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Yang, L.; Wang, C.; Zhang, S.; Gu, H.; Thiruvenkataswamy, K.; Cheng, L., and Lin, P., 2023. Using coastal reservoirs for a sustainable freshwater supply: Feasibility study in Ningbo, China. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(4), 712–721. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. In 2020, there was a very serious shortage of freshwater during the dry season in Ningbo, China. Aiming to solve this problem, methods to address the shortage by coastal reservoir development are proposed in this paper. According to the analysis of annual rainfall, extreme rainfall, total amount of freshwater resources, and water supply, Ningbo is not short of freshwater resources, but it is short of available freshwater. Based on the characteristics of river basins and landforms, the types of coastal reservoirs that could be built were analyzed. Results show that the northeastern plain area is suitable for construction of tidal flat reservoirs and river mouth reservoirs, and Xiangshan Port and Sanmenwan river basin are suitable for construction of river mouth reservoirs, estuarine reservoirs, and combined river reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, X.; Wang, B.; Tong, Z.; Jiang, Z., and Cai, C., 2023. Analysis and prediction of terrestrial water storage anomalies in the lower Yangtze River Basin based on an improved Grey-Markov model. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(3), 544–552. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites have been used to estimate terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs) in many areas. From the former studies, the TWSAs from GRACE have been proven as a sensitive indicator to extreme hydrological events, which means it is possible to forecast the extreme hydrological events through the prediction of TWSA. However, because of the limited time series and missing data of the GRACE satellite, it is still very difficult to analyze the long-term TWSAs and predict the future changes of TWSAs. In this paper, the TWSAs of the lower Yangtze River basin from 2002 to 2021 estimated by the GRACE are compared with the TWS from Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) with the aspects of trend and correlation. The TWSAs from GRACE and the TWS from GLDAS in the study area are both on a slight upward trend. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the spectral analysis present a strong correlation between the two elements. According to the high correlation between the two elements, both linear and nonlinear methods are used to reconstruct a long-term GRACE data, and an improved Grey-Markov model is proposed to predict the future TWSA in the study area. The results show that a linear relationship occurs between the two elements. Moreover, the forecast results show that the TWSA of the lower Yangtze River basin will exceed 0.35 cm in 2021 and 2022, indicating continuous wet conditions in the basin. The basin should be prepared for the occurrence of floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on ecological compensation has also been increasingly valued by scholars. This paper develops a new bilevel model and takes a case to test the feasibility of the model. Through the analysis of specific examples, this study found that: (1) The government will reduce enterprises' compensation and social welfare will decrease as the cost of consumption increases when consumers participate in the sewage treatment compensation; (2) Only when the sum of cost paid by consumers and the price compensation granted by the government increases, the enterprises' sewage treatment capacity will increase, so will the corporate profits. Therefore, this paper argues that it is necessary for the government to compensate the enterprises. Finally, based on the conclusions of the study, this paper puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liu, D. and Gao, J.N., 2020. Distributed watershed hydrological simulation method based on SWAT model. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 738–741. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Aiming at the problems of large simulation error and long time consumption in traditional distributed hydrological simulation methods, a distributed hydrological simulation method based on SWAT model is proposed in this paper. This paper analyzes the working principle of SWAT model and constructs SWAT model; uses baseline drift method and variable storage coefficient model to extract typical characteristics of groundwater runoff, soil moisture evaporation and water surface concentration of distributed watershed hydrological characteristic data; on this basis, analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation, modifies the precipitation coefficient, and through the coefficient of linear regression equation and efficiency coefficient and adjust the root mean square error to realize the distributed hydrological simulation. The experimental results show that the minimum error of the proposed method is about 0.01%, and the maximum simulation time is about 5.8 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Q.; Hwang, E., and He, Q., 2020. Theory and practice of water resources balance sheet compilation in the Yangtze River Basin. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 71–75. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Drawing on the preparation method for a natural resources balance sheet, combined with the characteristics of water resources, this paper calculates the physical quantity and value of water resources. Considering the influence of natural factors such as water quantity and water quality and social factors such as human factors and policies, the monetization and marketization of the use of water resources will help in the establishment of a water rights system and the promotion of a paid-use system. This paper focuses on the analysis of the preparation method and preparation procedure of a water resources balance sheet and adopts the case analysis method. Taking the Yangtze River Basin as the research object, it fully demonstrates the preparation process for a water resources balance sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dong, Y.; Zheng, Q., and Fu, L., 2019. Eco-compensation standard under river basin control: A perspective from asymmetric game. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H. and Liu, R. (eds). Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 60–66. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The research on ecological compensation has also been increasingly valued by scholars. This paper develops a new bi-level model and takes a case to test the feasibility of the model. Through the analysis of specific examples, this study found that: (1) The government will reduce enterprises' compensation and social welfare will decrease as the cost of consumption increases when consumers participate in the sewage treatment compensation; (2) Only when the sum of cost paid by consumers and the price compensation granted by the government increases, the enterprises' sewage treatment capacity will increase, so will the corporate profits. Therefore, this paper argues that it is necessary for the government to compensate the enterprises. Finally, based on the conclusions of the study, this paper puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the influence of the water conservancy project on the ecological environment along the coastal basin, this paper analyzes the characteristics of short-term runoff variation of the reservoir during and after the construction with the support vector machine. At the same time, a comprehensive evaluation system of the influence of the water conservancy project on the coastal basin is established to analyze the long-term influence of the the water conservancy project on the coastal basin. The conclusions are as follows: the support vector machine (SVM) can better simulate the situation of water passing in the coastal basin under complex conditions. During the construction of the dam, the water conservancy project has no significant influence on the runoff of this map in the Yangtze River basin, and the environment and monthly flow of the region are significantly affected within one year after the completion of the dam, which has obvious peak-cutting and valley-filling effect on the coastal basin and can suppress the emergence of floods. The long-term monitoring results of the project after its completion show that the ecological economy around the water conservancy project is mainly affected by the abundance of animals and plants and the distribution of groundwater, while the climate has less influence on the eco-economy. The water resources in the coastal basin are artificially controlled, which can effectively promote the local economic development. The power generation, farmland irrigation and water use in the upstream of the reservoir are satisfied, but the groundwater level is continuously lowered due to the continuous decrease of the water discharge in the lower reaches of the water conservancy project. The ecological environment of the lower reaches has been damaged to varying degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huang, X.; Suwal, N.; Fan, J.; Pandey, K., and Jia, Y., 2019. Hydrological alteration assessment by histogram comparison approach: A case study of Erdu River Basin, China. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 139–145. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Erdu River is a small river in Hunan Province. This paper studies the quantitative assessment of the hydrological alterations in the hydrological regimes of the Erdu River caused by the Liujiaping hydropower station. Diurnal streamflow data between the time intervals from 1967-2013 were obtained from the Hengbanqiao station. The histogram comparison approach (HCA) and improved overall degree of hydrological alteration with new classification were used for the assessment. The hydrologic regime alteration was computed by the IHA (indicator of hydrological alteration) indices. As per the improved classification, three indices were altered at low degrees, seven -indices were altered at moderate degrees, eleven indices were altered at high degree and ten indices were altered at severe degree. The overall and improved overall degree of hydrological alteration for the Hengbanqiao station is 72% and 80.49% respectively, suggesting a high and severe degree of alteration respectively. The alteration degree of every IHA indices ranged from 32.29% to 100%. This shows that the current operation mode of Liujiaping hydropower station has severely deteriorated eco-hydrological regimes of the downstream area. Hence, there is an immediate need to operate the reservoir taking into consideration the ecological needs of the downstream areas, in order to preserve the river-ecology of the Erdu River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Erdu River is a small river in Hunan Province. This paper studies the quantitative assessment of the hydrological alterations in the hydrological regimes of the Erdu River caused by the Liujiaping hydropower station. Diurnal streamflow data between the time intervals from 1967-2013 were obtained from the Hengbanqiao station. The histogram comparison approach (HCA) and improved overall degree of hydrological alteration with new classification were used for the assessment. The hydrologic regime alteration was computed by the IHA (indicator of hydrological alteration) indices. As per the improved classification, three indices were altered at low degrees, seven -indices were altered at moderate degrees, eleven indices were altered at high degree and ten indices were altered at severe degree. The overall and improved overall degree of hydrological alteration for the Hengbanqiao station is 72% and 80.49% respectively, suggesting a high and severe degree of alteration respectively. The alteration degree of every IHA indices ranged from 32.29% to 100%. This shows that the current operation mode of Liujiaping hydropower station has severely deteriorated eco-hydrological regimes of the downstream area. Hence, there is an immediate need to operate the reservoir taking into consideration the ecological needs of the downstream areas, in order to preserve the river-ecology of the Erdu River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, S.M.; Wang, Z.M.; Yuan, L.W.; Li, X.X.; Huang, Y.Z., and Guo, R., 2020. Mechanism of land subsidence of plateau lakeside Kunming city cluster (China) by MT-InSAR and leveling survey. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 666-675. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Kunming city cluster (KCC) is located around the lakeside of Dianchi Lake, a plateau lake in Kunming Basin southwest of China, which is of complex geological structures and evolutionary history, and belongs to an earthquake fault depression area, where faults are developed and crustal stability is poor. Influenced by regional uplift and continuous subsidence of lakeside areas, the land subsidence characteristics of KCC are quite complex. The subsidence mechanism shows multi-inducement and multi-source property. In this paper, the land subsidence ranges, subsidence rate and subsidence spatio-temporal variation pattern of KCC were analyzed, mainly based on multi-temporal interferometry synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR), supplemented by leveling survey data, from 1986 to 2018. The effects of various controlling factors on land subsidence were studied respectively, such as geological structure, stratigraphic distribution, groundwater exploitation, and loads on the ground due to infrastructure construction and human activities, and the internal mechanism and response relation between the subsidence and the factors were studied too. The controlling factors and variation pattern of land subsidence in KCC were identified. The results have shown that the land subsidence of KCC is mainly affected by the tectonic activity in this area, fault basin landform sediments provide conditions for the development and speed up of land subsidence, and the previous land subsidence areas were closely related to the excessive exploitation of groundwater. However, in recent years, the subsidence areas expand continuously due to increases of loads from human activities. By analyzing the controlling factors and spatio-temporal variation pattern of land subsidence in the study areas, this paper has preliminarily revealed the land subsidence mechanism, which will provide reasonable theoretical reference and practical guidance for identifying and eliminating the potential land subsidence hazards and urban development planning in the plateau lakeside city cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang, C., 2020. Mental health status of the interns in the construction project of urban water resources circulation along the Yellow River Basin. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 579-582. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The social regeneration of water resources is a process in which water resources get use value again through human intervention in urban and rural areas. The water resources recycling project of the main cities in the Yellow River Basin is the focus of urban construction. Interns' health status and working ability are the basic guarantee for safe duty at project. In this paper, the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and Driver's Emotional State Scale (DPOMS) is used in this paper as measurement tools. The interns in Xi'an Polytechnic University are chosen as the sample to study on the relationship between Chinese interns' age, type of work, position, social support, emotional state and other factors and their mental health. The results provide a reference for the safety and stability of water circulation engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huang, X.; Suwal, N.; Fan, J.; Pandey, K., and Jia, Y., 2019. Hydrological alteration assessment by histogram comparison approach: A case study of Erdu River Basin, China. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 139–145. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Erdu River is a small river in Hunan Province. This paper studies the quantitative assessment of the hydrological alterations in the hydrological regimes of the Erdu River caused by the Liujiaping hydropower station. Diurnal streamflow data between the time intervals from 1967-2013 were obtained from the Hengbanqiao station. The histogram comparison approach (HCA) and improved overall degree of hydrological alteration with new classification were used for the assessment. The hydrologic regime alteration was computed by the IHA (indicator of hydrological alteration) indices. As per the improved classification, three indices were altered at low degrees, seven -indices were altered at moderate degrees, eleven indices were altered at high degree and ten indices were altered at severe degree. The overall and improved overall degree of hydrological alteration for the Hengbanqiao station is 72% and 80.49% respectively, suggesting a high and severe degree of alteration respectively. The alteration degree of every IHA indices ranged from 32.29% to 100%. This shows that the current operation mode of Liujiaping hydropower station has severely deteriorated eco-hydrological regimes of the downstream area. Hence, there is an immediate need to operate the reservoir taking into consideration the ecological needs of the downstream areas, in order to preserve the river-ecology of the Erdu River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wang, Y.; Yang, Z., and Hong, Y., 2020. Distribution characteristics of Hakka dialects in Hunan Province: discussion on "Coastal-Inland" migration route. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 575–580. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Under the background of modernization and globalization, dialects have declined. Dialect is the carrier of regional culture and the important sign and content of regional cultural identity. The loss of dialect means the lack of regional culture. Therefore, the study of dialects is of great significance. In this paper, the spatial smoothing tool of GIS and Floating Catchment Area (FCA) are used to study the distribution of Hakka dialect in Hunan Province. The research shows that the Hakka dialects in Hunan are mainly distributed in the eastern and southern border areas of Hunan Province, especially in the southeast. There is no distribution of Hakka dialects in the central, northern and western areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land cover and land use data are important for watershed assessment and runoff modeling. Satellite and airborne remote sensors can map land cover/use effectively. Whenever a strong linkage exists between land cover/use and runoff water quality, remotely sensed land cover trends can help predict long-term changes in water and habitat quality of downstream estuaries and bays. This paper reviews practical remote sensing techniques for land cover change monitoring and presents a case study that relates land cover/use, landscape patterns, and temporal scales to the water quality of runoff from a coastal watershed in SE China. The results of the case study show that the percentage of built-up land was a good predictor for downstream water quality and that the linkage among NH4+ -N, CODMnand landscape variables during wet precipitation years was stronger than during dry precipitation years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sun, X.-P.; He, S.-M.; Guo, Y.; Sima, W.-P., and Liu, W.-F., 2019. Comprehensive evaluation of the impact of the water conservancy project in on the ecosystem of the yangtze river basin. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 758–762. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In view of the influence of the water conservancy project on the ecological environment along the coastal basin, this paper analyzes the characteristics of short-term runoff variation of the reservoir during and after the construction with the support vector machine. At the same time, a comprehensive evaluation system of the influence of the water conservancy project on the coastal basin is established to analyze the long-term influence of the the water conservancy project on the coastal basin. The conclusions are as follows: the support vector machine (SVM) can better simulate the situation of water passing in the coastal basin under complex conditions. During the construction of the dam, the water conservancy project has no significant influence on the runoff of this map in the Yangtze River basin, and the environment and monthly flow of the region are significantly affected within one year after the completion of the dam, which has obvious peak-cutting and valley-filling effect on the coastal basin and can suppress the emergence of floods. The long-term monitoring results of the project after its completion show that the ecological economy around the water conservancy project is mainly affected by the abundance of animals and plants and the distribution of groundwater, while the climate has less influence on the eco-economy. The water resources in the coastal basin are artificially controlled, which can effectively promote the local economic development. The power generation, farmland irrigation and water use in the upstream of the reservoir are satisfied, but the groundwater level is continuously lowered due to the continuous decrease of the water discharge in the lower reaches of the water conservancy project. The ecological environment of the lower reaches has been damaged to varying degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guo, X. and Chen, Z.B., 2020. Research on the allocation of ecological resources in urban small watershed based on improved optimization algorithm. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 425-429. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Rivers and the basins they cover are an important part of cities. In the process of continuous urban development, comprehensive planning based on river basins has become a trend of urban resource allocation research. In the study of specific urban watershed resource allocation methods, How to make the urban resource allocation program scientific has always been a hot topic. Aiming at this system problem, this paper proposes a set of urban resource allocation methods based on improved optimization algorithm, which mainly includes the design of multi-dimensional indicator system and the improvement of classical multi-objective optimization algorithm. Based on the new method, experiments were conducted on the real data of Beijing GUI River Valley. Experiments show that compared with the existing methods, the improved method has obvious advantages in terms of local search ability, convergence and space complexity. This method can be widely used in the study of ecological resource allocation in urban small watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eulie, D.O.; Leonard, L., and Polk, M., 2021. Sediment deposition and availability in riparian wetlands. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(2), 302–315. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal flooding and sea-level rise have the potential to negatively influence the ability of coastal wetlands to accumulate sediment, threatening the persistence of coastal wetlands. This study examines sediment availability, deposition rates, and elevation change in two types of tidally-dependent riparian wetlands to understand their ability to persist in the wake of rising sea level. Tidal marshes and riparian swamp habitats in blackwater and brownwater river systems were studied over a 32-month period between 2004 to 2007. Wetlands along the brownwater river system exhibited significantly greater and more variable deposition rates than those located along the blackwater river system (p < 0.05). The brownwater marsh lost –1.7 cm of elevation and the blackwater marsh lost –1.1 cm of elevation, while the brownwater swamp site had an increase of 7.0 cm and the blackwater swamp site exhibited an increase in elevation of 0.7 cm. Within the Cape Fear River Estuary, a combination of sediment availability, organic content, and wetland type (tidal brackish marshes, riparian freshwater swamp forests) are what most strongly influenced patterns of deposition but are strongly temporally and spatially influenced. Marshes in the Cape Fear River are losing elevation, while riparian swamps are, at the time of this study, maintaining their current elevation. Coastal tidal wetlands are under increasing pressure from climate change, sea-level rise, and urban development resulting in vertical drowning. Tidal marshes in the Cape Fear River are not able to maintain elevation, and riparian swamp forests may also be unable to as the magnitude of these pressures increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiao, L.Y., 2020. Spatial-temporal analysis of precipitation and drought in the Poyang lake basin during 1957-2012. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 379-382. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Droughts have presented an increasing trend in the Poyang Lake Basin in the past several decades. To find patterns of meteorological drought, spatiotemporal changes in precipitation and drought were analyzed. Firstly, the Mann-Kendall method was adopted for a trend test. Results show that precipitation trends in the Poyang Lake Basin have clearly temporal and spatial distinctions. For the monthly scale, there were dry trends in May for all of the basin area, while statistically significant wet trends were found in January for nearly all the basin. Secondly, the standard precipitation index (the SPI) was calculated to characterize droughts. Analysis of the standard precipitation index at a 12-month time scale suggested that the statistically significant decreasing trends were found at Xiushui station and Ganxian station, which are located in the north and south. Results of the analysis revealed that the half part of the Poyang Lake Basin became drier during 1957-2012. Morover, we can know the decrease of precipitation in May and October may be the reason of the drought in the Xiushui and Ganxian stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wang, H., 2020. Application of back propagation (BP) neural network in water quality assessment: A case study of Ashi River Basin. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 377–380. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The artificial neural network (ANN) theory and method was adopted to establish a back propagation (BP) neural network model for the assessment of water quality. Considering the water quality in the Ashi River basin as an example, a comparative analysis between the obtained results and the results from the Nemerow index method shows that the BP neural network model is applicable to evaluate the river basin water quality, and the model has a good reliability. By simulating the human brain in the thought process and analysis mode, the accuracy of water quality assessment is greatly improved, which means that the model can provide a reliable basis for assessing the water quality of the river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hart, D.E., 2007. River mouth lagoon dynamics on mixed sand and gravel barrier coasts. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 927 – 931. Gold Coast, Australia, ISSN 0749.0208 This paper examines the dynamics of river-mouth lagoons on mixed sand and gravel coasts receiving high wave energy. The role played by rivers in these non-estuarine systems is recognised as essential for carving out space for the coast-parallel waterbody, defining its physical scale, and for driving cycles of lagoon behaviour from closure to breaching. The role played by waves, by contrast, is not fully recognised in that it is limited to barrier building across river mouths and gradual lagoon-outlet offsetting along the shore. Field observations and water-level records were used in combination with river-flow, wave, and hourly-camera records at the Ashburton river mouth, New Zealand, to establish the importance of wave versus river forcings of lagoon dynamics. Several new behaviours were identified, including storm-induced lagoon breaching, rapid longshore migrations in outlet position and outlet channel truncations in response to storm-wave overtopping. Similar dynamics forced by combined river-flood and storm events were also common. Despite the observed complexity of river, wave and lagoon processes, characteristic morphologies and equilibrium states were apparent, with the lagoon appearing to be dominated by wave processes at all but the highest river-flow stages. Analysis of the frequency of the observed events is used as the basis of a new understanding of lagoon behaviour, from which management implications are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joorabchi, A. Zhang, H. and Blumenstein, M, 2007. Application of artificial neural networks in flow discharge prediction for the Fitzroy River, Australia. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 287 – 291. Gold Coast, Australia, ISSN 0749.0208 Prediction of flow discharge, and in particular floods, in rivers is one of the basic and key information in regards to operation and management of the river systems. The Fitzroy River, one of the largest Australian river systems, has a historical recording of heavy floods and there is a concern for the people of that area to have a clear prediction of the stream discharge to avoid damages. In this paper a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) model has been used to forecast the daily flow discharge of the Fitzroy River up to four days ahead. The feed-forward neural network uses error Back-propagation learning algorithm. A cross validation method is applied to prevent the over-fitting problem. The network uses multiple inputs including the daily values of discharge. The network output consists of four neurons in respect to the number of forecasted days. A suitable number of inputs for time-series data were selected by trial and error. Two different multi-layer networks were compared to find the optimised network. The results show an accurate forecasting of flow discharge during flood events. However, the neural network overestimates during low discharge with a mean value of 80 (m3/s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang, J.; Xia, Y., and Zhang, L., 2019. Experimental analysis on strength characteristics of sedimentary clay minerals in Yangtze River Basin based on electrochemical technology. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 83–89. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In order to improve the experimental analysis ability of strength characteristics of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin, a regulation model of electrochemical properties of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin based on electrochemical technology and direct functional control is proposed. The control model of carbonyl allylation reaction of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is constructed, and the electrochemical reaction control model of the strength characteristics test of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is designed. Combined with the adaptive feedback fusion parameter adjustment method, the polar parameters in the electrochemical regulation and control of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin are adjusted, the process of regulation and control of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is controlled by the electrochemical characteristic analysis method, and the steady state regulation and control of the electrochemical properties of the deposited clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is realized by introducing hetero-atomic functional groups. The electrochemical reaction was used to adjust the molecular catalytic reaction in the preparation of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin, and the experimental analysis of the strength characteristics of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin was realized. The test results show that the electrochemical performance of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is stable, the catalytic ability is strong, and the electrochemical control stability is improved, and the accuracy of the strength test of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liu, J.; Han, G.; Liu, X.; Yang, K.; Li, X., and Liu, M., 2019. Examining the distribution and variation of dissolved carbon species and seasonal carbon exports within the Jiulongjiang River Basin (Southeast China). Journal of Coastal Research, 35(4), 784–793. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The water chemistry, including major ions and dissolved carbon of Jiulongjiang River in SE China, were determined to examine the distributions and variations of dissolved carbon species. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in the river water were within the range of 7.50 to 49.04 mg/L (averaged 22.12 mg/L) in the wet season and from 8.83 to 84.91 mg/L (averaged 41.17 mg/L) in the dry season. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) varied from 0.54 to 2.89 mg/L (averaged 1.04 mg/L) in the wet season and from 1.34 to 3.56 mg/L (averaged 2.34 mg/L) in the dry season. The concentrations of DIC were comparable among the three tributaries, whereas the DOC was significantly higher in the Xixi River and Nanxi River than the Beixi River. The calculations employing the mass balance method indicated that weathering process and anthropogenic inputs played an important role in the dissolved carbon production in the Jiulongjiang watershed. The DOC exhibited significant correlations with the rural area whereas the DIC did not show any significant correlations with land-use types, indicating that the DOC was closely related to agricultural activities. The carbon export fluxes from the Jiulongjiang River were calculated based on the discharge data. The DIC-C export reached to 1.2 × 105 t/y, whereas the DOC-C export was nearly 3.2 × 104 t/y. In addition, seasonal variation of carbon exports had been observed; because of the large water discharge in the wet season, more DIC and DOC were transported from the Jiulongjiang River in the wet season than in the dry season. The source analysis demonstrated natural processes account for the majority of carbon exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the observation data of 41 surface meteorological stations in Wujiang River