1. Outdoor, Indoor, and Personal Exposure to VOCs in Children.
- Author
-
Adgate, John L., Church, Timothy R., Ryan, Andrew D., Ramachandran, Gurumurthy, Fredrickson, Ann L., Stock, Thomas H., Morandi, Maria T., and Sexton, Ken
- Subjects
VOLATILE organic compounds ,SCHOOL children ,ORGANIC compounds ,BENZENE ,INNER cities - Abstract
We measured volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures in multiple locations for a diverse population of children who attended two inner-city schools in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Fifteen common VOCs were measured at four locations: outdoors (0), indoors at school (S), indoors at home (H), and in personal samples (P). Concentrations of most VOCs allowed the general pattern O ≈ S < P < H across the measured microenvironments. The S and O environments had the smallest and H the largest influence on personal exposure to most compounds. A time-weighted model of P exposure using all measured microenvironments and time-activity data provided little additional explanatory power beyond that provided by using the H measurement alone. Although H and P concentrations of most VOCs measured in this study were similar to or lower than levels measured in recent personal monitoring studies of adults and children in the United States, p-dichlorobenzene was the notable exception to this pattern, with upper-bound exposures more than 100 times greater than those found in other studies of children. Median and upper-bound H and P exposures were well above health benchmarks for several compounds, so outdoor measurements likely underestimate long-term health risks from children's exposure to these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF