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Considering the high variability of Covid-19 and unknown sequelae of rebound infections. We may be caught in a long-term struggle against the virus. The evaluation and summary of past anti-epidemic policies highlight profound practical significance for either decision makers or individuals. This paper applies both theoretical and empirical approaches to study the impact of city lockdown and air pollution on Covid-19. First, we apply an extended Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model to identify the relationship between lockdown, air pollution, and Covid-19 cases. Second, we apply the Differences-in-Differences (DID) model and Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) model to test the impact of lockdown on Covid-19, by sorting out lockdown policies implemented by cities during the epidemic. Third, we empirically analyze the impact of air pollution on Covid-19, based on daily data from 257 cities in China. Finally, we examine the mechanism by which lockdown impacts Covid-19. Newly confirmed Covid-19 cases are reduced by 31.1% nationwide (excluding Wuhan) during the lockdown period. Regions with lower air pollution experience fewer Covid-19 cases. Air pollution aggravates Covid-19, with the pollutants PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and O3 having the greatest impact. The results indicate that an increase in one unit of air quality index (AQI) concentrations is associated with 1.723 more newly confirmed cases. The effects of air pollution on the spread of Covid-19 diminish as the population size increases. Lockdown can inhibit the spread of Covid-19 by reducing air pollution and population movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive construction of high-speed rail has profoundly changed China, and it has also had a significant impact on air pollution in Chinese cities. Based on the panel data of 278 cities in China from 2003 to 2019, this paper makes an empirical study on the influence of high-speed rail on city-level air quality by using the opening of high-speed rail as a quasi-natural experiment and taking the method of progressive DID estimation model. The results show that: 1) The opening of high-speed rail significantly improves city-level air quality, and the conclusions are still valid after a series of robustness tests and dealing with endogenous problems. 2) The opening of high-speed rail has a heterogeneous effect on air quality in cities of different regions and different scales. 3) The opening of high-speed rail can promote technological progress and accelerate the upgrading of industrial structures, as well as reduce air pollution levels in neighboring cities through the spillover effect. 4) The opening of high-speed rail improves urban air quality through the substitution effect of air passenger transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the panel data on 93 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2018, this paper takes the UGB implementation in pilot cities as a quasi-natural experiment and uses the difference in difference model to empirically test the impact and mechanism of urban growth boundary (UGB) on urban industrial air pollution. The results show that the UGB policy has a significant role in reducing urban industrial air pollution. This conclusion remains valid after a series of robustness tests. Furthermore, we found that UGB reduces industrial air pollution through governance effects rather than spillover effects, and the negative impact is dynamic and sustainable. Hence, UGB contributes to the sustainable development of land urbanization in terms of reducing industrial air pollution. This research provides empirical evidence for the sustainable development of land urbanization and green development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban air pollution is an important issue facing China in the midst of rapid urbanization and economic development. To investigate the regional air quality characteristics and its drivers in Northeast China, this paper compares the spatial and temporal characteristics of air quality between cities and analyzes the influence of socioeconomic variables by using statistical analysis methods and geographic model. The results show that the air quality index (AQI) showed a downward trend in time and decreased from southwest to northeast in space. The duration of heavy pollution condition was not only controlled by the distribution of pollutant concentrations, but also influenced by the topography. Based on the mean concentrations of the 6 pollutants, 37 cities were divided into 4 categories by cluster analysis, reflecting the levels and characteristics of pollution. The level of industrialization was the most important cause for air quality, followed by the size of the city and the degree of economic development. The AQI predicted by geographic weighted regression model (GWR) showed a lower goodness of fit in developed cities, indicating that the factors controlling air quality are more complex in these regions. The influence of different socioeconomic metrics on AQI showed large spatial differences. AQI was more sensitive to variations in socioeconomic metrics in less developed small and medium-sized cities. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the causes of urban air pollution and formulating pollution control measures in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak institutions hinder the improvement of air quality in developing countries. This paper focuses on whether public environmental participation can correct the adverse effects of government behavior on air quality in weak institutional settings using the spatial econometric model based on China's panel data during 2003-2017. The results show that local government intervention is not conducive to environmental improvement. This adverse impact has spatial spillover effects due to competition among local governments for promotion. The public cannot rely on their own strength to form constraints on local government behavior. However, with the central government's help, public environmental participation can effectively restrain the adverse effects of improper intervention by local governments on air quality. After considering the heterogeneity of air pollutants, with the central government's assistance, public environmental participation only has a statistically significant improvement effect on sulfur dioxide. We believe that the characteristics of pollutants and local governments' strategic response to the public are the main reasons for this result. The findings indicate that local governments are mainly accountable to the central government under the performance-based appointment system. The impact of public environment participation is highly dependent on the central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China's energy consumption, about 50% of coal is used for power generation conversion, and the resulting environmental impact and air pollution problems cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to improve the level of clean coal utilization. Based on the background that the country currently grants a subsidy of RMB 0.01/kWh for the "near-zero emission" of thermal power, this paper applies system dynamics (SD) modeling to simulate the impact of different policy scenarios on the promotion and effects of "near-zero emission" of thermal power. From the perspective of promotion speed and emission reduction contribution, simulation analysis found that thermal power "near-zero emission" technology can bring more significant environmental benefits and has promotion value. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) After 2020, if the current subsidy of RMB 0.01/kWh continues to be implemented, the "near-zero emission" retrofit of stock units can be fully completed in early 2026. (2) Compared with no policy subsidies, the cumulative emission reduction of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and soot will be approximately 15.13 million tons, 15.13 million tons and 2.37 million tons from the beginning of 2016 to the beginning of 2026, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling carbon emissions without impairing urbanization and economic development highlights the necessity of researching energy-related carbon emissions. Urban areas have become the main source of energy consumption and carbon emissions. This paper has developed a modified version of the Kaya identity, which incorporates urbanization and resident consumption, to analyze urbanization effect on carbon emissions in Jiangsu Province. Then, the Kuznets curve theory was introduced to estimate the inflection point of the marginal urbanization effect. The results indicated that the urbanization effect was still an important factor that influences total carbon emissions. The marginal urbanization effect will still increase until the urbanization rate reaches 78.94%. Therefore, Jiangsu should also pay attention to the urbanization effect even though it may increase slowly or decrease, and the results of this paper on marginal urbanization effect make it clear that controlling the carbon emissions without the expense of urbanization growth and economic development is still a big challenge for Jiangsu Province. We have proposed some policy recommendations, which include paying attention to the quality of development of urbanization, adjusting the industrial structure, making changes to lifestyles, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With severe haze pollution continuing to frequently occur in many regions of China in recent years, increasing research effort has been made to study the source and control of haze pollution using socio-economic factors. Based on the urban panel data of 21 cities in Guangdong Province, South China, from 2005 to 2016, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution trend, spatial autocorrelation and influencing factors of Guangdong's haze pollution through spatial econometric methods with inverse distance weight. First, the results show that the haze pollution of 21 cities in Guangdong Province has strong spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering phenomenon. Aggregation areas of heavy air pollution are located in the Pearl River Delta region centered on Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhongshan and Dongguan. Those cities should be targeted as priority haze-pollution-reduction areas. Secondly, significant spatial dependence and spatial spillover effects of haze pollution in Guangdong are demonstrated by the spatial econometric models. Joint prevention and control of haze pollution between cities are therefore important and necessary. Thirdly, the direct and indirect effects of energy consumption on haze pollution are positive and significant at the 1% level. Meanwhile, population, foreign direct investments (FDI) and the ratio of the secondary industry (e.g., manufacturing and construction industries) relative to the service industry also play important roles in haze pollution, and all of them have positive effects on air pollution. However, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported by the economy-emission data of Guangdong. Economic growth and car density are not significant factors in deciding the level of haze pollution. To effectively improve the local air quality, the government is recommending the introduction of policies for adjusting the structures of energy, economy and FDI, promoting the research, development and application of clean technologies, and enhancing the awareness of energy conservation among residents and enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is one of the world's most important problems. Our paper presents and discusses the relationship between a structure of a flow field among neighboring buildings immersed in a boundary layer, and characteristics of pollutant dispersion in that area. The flow and dispersion of gases emitted by a point source located in front of the buildings also were determined by numerical model with the use of a commercial CFD code (Ansys FLUENT). This paper presents the results of a complex research program aimed at understanding the character of the flow field around groups of buildings in urban areas and the unsteady phenomena resulting from the character of the wind or from the interference of the wake flow connected with the vortex-shedding process. The results showed that it is the factor-affecting process of the dispersion of pollutants in the built-up area that is more complex than the propagation of small parts explained on the basis of the processes of advection and turbulent diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban plants have been proven to mitigate ambient particulate matter (PM), which can benefit urban planners in their attempts to control urban air pollution. In this study, PM depositions on the leaves of 8 tree species were quantitatively analysed in 7 functional areas of the city of Nanjing, China, over the course of one year. The results demonstrated that leaf PM included different particle size fractions (PM10 and PM2.5), and differed among seasons and species. The highest amounts of total PM, PM10, and PM2.5 were found in the industrial area, and the mean values were 80.24 μg/cm2, 52.14 μg/cm2, and 15.51 μg/cm2, respectively, and the highest accumulation of total PM (60.65 μg/cm2), PM10 (37.29 μg/cm2), and PM2.5 (11.23 μg/cm2) occurred in winter. Significant differences were found between the tree species tested. Cedrus deodara exhibited high amounts of the total PM, PM10, and PM2.5 accumulations. This study examined the mass and quantity distribution of PM among tree species, and identified the particles combined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In terms of particle mass, 48% of the identified particles had a diameter of 10 μm, and only 18.3% of them had a diameter of 2.5 μm. In terms of particle number, the results indicated that 73% of them had a diameter of 2.5 μm, and only 5.5% of them had a diameter of 10 μm. To test the relationship between leaf traits and PM2.5 accumulation, results showed that stomata size, density, and hair were significantly related to the PM2.5 capture quantity. As far as we know, this is the first paper to present the mass and quantity distribution of the PM of different tree species in Nanjing. The results not only give comprehensive insights into the dust-retaining capability of tree species but also offer a selection of species for urban green areas where the goal is to mitigate urban airborne PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new approach to air pollution determined through the use of elemental analysis of the annual tree rings (ATRs) of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). For this aim, every annual ring width was measured on the cross-section wheels of Turkish red pine supplied from ten research points around the Kemerköy (Gökova) thermal power plant (KTPP). The fly ash collected from the surfaces of the needles and the annual growth ring of Turkish red pine in the polluted points were investigated by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The elemental analysis of the annual rings were performed considering the fly ash elemental composition because the main pollutant source was the fly ash emitted from KTPP chimney smoke. With EDS analyses, some elements such as Al, Si, Mg, K, Fe, Ca, S, Zn, Ti, and Nb were determined in the fly ash. These elements accumulated in ATRs from the KTPP fly ash. They not only accumulated in annual rings formed after KTPP began operation but also accumulated in ATRs formed before KTPP started. It was confirmed that these elements accumulated in the annual rings affected by KTPP much more than the control ATRs. This paper proved that SEM-EDS, a new approach/analytical method to air pollution determination through ATRs, has been successfully applied to dendro-chemical elemental analysis of annual tree rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provinces of China have suffered from severe PM2.5 pollution in recent years, presenting a significant threat to human health. Identifying associations between mortality rate and PM2.5 level is extremely useful for a range of purposes, such as the development of preventive measures, increasing health awareness, and establishing disaster warning systems. Based on remote sensing data, station monitoring data, and statistical data, this paper uses the exposure response function, regression analysis, and kriging to evaluate the number of deaths in China’s 31 provinces caused by PM2.5 pollution in 2015. Variations in the number of deaths and mortality rates in China under different PM2.5 concentration control standards have been simulated by a range of countries and organizations helping to develop optimal control standards for each province individually according to actual PM2.5 concentration. These results show that: 1) PM2.5 pollution has an important effect on the mortality rate in China. The rate caused by PM2.5 pollution in 2015 accounted for 1.75‰, or approximately 2.62 million people and 31.14% of all deaths in China. 