Basin from 1960 to 2016, the temporal and spatial variation laws of precipitation days and intensity in flood season (May to September) in Wujiang River Basin are analyzed. It is found that the distribution of precipitation in Wujiang River Basin is characterized by inhomogeneity of spatial change and tendency of temporal change. In terms of spatial distribution, affected by geographical position and topography, Wujiangdu is regarded as the boundary in terms of latitude. From the topographic point of view, because of the terrain in the vicinity of high mountains, precipitation frequency and value are larger, and precipitation also has a good correlation with the spatial distribution of temperature, humidity and wind speed; in the time variation, the frequency of rain days has an upward trend while the corresponding average precipitation is declining. The proportion of heavy rain days is decreasing while the corresponding average precipitation is increasing, and the relative humidity is decreasing. The surface air temperature is on the rise while the wind speed is on a fast downward trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water environmental quality assessment is an important groundwork for river planning, governance, and management. A normal cloud-fuzzy variable evaluation model which incorporated the minimum relative entropy weights was proposed to evaluate the water quality of 13 monitoring points in the Qinhuai River in 2016. The evaluation results proved to be more reasonable and effective in comparison with the results of the single-factor index evaluation method, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and cloud model. The analysis of model-level eigenvalue (H) showed that most of the water quality of the Upper Qinhuai River and Qinhuai New River is better in flood season than in non-flood season, which also showed the pollution characteristics of urban industry and domestic sewage. However, the water quality of the Outer Qinhuai River and inner Qinhuai River is worse in the flood season than in non-flood season, which showed the typical pollution characteristics of urban sewage and catering. The study results can be helpful for future evaluation and research of water environment in regions and river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pang, H.; Ingelido, P.; Hirst, B.; Pflaumer, J.; Witt, A.; Zaman, A., and Aiello, J., 2017. Water quality condition and assessment within the Barnegat Bay watershed between 2011 and 2015. In: Buchanan, G.A.; Belton, T.J., and Paudel, B. (eds.), A Comprehensive Assessment of Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. To address the ecological health of Barnegat Bay in New Jersey, a comprehensive water monitoring program has been conducted within the Barnegat Bay watershed by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and multiple partners since June 2011. Barnegat Bay and its tributaries were evaluated for multiple water quality metrics and from various perspectives. The nutrient concentrations and loadings from the tributaries in the northern watershed are higher than those from the tributaries in the southern portion of the watershed. Within Barnegat Bay, higher nitrogen concentrations were observed in the northern portion, while higher total phosphorus (TP) concentrations occurred in the southern portion. Daily variability of water quality at certain locations was observed from the results of intensive sampling events (six samples per day over 4 consecutive days of sampling). Analysis of multiple years of data suggests that water quality has not varied significantly year to year from 2011 to 2015. Violation of the existing applicable numeric criterion was identified for dissolved oxygen, TP, and turbidity within some assessment units in Barnegat Bay and its watershed. A comparison made between these data and the targets used by other estuaries in the NE United States related to nutrient criteria found that portions of the bay would not achieve the water quality thresholds used by these other estuaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kim, J.; Choi, J.; Choi, C., and Hwang, C., 2017. Forecasting the potential effects of climatic and land-use changes on shoreline variation in relation to watershed sediment supply and transport. This study investigated the potential effects of future climatic and land-use changes on sediment supply and shorelines in the Hoeya River estuary, Korea. Historical shoreline variations were determined along Jinha and Solgae Beaches for the period 1975-2013 using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System. Sediments during future periods were simulated in this watershed under the Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios using the soil and water assessment tool model. Subsequently, this study analyzed the correlations between the beaches and the sediment supply. For the natural beaches BS-I (0.805) and BS-II (0.700) in 1975-2013, the river-supplied sediment was closely correlated to shoreline changes. The area of beach sediment for future periods was assessed based on R-squared values. The artificial beach BS-III (0.203), which had remained relatively stable in 1975-92, showed shoreline erosion following this period. This beach is now artificially supplied with sediment because of a training dike. In 1986, because of the presence of a dam, a decrease in the discharge volume of suspended solids from the watershed caused a clear erosional trend in artificial beach BS-IV (0.432) from 1975. Artificial activity in the study area has caused major changes to the shoreline, but the R-squared values are relatively low. In the future, the area of the natural beach will increase during spring and winter and will decrease during summer and autumn. Furthermore, these seasonal trends in future periods may be amplified by seasonal variability in the wave direction. These results are expected to improve the understanding of shoreline changes that contribute to sediment supply and transport in river watersheds, which has significant implications for the effective management of the coastal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang, J.; Xia, Y., and Zhang, L., 2019. Experimental analysis on strength characteristics of sedimentary clay minerals in Yangtze River Basin based on electrochemical technology. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 83–89. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In order to improve the experimental analysis ability of strength characteristics of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin, a regulation model of electrochemical properties of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin based on electrochemical technology and direct functional control is proposed. The control model of carbonyl allylation reaction of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is constructed, and the electrochemical reaction control model of the strength characteristics test of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is designed. Combined with the adaptive feedback fusion parameter adjustment method, the polar parameters in the electrochemical regulation and control of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin are adjusted, the process of regulation and control of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is controlled by the electrochemical characteristic analysis method, and the steady state regulation and control of the electrochemical properties of the deposited clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is realized by introducing hetero-atomic functional groups. The electrochemical reaction was used to adjust the molecular catalytic reaction in the preparation of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin, and the experimental analysis of the strength characteristics of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin was realized. The test results show that the electrochemical performance of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is stable, the catalytic ability is strong, and the electrochemical control stability is improved, and the accuracy of the strength test of sedimentary clay minerals in the Yangtze River Basin is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gao, Y.; Lai, L.; Yao, M., and Ma, Z., 2019. Water environment quality assessment based on normal cloud-fuzzy variable set evaluation model. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 39–46. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Water environmental quality assessment is an important groundwork for river planning, governance, and management. A normal cloud-fuzzy variable evaluation model which incorporated the minimum relative entropy weights was proposed to evaluate the water quality of 13 monitoring points in the Qinhuai River in 2016. The evaluation results proved to be more reasonable and effective in comparison with the results of the single-factor index evaluation method, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and cloud model. The analysis of model-level eigenvalue (H) showed that most of the water quality of the Upper Qinhuai River and Qinhuai New River is better in flood season than in non-flood season, which also showed the pollution characteristics of urban industry and domestic sewage. However, the water quality of the Outer Qinhuai River and inner Qinhuai River is worse in the flood season than in non-flood season, which showed the typical pollution characteristics of urban sewage and catering. The study results can be helpful for future evaluation and research of water environment in regions and river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rahaman, S.M.B.; Rahaman, M.S.; Ghosh, A.K.; Gain, D.; Biswas, S.K.; Sarder, L.; Islam, S.S., and Sayeed, A.B., 2015. A spatial and seasonal pattern of water quality in the Sundarbans river systems of Bangladesh. Comprehensive field measurements were made in three major river systems (RSs) of the Sundarbans during October 2010 to August 2011 under post-monsoon, dry winter, and monsoon seasons to assess the pollution status. Fifteen experimental sites were set for collection of water samples from discrete layers under different tidal conditions. Salinity, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were determined in situ and chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium were measured through laboratory analysis. Mean DO was recorded between 3.93 and 7.37 mg/L with an average 5.44 mg/L. Highest average DO was noticed at Rupsha-Passur RS during post-monsoon, whereas the lowest was in Kholpetua-Arpangashia RS during monsoon. Mean BOD ranges between 0.3 and 4.1 mg O2/L, with an average of 2.04 mg O2/L, where maximum and minimum concentrations were measured at Kholpetua-Arpangashia RS in monsoon and dry winter respectively. Mean COD was found to vary from 20 to 240 mg O2/L, with an average 121.33 mg O2/L, exceeding the permissible range of 4-8 mg O2/L. Rupsha-Passur RS shows lowest average COD during post-monsoon, whereas Kholpetua-Arpangashia RS indicated highest COD in winter. Measured COD was higher in the dry season than in the wet season because of precipitation that causes dilution in the RSs. The study indicates the existence of organic pollution, though the DO concentration was within the permissible limit. Analyzed water samples showed nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium values in the range of 0.083 ± 0.03 to 0.627 ± 0.42 mg/L, 0.011 ± 0.005 to 0.449 ± 0.26 mg/L, and 0.038 ± 0.018 to 0.176 ± 0.16 mg/L respectively. TN and TP concentrations were not high enough in most cases, as there is a chance of eutrophication due to algal pollution. Study results will help identify factors responsible for affecting the biodiversity of the Sundarbans intertidal mangrove forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhou, Z.; Liu, S.; Hua H.; Chen, C.S.; Zhong G.; Lin, H., and Huang, C.W., 2014. Frequency analysis for predicting extreme precipitation in Changxing station of Taihu Basin, China. Rainfall induced flooding is one of the most severe natural disasters in coastal regions. In recent years, along with global warming and sea level rising, extreme hydrological events, such as extreme precipitation, are of high occurrence. Meanwhile, rapid urbanization makes the urban environment transformed dramatically and results in additional flood ventures. Taihu Basin, located in Yangtze Delta, is the richest basin in China and flood control planning in this region is of high significance. Therefore, precipitation analysis, as a basic work of flood design, should be accurate and precise. In this study, based on precipitation data at Changxing Station of Taihu Basin, precipitation frequency analysis using mixed methods is performed. Two of the most applied distribution models, Pearson-III (P3) and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), are investigated. For parameter estimation method of probability distribution functions, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and L-moments (LM) are used. In addition, seeking-matrix curve fitting based on conventional moments (CM) is also investigated to compare the calculation results. The performance of mixed methods is tested by two classical goodness-of-fit tests, Chi-Square test and K-S test. Consequently, GEV distribution model based on LM is evaluated to be the best fitting model for identifying and predicting future precipitation occurrence. So precipitation estimations from different return periods at Changxing Station are identified. This study is a new attempt to precipitation frequency analysis in the stations of Taihu Basin and the result can provide a reference for flood risk and water resource management in Taihu Basin and even in more other regions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in land use influence surface-water quality and thus present a potential threat to coastal ecosystem health. Land use-land cover changes (LULCC) in the lower Eastern Shore watersheds of Maryland have been rapid in the last decade, with increase in real estate development an obvious indicator. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of historical LULCC in the lower Eastern Shore watershed and coastal bays of Maryland from 1986 to 2006. Land use-land cover data were derived by supervised classification of Landsat TM 5 satellite imagery acquired in 1986, 1996, and 2006 using the Anderson level-1 classification system in Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI 4.5), while LULCCs were detected in an Arc-GIS 9.2 environment. The results showed that while urban and forest lands increased by 121.8% and 8.5%, respectively, in the lower Eastern Shore from1986 to 2006, croplands and wetlands decreased by 19.6% and 21.3%, respectively. Area covered by surface water increased by 10%, submerging mostly wetlands of 150 km² in 17 of the 23 subwatersheds studied. The loss of these coastal wetlands is attributable in part to the changing climate and the resultant sea-level rise and in part to the activities of the invasive rodent Nutria (Myocastor coypus), reported to be a major menace in Maryland's Eastern Shore. The declining wetlands have serious ecological health implications for the Chesapeake Bay and its watersheds for several species and thus require urgent attention. More intensive and frequent monitoring of this delicate estuarine ecosystem is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKUS, D.H.; JOHNSON, M.E., and RIOSMENA-RODRÍGUEZ, R., 2012. Distribution, sediment source, and coastal erosion of fan-delta systems on Isla Cerralvo (lower Gulf of California, Mexico). Located near the tip of the Baja California peninsula, Isla Cerralvo is the sixth largest island in the Gulf of California. Although surrounded by some of the most productive waters in the world, field surveys show that Isla Cerralvo's shelf is largely devoid of biogenic carbonates, especially rhodolith beds, which are found in abundance elsewhere within the region. In counterpoint, a series of prominent fan deltas extend from the mouths of arroyos on Isla Cerralvo, despite the fact that the island has a granitic core, suggesting that the island's bedrock is severely weakened. Field observations suggest that the fracture pattern (submeter), hydrothermal alteration, as well as the orientations of metamorphic foliation, fracture sets, and fault planes all play a role in the accelerated rate of erosion on the island. The role of hydrothermal alteration is illustrated by a principal components analysis of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) bands, which links heavily eroded areas at the south end of the island to areas with high concentrations of clays. A synthetic drainage system created using a 30-m-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) generated from an ASTER image was used to model the Isla Cerralvo drainage basins and stream channel networks. Analyses of basin and stream network information, including basin slope values and channel slope values, were used to identify islandwide differences in basin morphology and erosion characteristics. Stream channel profiles and slope-area data supported by limited uplift data indicate that Isla Cerralvo has not been uplifted as a single block, but it is broken into at least two major structural blocks with different uplift histories. Due to the arid climate and low annual precipitation, we find that sediment removal from the interior of Isla Cerralvo can only be accomplished by episodic, but very short (hours to days), catastrophic rainfall events caused by hurricanes or chubascos (winter storms). Subsequently, the sediment is eroded from fan deltas and transported southward by longshore currents and wind-generated waves, choking carbonate production along Isla Cerralvo's shore and shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogeochemical couplings between land and coastal waters are increasingly altered by land cover changes forced by accumulation of human uses of watersheds. In particular, human activities increase nitrogen loads to receiving waters. Definitions of forcings require estimation of external nitrogen sources and evaluation of the effects on the roles of different land covers, retention within watersheds, and net exports to the sea. One powerful example of change in N loads is the effect of urban development on the watershed and concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in the water of Great South Bay (GSB), New York. We defined land uses, delimited subwatersheds emptying into GSB, and estimated nitrogen loads to subwatersheds and from these to receiving waters. Wastewater-derived nitrogen was the dominant source to watershed surfaces (55%), with lesser amounts added by atmospheric deposition to land (31%) and fertilizer use (15%). About 77% of nitrogen entering the watershed was retained within the watershed, so that despite land use changes, the watershedfurnished a substantial water quality subsidy, preventing enrichment of GSB. This high within-watershed retention is similar to rates observed elsewhere and was to a significant degree linked to areas of natural vegetation.About 50% of total nitrogen that entered GSB was of wastewater origin; only 16% was contributed by atmospheric deposition on land, 26% by direct atmospheric deposition on GSB, and 7% by use of fertilizer on land. In addition, the direct atmospheric deposition onto GSB amounted to 44% of the land-derived load, within ranges affecting other estuaries.GSB is low on the range of eutrophication of estuaries. Within-watershed retention is still high, but land cover changes manage to force enough throughput of land-derived nitrogen—particularly wastewater nitrogen—to enrich coastal receiving waters. As land cover further shifts away from natural vegetation, eutrophication of GSB, and coastal receivingwaters in general, will increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the focus on issues regarding water quality has shifted from a local site-specific view of a problem toward a holistic view where the health and hydrologic functionality of entire watersheds are of concern. One measure of watershed health is fluvial geomorphology. The goal of this project was to map the morphology of the streams of the Amite watershed of the Pontchartrain Basin using a reach sensitivity index (RSI). The classification scale is based on stream geomorphology, hydrology, and ecological characteristics, where rank is given based on morphological complexity and associated wetlands. The RSI classification method used data from 18 field sites along with digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle 1-m resolution infrared aerial imagery, gap analysis program land cover data, and digital elevation models generated from light detection and ranging. In addition to mapping, issues related to watershed impairment and restoration were identified. Key anthropogenic impacts observed include sand and gravel mining, stream manipulation, profuse litter, and overall water quality. The watershed in this study is proximal to urban areas associated with New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, so another theme, waterfront development, was also identified as a source of stream impairment. Reach sensitivity index stream classification can serve as a tool for conservation strategies and watershed restoration, where the ultimate goal is to restore natural hydrological and ecological functionality to impaired streams. Maps generated in the RSI project can further aid in regional planning, without which, rapid urban development and continued stream manipulation within the Amite and neighboring stream systems will result in accelerated watershed impairment and water-quality degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall goal of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Virginia (CBNERRVA) research and monitoring program is to promote, coordinate and conduct research and monitoring to enhance the scientific understanding and management of the York River and southern Chesapeake Bay coastal ecosystems. The regions of greatest scientific emphasis are located within four Reserve sites located along the York-Pamunkey River estuarine system. Primary research and environmental monitoring areas include: estuarine and shallow water environments including benthic communities, submerged aquatic vegetation and emergent wetlands habitats, open water regions and adjacent watersheds and air sheds. Both national priority (NOAA) and Chesapeake Bay specific (Chesapeake Bay Program) research focus areas are pursued within the Research Reserve with goals to: enhance scientific understanding of coastal ecosystems, surrounding environments and the natural and human processes influencing such systems; and, promote the effective management and conservation of natural and cultural coastal resources through informed decision-making. A System-wide Monitoring Program (SWMP) initiated by the Estuarine Reserves Division (ERD) of NOAA provides standardized data on national estuarine environmental trends through similar measurements of abiotic and biotic variables as well as watershed and land use classifications and measurements at each of the 27 Reserves. Data are compiled electronically at a central data management location and are available via web interface (www.vecos.org). Ongoing York River monitoring programs at the CBNERRVA reserve sites include; meteorological and streamflow monitoring, water quality monitoring and biological monitoring are available through the Reserve or via web interface. Multi-parameter water quality, in situ monitors at both fixed and buoyed stations, point sampling and continuous underway flow-through monitoring form the basis of the water quality monitoring program. Research opportunities at Reserve sites are available to any qualified scientist, academician or student affiliated with a university, college or school, non-profit organizations, and non-academic research institutions. In addition, the Reserve sponsors competitive graduate research fellowships through the NERRS Graduate Research Fellowship (GRF) Program for student research in the York River system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrological coupling between watersheds and estuaries is an important element in establishing eutrophic conditions in coastal waters. In coupled systems, nutrients derived on land enter estuaries through groundwater flow or stream runoff, resulting in increased rates of primary production. The extent of coupling is determined by precipitation, evapotransporation, and water use practices. We use stable nitrogen isotopes, salinity, and nutrient data to assess coupling in two temperate and two tropical ecosystems. In each region, we selected two estuaries, one pristine and one with considerable agricultural or urban development. In pristine systems freshwater entering estuaries had low nitrogen concentrations and low nitrogen isotopic signatures. In receiving waters of the pristine systems, there were similarly low nutrient concentrations, and the isotopic signatures in the estuary were similar to the signatures of incoming groundwater. In both disturbed sites freshwater on the watershed had high nitrogen concentrations and enriched nitrogen isotopic signatures. In the temperate system, the estuarine water had high nitrate concentrations and nitrogen isotopic signatures that were similar to that of the incoming freshwater, indicating that the watershed and estuary were tightly coupled. In contrast, in the disturbed tropical site the estuary had extremely low nitrogen concentrations, and the isotopic signatures were unrelated to the signatures found in freshwater on the adjoining watershed. These results demonstrate that under sufficiently dry conditions, watersheds and estuaries may be uncoupled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global scale approach involving data assimilation schemes (e.g. Distributed Oceanographic Data System) is designed to simulate the discharge of sediment to the coastal ocean at the dynamic level (daily). The result is either a realtime, hindcast or forecast picture of coastal hydrology optimized to estimate sediment loads of rivers. The approach links a compendium of global and regional web-based databases into a GIS system. Relational and spatial methods (i.e. RiverTools®, HYDRO1k, ArcInfo®,) facilitate the process of data acquisition useful to sediment discharge models (i.e. HydroTrend). As a climate-driven hydrological model, HydroTrend incorporates drainage basin properties (river networks, hypsometry, relief, lakes or reservoirs, distributary channels) through high-resolution digital elevation models, along with other biophysical parameters I basin-average temperature, precipitation, evapo-transpiration. canopy, soil depth, hydraulic conductivity, ice fields). The schema is designed to provide important boundary conditions for marine sediment-dispersal models, concomitant with ocean data (wind, wave, currents). Considering that <4% of world-rivers are monitored for their sediment loads, the approach provides a unique means to predict the sediment flux across an entire coastline at a high-resolution temporal scale. Model comparison to long-term (1950-1994) observations from the Lanyang River (Hsi), Taiwan is shown to capture average conditions and inter- and intra-annual variability of water discharge, sediment concentration and loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetland restoration requires good science, good engineering, and political will. The process has evolved in fits and starts over the past 30+ years as scholars have enumerated the functions lost as a result of wetland destruction. Measuring effects of wetland restoration, especially watershed-wide effects, requires agreement among proponents on restoration goals. The goals should express a balance among ecological, social, political, and economic functions, and recognize that the functions are multi-dimensional and intertwined. A thorough ecological assessment of wetland restoration and monitoring should have a parallel components focusing on societal values as well as ecological values. Four U.S. watershed examples—The Mississippi River watershed, the Delaware Bay watershed, the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin, and South Cape Beach Marsh on Cape Cod, Massachusetts—illustrate the importance of the scale in restorationprojects and the importance of measuring societal benefits from wetland restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang, T.; Shen, Y., and Zhang, D., 2020. Integrated management of an eco-clean small watershed in the Qinba Mountainous Area. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 51–55. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. An ecologically clean small watershed of Qinba Mountain is important to protect this water source of the South–North Water Diversion Project and to reinforce the ability to achieve sustainable development. A solution project on engineering technology and management measures is presented to develop an ecologically clean small watershed and living water environment in the Qinba Mountain Area. Some technologies and integrated measures were presented for protection of the water source, sewage treatment in rural drainages, and protection against agricultural surface pollution. The methodology and results of the ecologically clean small watershed of Qinba Mountain could be applied to other sites around the world that are affected by these extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wang, H.Z., Zhong, H.P., Lu, J.Z., Yan, Q.Q., Li, S., and Zhou, Y., 2020. Understanding the river-lake relationship after the operation of TGR based on SWAT model. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 593–600. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. It is an important issue how the operation of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has impacted upon the hydrological relationship between the Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake. A SWAT model was built to simulate the runoff of the River and the Lake, and the energy difference (Fe) index was selected to characterize the river-lake relationship. The results show: (1) The SWAT model was verified suitable to simulate the runoff of the study area. (2) The monthly trend of River-lake relationship after the operation of the TGR from 2010 to 2018 was studied. The successive monthly strong effect of the River (Fe<-0.1) appeared in August and September of 2010, which corresponded to the period of severe flood of the Lake basin. The successive monthly strong effect of the Lake (Fe>0.1) appeared in November and December of 2013, which corresponded to the period of severe draught of the Lake basin. (3) The yearly trend showed the constant increase of the role of the Lake and the constant decrease of effect of the Yangtze River main stream. (4) Under the operation of the TGR, the Yangtze River plays a stronger role during the drainage and flooding periods, leading to the increase of the flood control pressure in the Poyang Lake basin; the effect of the Poyang Lake is enhanced during the water storage and dry period, leading to the increase of the risk of drought disasters in the Poyang Lake basin. The study systematically reveals the change pattern of the river-lake relationship after the operation of the TGR at different time scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xu, L.N.; Li, Y.N.; Chen, S.Z., and Yang, X.F., 2020. Analyzing impact factors of energy consumption in Yellow River Basin of China--Taking Shanxi Province as an example. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 539-542. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study selects population, GDP, industrial structure, urbanization rate and energy price as variables and analyses impact factors of the energy consumption using co-integration method during 1980-2018 period of Shanxi Province in Yellow River Basin of China. The results show that population, GDP, industrial structure and urbanization rate all promote the energy consumption, GDP is the most prominent factors, population has a smaller positive effect than GDP, and energy price could reduce energy consumption. Finally, some of policies such as improving energy using efficiency, optimizing industrial structure and promoting the process of energy price market reform are proposed to reduce energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of a coastal field trip with a group of undergraduates that Professor Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. of Duke University in North Carolina was taking to the Outer Banks.

Patterson, D.C. Sand Transport and Shoreline Evolution, Northern Gold Coast, Australia. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 147 – 151. Gold Coast, Australia, ISSN 0749.0208 A net onshore supply of sand appears to exist along the northern Gold Coast beaches, resulting from an offshore profile shape at depths between 12-20 m that is flatter than that expected for dynamic equilibrium, a residual feature from past northward migration of the Nerang River mouth. Analysis of survey data over the period 1966 to 2002 shows progressive depletion of the lower profile (depths > 7.5 m out to 20 m) due to onshore supply and a substantial gain in the sand volume in the upper part of the nearshore and beach profile (depths < 7.5 m). Additionally, this section of shoreline has been nourished with about 3.7 million cubic metres of sand over the period 1974 to 2000, including an estimated 0.75 million placed from building sites. However, despite the beach nourishment undertaken, the total volume of sand in the profile along the 10km section of beach analysed is only about 0.3 million cubic metres greater in 2002 than in 1966, indicating a corresponding local increase in the alongshore loss of sand. The reported historical changes and analysis of the longshore sand transport regime suggests that the evolution of the alignment of shoreline of the Spit has been commensurate with such a local increase of about 80,000 m3/yr in the longshore transport rate north of Narrowneck, increasing to about 90,000 to 100,000 m3/yr due to more recent beach nourishment works. This was matched initially by equivalent losses into the Broadwater and, following Seaway development, by a 'leakage' of sand past the bypass system and growth of the river entrance bar. Beach management considerations need to account for these processes. The assessment undertaken supports the strategy of back-passing sand from the Seaway to the beaches to overcome future depletion of the onshore supply and associated recession of the shoreline alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]