisms, mathematical models, and operational processes of these sources. It also examines the harmonic characteristics of various sources in typical operating scenarios, involving typical residential power load, electric vehicle charging scenario, frequency conversion speed regulating device, renewable energy generation scenario, electric arc furnace load and electric locomotive load, and offers a summary of typical harmonic source equipment. Additionally, this paper looks ahead at the future and development directions of harmonic analysis and control in the context of modern power systems. This work can be used as a guide to improve the understanding of harmonic distortion in modern power systems and to develop methods for mitigating its negative effects on power quality and system stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental investigations on heat transfer of supercritical water in vertical annular channel equipped with spacers have been carried out at the SWAMUP-II facility in Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The test section consists of a heated outer rod of 15.0 mm inner diameter and a concentric unheated inner rod of 7.41 mm outer diameter. The simplified spacers with blockage ratio of 0.2 and 0.3 are equipped into the annular channel. The water flows upward cooling the heated tube. The pressure and mass flux ranges are 23–25 MPa and 450–1200 kg/(m 2 ·s), respectively. Moreover, the heat flux ranges from 400 to 1000 kW/m 2 , and the fluid temperature is in the range of 240–450 °C. The heat transfer behaviors downstream from the spacers are analyzed. The effects of seven parameters on the heat transfer enhancement downstream from the spacer are presented. At a certain location downstream from the spacer, the further heat transfer impairment may occur on the basis of the previous deterioration. Conventional heat transfer enhancement prediction methods are compared with the experimental data. The correlations based on the subcritical conditions show the limitations at the supercritical pressure. An improved correlation has been derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miR-133a and miR-133b on regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) through targeting forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from IgAN patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20). Percentage of Tregs defined as CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + T cells were determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of miR-133a, miR-133b and FOXP3 were measured by real-time PCR. FOXP3 protein level was analyzed by western blotting. Results Tregs percentage in PBMCs of IgAN patients was significantly lower than that of healthy controls, whereas the expression levels of miR-133a and miR-133b in IgAN patients were dramatically higher than that in the control group. Treg percentage was negatively correlated with miR-133a and miR-133b expressions. Meanwhile, miR-133a and miR-133b modulated FOXP3 expression by detecting of its gene 3′-untranslated region. MiR-133a or miR-133b overexpression significantly decreased the % Tregs (CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3+) of the total CD4 + T cells while miR-133a or miR-133b knockdown led to an opposite effect. Moreover, FOXP3 levels in IgAN patients was significantly lower than that in the control group and was negatively correlated with miR-133a and miR-133b expression. Conclusion MiR-133a and miR-133b inhibited Treg differentiation in IgA nephropathy through targeting FOXP3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lattice thermal conductivity (κ) of bulk materials usually increases under compression and decreases under tension, while there are still some unusual systems, exhibiting reduced κ when compressed. However, to date it has never been reported for a bulk material, whose κ is substantially enhanced under tensile strain. In this paper, we have studied thermal transport of three auxetic carbon crystals: cis -C, trans -C and hin-C for short, and their strain responses by performing first-principles calculations. It is intriguing to find that their κ are much lower than those of their allotropes, and further decrease abnormally under compression. More strikingly, κ of trans -C ( cis -C) anomalously increases with tensile strain up to 7% (6%) with maximum κ of almost 7 (5) times larger than the unstrained value. The abnormal strain dependent κ are attributed to the dominant role of the enhancement of phonon lifetime under stretching, which can be further explained from the unique atomic structure of the main chain of polydiacetylene in trans -C and cis -C. The weakening of phonon anharmonicity is reflected by the enhancement of root mean-square displacement values. The reported giant augmentation of κ may inspire intensive research on auxetic carbon crystals as potential materials for emerging nanoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZIF/CN and Ni-contained ZIF/CN composite catalysts were successfully synthesized via two-step strategy. The physicochemical properties characterized by various methods indicated that the two composite catalysts possessed a higher surface area than as-prepared CN. Ni-ZIF/CN catalyst showed the beneficial effects on visible light absorption, electron-hole carrier generation, transfer and separation. The photocatalytic properties of the catalysts were examined via methyl orange (MO) degradation. Both of ZIF/CN and Ni-ZIF/CN exhibited the high decolorization rates above 99%, and the high reaction rate constant which is twice than that of CN. It can be concluded that ZIF-modified carbon nitride photocatalysts possess excellent photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic activity, giving a new pathway for modifying the band structures of materials to enhanced photocatalytic properties. [Display omitted] • Successful synthesis of Ni-contained ZIF by replacing part of Co with Ni. • Current density increasing over 45 times after the addition of Ni-component. • Synergistic effect between the photoelectric properties and adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In [3] , a cochain complex structure C H ⁎ (Z K) is given on the cohomology of a moment-angle complex Z K and call the resulting cohomology the double cohomology, H H ⁎ (Z K). It's an open problem to find Z K satisfied r a n k H H ⁎ (Z K) = r when r is not power of 2. We give a solution for r=6 in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]