2) Strict control standards for PM2.5 concentration can bring significant health benefits, with projections that if PM2.5 concentration in China's provinces were controlled to the level set by China, the EU, Japan, USA, and Australia, the number of deaths caused by PM2.5 pollution would be reduced by approximately 0.95, 1.52, 2.02, 2.26, and 2.49 million people, respectively, or 36.24%, 58.08%, 79.91%, 86.47%, and 95.20% compared with baseline year data. 3) Choosing appropriate control targets for limiting PM2.5 concentrations in different provinces in China is an effective way to obtain optimal health benefits. Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan should adopt a 35 μg/m3 standard with a 25 μg/m3 standard appropriate for Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Shanxi, and Xinjiang; 13 provinces, including Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia, should adopt the 15 μg/m3 standard; and Hainan should consider choosing a 12 μg/m3 standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to introduce the new constraints of PM2.5 into the environmental efficiency research framework, based on the provincial panel data of China during 2001-12. The authors examine environmental efficiency with and without consideration of PM2.5, conduct hypothesis tests on these environmental efficiencies, and analyze the energy savings and haze reduction. The results indicate that the overall environmental efficiency score is inefficient. The average environmental efficiency scores are 0.706 and 0.867 with and without the consideration of PM2.5, respectively, and omitting PM2.5 would result in biased environmental efficiency change. In addition, empirical analysis shows that there is an unbalanced regional development and significant differences among provinces in environmental efficiency. Last but not the least, the potential savings of energy, water, and regional haze reduction average 24.26%, 39.16%, and 26.49%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PM2.5 is the top issue of air pollution in Henan Province in China, especially in autumn and winter. In order to investigate its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, monitoring data were collected in 17 cities and analyzed by using statistical methods and GIS tools. The results show that 57.16% of the entire days in 2015 met Chinese the national standard on the daily average concentration of PM2.5 in those 17 cities. However, 73.68% of the days in winter, 44.37% of the days in spring, 34.53% of the days in autumn, and 20.08% of the days in summer failed to meet the standard. Analysis shows the average concentration of PM2.5 on weekends was 8.04% higher than that of working days. The fact that the value of PM2.5/PM10 was between 0.50 and 0.65 and that there was a high relevance between the PM2.5 concentration and SO2 concentration suggests that the main air pollutants are coarse particles that are mainly released by coal burning. The positive correlation between PM2.5 and NO2 reveals that vehicle exhaust emissions is another main reason for air pollution. Owing to the influence of the temperature and sunlight changes, the correlativity of PM2.5 concentrations and O3 concentrations presents a remarkable difference in different seasons. The correlation coefficients are 0.003 for spring, 0.496**(p = 0.01) for summer, -0.353*(p = 0.05) for autumn, and -0.315*(p = 0.05) for winter, respectively. The method proposed in this paper has been verified and the research result is helpful for making relevant environmental policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in bark, leaves, young shoots, pericarp, and seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia from several sites (three industrial cities and two rural villages) in southern Poland. The objective of the study was to determine the possible usefulness of various organs and tissues of this species for biomonitoring. The analyses showed that bark and leaves are organs that may serve as good bioindicators. The lowest concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn were found in one of the industrial cities in the area. On the other hand, the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn were similar in the rural areas when compared to the concentrations observed in the cities. The high level of metal contamination of air in rural areas may be a result of the long-range transport of emissions. Also, the use of bark and leaves of R. pseudoacacia enables us to estimate the level of contamination by Fe and Cu of areas in the vicinity of railway tracks. On the basis of the data presented in this paper and the data from references, a conclusion can be drawn that the