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Nanocomposite (NC) polymers are commonly employed because of their high breakdown strength, but the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not well understood. In the present study, specimens of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films coated with epoxy resin (EP) and filled with nano-SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 wt % were subjected to DC and impulse voltages to breakdown. The effects of the types of nano-fillers and concentrations on the dielectric properties, crystallinity, and space charge trap characteristics were investigated on the breakdown strength. The experimental results show that improved DC breakdown strength of a sandwich structure of PET/nano-EP film is obtained even at 10 wt%, which is attributed to the effect of increased trap density for deep traps. In addition, to experimentally establish the dominant factors during impulse breakdown, a systematic theoretical model was used to account for the variations of impulse breakdown performance. It is concluded that the frequency-dependent dielectric characteristics plays an important role in determining the absorption of activation energy for trapped electrons, which affects the instantaneous insulating performance of NC polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyimide film (PI) is widely used as dry-type smoothing reactor insulation for ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) projects. In practice, the temperature of a central conductor can reach 80 °C to 100 °C at the rated power flow. Thus, the inner insulation composed of PI sustains these high temperatures. In this study, the space charge characteristics of PI at different temperatures (40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C) and thermal aging degrees (336, 500, 1000, and 1500 h) were examined with an improved pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) measurement system to investigate the effects of temperature and thermal aging on dielectric performance. The apparent trap depths corresponding to various aging degrees were obtained according to the space charge decay dynamics at the interface. Results indicate that positive charges likely accumulate within the bulk of the material because of the thermal aging of homogeneous materials. The polarity of space charge at the interface also changes from positive to negative as aging degree increases. The space charge decay dynamics at the interface further shows that the trap energy increases as the thermal aging degree increases. The amount of residual space charge also increases remarkably as the electric strength and aging degree increase. The electric field distortion is closely related to temperature, thermal aging degree, and electric strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in dry-type insulation application because of its excellent insulation properties. In practice, thermal aging of PET is often encountered, but the related mechanisms and effect of thermal aging on the PET dielectric properties still remain unclear. In the present paper, we presented a systematic and comparative study on the effect of thermal aging on surface microscopic morphological characteristics, DC breakdown strength, trap depths and the apparent mobility. The results indicate that when aged at 130?C, the surface topography becomes coarser than that aged at 80?C. The polarity reversal at the PET/PET interface during the polarization indicates that the injection abilities of Al and Sc electrodes are gradually enhanced when aged at 80?C and 130?C, respectively. Moreover, the measured isothermal discharge currents during depolarization show that the trap depth corresponding to the maximum trap density increases significantly in the beginning of aging, and then it decreases gradually when aged at 80?C, but it increases evidently when aged at 130?C with increasing the aging degree. It also has been found that the apparent trap-controlled charge mobility is greatly enhanced when aged at 80?C with the increase in thermal aging degree. This enhancement is proved to be associated with the decrease in trap energy level at the PET/PET interface. Also, it can be preliminary concluded that the enhancement of DC breakdown strength (at 1500 h) is closely related to the increase in electron type trap energy and its density when aged at 130?C. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To understand the effect of thermal ageing mechanism on space charge formation and dissipation in double-layered polyester films (PET), the time dependence of space charge characteristics at physical interface and in the bulk of PET films have been investigated. The measurements of space charge characteristics in specimens of different thermal ageing conditions (80 and 130 °C) were conducted under different DC field strengths (polarization) and short circuit conditions (depolarization) using the Pulsed Electro Acoustic (PEA) measurement system. The influence of electric field distortion caused by the space charges on average AC breakdown strength of PET specimens was also investigated. Results indicate that the thermal ageing leads to polymer interface acts as positive charge traps at ageing temperature of 80 °C, but acts as electron traps at ageing temperature of 130 °C and provides deeper trapping level for positive charge carriers. Besides these, average breakdown strength of the composite decreases due to the electric field distortion caused by the space charges. A preliminary study of this phenomenon is given and further investigation is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first application of oil-paper composite insulation in power transformers 100 years ago, researchers are now trying to improve the performance of transformer oil by suspending nanoparticles in the dielectric. However, the performance of paper impregnated with nano-modified oil remains unclear. We previously found nano-oil impregnated paper had a good capability to sustain repeated impulses. The amount of space charges accumulated in the nano-oil impregnated paper is much smaller than that in fresh oil impregnated paper. We considered this behavior to be the main reason for the better electrical performance of the nano-oil-impregnated paper. In this work, based on those achieved results, we focus on the modification mechanism of nano-oil impregnated paper. We analyzed the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the relative permittivity and their relationship with the charge injection process. We also discuss the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on charge trap states and the space charge behavior. The dielectric characteristics and trap energy of both nano-oil-impregnated paper and fresh-oil-impregnated paper are determined in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breakdown in dielectrics, the mechanism of which is still not yet fully revealed, exhibits very complicated test phenomena and characteristics. The breakdown voltage of a dielectric is believed to be related not only to the dielectric properties but also to the waveform of the applied voltage. For most dielectrics, the impulse breakdown voltage decreases with increasing wavefront time. However, we found for oil-impregnated paper (OIP) used in power transformers, increasing wavefront time in lightning impulses (at microsecond timescales) may lead to a significant increase in breakdown voltage. In contrast, the variation in the wavetail time produces very little effect on breakdown voltage. Combined with our previous test results on the space charge distributions in OIP, we tried to provide two explanations regarding this interesting phenomenon: First, the wavefront time of the applied impulse voltage affects the movement process of the positive particles in the oil-filled micro cavities in OIP, which is strongly related to the local electric field in the oil filled micro cavities and the breakdown voltage of the OIP. Moreover, the wavefront time is closely related to the trapping and detrapping process of the dielectrics. Therefore the effects of the traps in dielectric on the breakdown characteristics are different when the wavefront time varies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the core component of composite insulation for dry-type high-voltage equipment, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films are subjected to high temperatures and complex electric fields. Therefore, this study explores the effects of electric field and temperature on the space charge characteristics of double-layered PTFE films based on the measurement of space charge distribution in double-layered PTFE films under different DC voltages and temperatures using the pulsed electro-acoustic measurement system. Results show that more charges accumulated in the PTFE sample subjected to a positive electric field during polarization and the space charges dissipated more rapidly during depolarization compared with those subjected to a negative electric field. The existence of a PTFE/PTFE interface increased the density of trap and deepened the trap. The positive charges that accumulated at the PTFE/PTFE interface during polarization gradually held a dominant position with the increase of temperature. Finally, the formation of charge in the PTFE/PTFE interface mainly depended on two factors. When the applied DC voltage was not large, the charge formation was mainly dominated by the Maxwell-Wagner polarization effect. When the voltage increased to a certain threshold, the charge formation was mainly caused by the charge injection and migration characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]