bark and leaves of R. pseudoacacia are good bioindicators of metal contamination of air in towns and cities with different traffic intensities and within the surroundings of industrial plants and railway tracks. R. pseudoacacia was also used for the first time to assess the long-range transport of emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most air pollution originates from combustion processes, so it is important to make quantitative as well as qualitative analysis, as the sources of pollution can be stochastic -- especially for road traffic. The point of our study is to better determine road traffic as one of the largest pollution sources in the city of Niš, Serbia. The research was conducted at several locations in the city that represent all of the main roads across the city. Parameters considered in the study were traffic frequency, vehicle type, annual vehicle mileage in the city, and average vehicle velocity. Besides these parameters, roadside CO2concentration was measured for evaluation. These data were used as the input for the COPERT methodology of air pollutant emissions calculation from road transport. On the basis of these data, annual CO2 emissions and major pollutants were calculated, as well as the specific average emissions on roads. According to this, a classification of roads in respect to their specific average emissivity is given at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific evidence supporting the link between global climate change and human activities began to emerge in the mid-1980s and was an impetus for the establishment in 1988 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was designed to investigate these relationships. Four years later, i.e. on 9 May 1992, an important international climate agreement was reached. The agreement was the legal framework for global action to counter the adverse effects of climate change (together with its related parties), which was the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In the preamble to the convention it was recognized that increases in greenhouse gases caused by human activity enhance the natural greenhouse effect with the result that the average temperature of the Earth's surface and the atmosphere would grow, which may have a negative effect on natural ecosystems and humankind. The presented paper summarizes important factors that argue for and against the dangers connected with the emission of one of the main greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide. The discussion included radiation absorption characteristic in the atmosphere depending on the temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide, changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, and the relationship between the temperature deviation and the average value of solar activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the association between concentration of ambient air pollutants and daily mortality number in an urban area of Beijing. Different age and gender groups were taken into consideration. The results showed that, for all the groups, the average daily mortality number showed an increasing trend from June to January of next year, and a decreasing trend from February to June. When the concentration of air pollutants increased, the health risk also increased. In multi-pollutants models, the pollutants had a decreasing order NO2, PM10, SO2 for the different gender groups when the concentration of pollutants increased, and had a decreasing order NO2, PM10, SO2 for different age groups when the levels of pollutants increased. Lag effects of air pollutants and seasonal differences also were found. The results of our study could serve to strengthen the local evidence base for air pollution-related health effects that is imminently needed for better air quality management, and also adds valuable information from Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of investigations and assessment of air pollution by cadmium, lead, and arsenic using Italian rye-grass are presented in this paper. The experiment was carried out in the 2011 growing season in Poznań city and surroundings areas. Lolium multiflorum L. 'Lema' exhibits several properties useful for active biomonitoring of air pollution. Plants were exposed at sites varying in environmental characteristics. High cadmium and lead concentrations in leaves were noted in plants exposed within the city area. Canonical variate analysis illustrated variability in concentrations of elements in certain exposure series. The highest arsenic concentrations were observed in the first exposure series, while the highest lead concentrations were observed during the second series. Comparison of trace element concentrations at exposure sites to the control site revealed that comparable levels occurred in the city sites and the Agro-ecological Landscape Park. This was an effect of high cadmium and lead levels at city sites, and arsenic at the rural site. The lowest level of measured trace elements was observed at an exposure site located 15 km from Poznań in a rural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone is one of the most important constituents of the Earth's atmosphere. Ozone is vital because it maintains the thermal structure of the atmosphere. However, exposure to high concentrations of Ozone can cause serious problems to human health, vegetation, and damage to surfaces. The complexity of the relationship between the main attributes that severely affect surface ozone levels have made the problem of predicting its concentration very challenging. Innovative mathematical modeling techniques are urgently needed to get a better understanding of the dynamics of these attributes. In this paper, prediction of the surface ozone layer problem is investigated. A comparison between two types of artificial neural networks (ANN) (multilayer perceptron trained with backpropagation and radial basis functions (RBF) networks) for short prediction of surface ozone is conclusively demonstrated. Two models that predict the expected values of the surface ozone based on three variables (i.e. nitrogen-di-oxide, temperature, and relative humidity) are developed and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper discusses a scenario for adapting residential buildings to the requirements of the EU climate and energy package. It analyzes the option of reducing pollutant emissions to ambient air by switching to alternative energy sources in a typical single-family residential building. The most common sources of energy in central heating and ventilation systems and water heating systems were compared, and the analyzed energy carriers were brown coal, electricity supplied by the electric power grid, biomass, natural gas, heating oil, and combined production (which relies on various energy carriers). In the examined scenarios, special emphasis was placed on carbon dioxide emissions and the value of the equivalent emission factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper presents the motives for conducting the equivalence tests and the reasons of discrepancies between the results of PM10 dust concentration obtained via the reference method and the methods based on 'on-site' measurement. The reference and non-reference methods of measurement of PM10 dust concentration in air have been discussed. Field tests for equivalence, following the Polish standard and the European Union (EU) guidelines, carried out by the ARMAAG Foundation in the Tri-City region, have been analyzed. Correction factors with respect to the 'on-site' samplers, obtained in various measurement stations in the EU member countries, also are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper presents the results of the integrated assessment modelling of environmental and human health impacts of emissions in Poland. The analysis was performed based on the so-called National Scenario. The estimated emission levels of SO2, NOx, and PMs for 2020 were used as the input data to model ambient concentrations and depositions of these pollutants. Exceedances of critical loads of acidity caused by nitrogen and sulphur depositions were calculated. External costs associated with human health impacts of air pollution were estimated. Additionally, ambient concentration of gaseous and particulate Hg were modelled based on 2005 EMEP emissions data. The main part of the analysis was carried out using the Eulerian Chemistry Transport Model POLAIR3D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of monitoring of benzene and its alkyl derivatives (BTX) in ambient air. The measurements were performed in using an automatic analyzer. Concentrations of BTX from August-September 2001 and August-September 2005 were compared. The experiment of comparison was done to assess effects on air quality of the coking installation shutting down. The mean concentration of BTX significantly dropped. In general, neither the character of diurnal distribution of BTX concentrations nor the concentration maxima changed. Instead, in 2005, the share of low concentrations was greater and high BTX episodes were less frequent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sudeten Mountains are a region where the level of industrial air pollution is high due to brown coal combustion, but now the impact of pollution on the environment has greatly decreased. In this paper we attempted to determine how this fact affected the condition of silver fir trees. Our conclusions are based mainly on measurements of trunk diameter increments of 250 fir trees representing 42 populations of this species in different parts of the Sudeten. The main conclusion is that silver fir, at least to the age of 130 years, has the ability to endure unfavourable conditions and can substantially increase its growth rate in association with air quality improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to minimise the adverse effects of SO[sub 2] and SO[sub 3] on the environment, many power plants and industrial facilities use flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) scrubbers to remove SO[sub 2] and SO[sub 3] from combustion gases. The conditions within a scrubber and accompanying installations are very severe and cause corrosion problems for common engineering materials. Failures impend over the environment for lengthy periods. This paper describes recent experience with corrosion and new construction materials of full-scale wet FGD systems. Materials description includes advantages and disadvantages, application areas, testing methods and relative costs of various materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the tasks, procedures and instrumental trends in analytics and monitoring of air pollution. The classification of methods and analytical techniques used for atmospheric air studies are also discussed. INSET: Table 2. Techniques used for total hydrocarbon determination.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]