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Since the advent of data communication over networks, it has become imperative to ensure security of information. Cryptography is a technique that is being employed. In our previous paper[15] we made a concept on text oriented parallel signcryption (Cryptography). In this paper, it is shown how to adapt certain matrix transformation to create a novel asymmetric block encryption scheme. The proposed scheme is especially useful for encryption of large amounts of data, like digital images. First, a pair of keys is given by using matrix transformation; second, the image is encrypted using private key in its transformation domain; finally the receiver uses the public key to decrypt the encrypted messages. This scheme satisfies the characters of convenient realization, less computation complexity and good security. As a step towards the systematic application of public key cryptography, this article proposes an extension to the JCA framework to integrate threshold cryptography. Under this extension, various TC providers implementing different TC primitives can be plugged into a security application at run-time. This extension also makes it easy for an existing JCA-aware application to be migrated to use threshold cryptography. An example provider of threshold ECC is implemented under this framework extension. It is our belief that such an extension would help speed up the adoption of threshold cryptography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the today's world of digital communication networks, the privacy and security of the transmitted data has become a basic necessity for communication. Data Security is the science and study of techniques of securing data in computer and communication systems from unknown users, disclosures and modifications. Cyber security issues plays a vital role in moving towards digital information age. Therefore, the encryption and decryption systems have been implemented for protecting information. The internet users are rapidly increasing day by day which causes a lot of cyber-criminals. The security of not only the single system but the entire systems will be ensured by the task of network security and controlled by network administrator. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the various methods of Cryptography and how these methods will help to secure data from unauthenticated users. This paper has primarily focused on Cyber Security and Cryptographic concepts. This paper has also discusses the various attacks and cryptographic algorithms that are used in various applications of cyber security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, hiding messages and information sent via the Internet and social networking sites has become an urgent need with the development of hackers' methods in revealing hidden information. This paper presents a new hybrid approach to hiding information, including text steganography and image steganography techniques. First, this approach hides information that represents a text message in text using the inter-word spacing technique. Then, hiding the stego text in the image using the LSB method. The proposed method used a new approach to increasing the capacity of the stego text to be able to carry more letters of the message. Also, using that approach to reduce the pixels that are used to hide the stego text in the cover image. The results of the system are illustrated using the PSNR metric to measure the rate of error between the original image and the cover image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Information communication technology advances, it has become crucial to ensure the originality of digital content. This paper focuses on using recursive equation approach of steganography to ensure authenticity of digital content. This is achieved by embedding hash value of the digital data in the same digital file. In this paper, we have taken 24 bit BMP files to implement the concept. We have used recursive equation of any order as key to find pixel location in the BMP file to embed the 128 bit MD5 value of the BMP file before its transmission. At the receiving end the MD5 is extracted from the zero bytes of BMP file and the original bits in extra bytes are restored before computing the MD5 value of the received and restored BMP. The two MD5 values are compared. Equality of the value authenticates the originality of BMP file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In day-to-day life there is a rapid increase in data exfiltration enabled by digital attacks, Covert Timing Channels (CTC) became an inevitable organisation potential threat that evolves over time in both refinement and applications. These channels use the interval between appearance to collect sensitive data from the authorised networks. CTC detection is increasingly reliant on AI algorithms that use factually based measures to distinguish malicious (undercover) traffic flows from legitimate (obvious) traffic streams. An innovative picturebased solution for entirely computerised CTC identification and limiting is proposed in this paper. This approach is based on the assumption that incognito channels generate traffic that can be converted to shaded images. The solution is designed to intuitively identify and locate the harmful part (i.e., a set of parcels) inside a traffic flow with the help of this perspective. This methodology reduces the loss of nature of administration caused by obstructing the entire traffic streams in which secretive channels are identified by locating undercover parts within traffic streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT devices, however, are resource-constrained in terms of computing, memory, storage, networking, and energy, making it challenging to secure them properly. In this sense, a lot of work has gone into addressing the security of IoT networks, mostly using classic cryptographic algorithms. The solutions are ML models using backpropagation neural networks to perform network optimization of the network and reduce the overhead consumption as well as increase the network lifetime. The paper highlights ECC's use across a broad range of authentication systems and investigates its potential. They also mitigate attacks and enable IoT security systems to make adjustments in changing environments as per the requirements. In the proposed scheme, we reduce the network errors and a more resistant authentication scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smart and intelligent cloud system virtually provides computing resources to enhance the user computing requirement. Computing resources are provided to the user based on their demand. A hybrid cloud is most effective for using and maintaining user data in the cloud deployment. However, no matter what kind of cloud technology the user adopts, it is open to security vulnerability. It's tedious to keep security in the hybrid cloud environment. Maintaining the user's data with a proper security mechanism, this paper proposes a new approach to maintaining data security in the hybrid cloud. The proposed approach uses cryptography techniques to secure the user's data in a hybrid cloud. The solid purpose of proposing this approach is to protect users' data in a public and private cloud using different encryption techniques. The proposed data security model provides users and suppliers with many benefits concerning the security of the data. Three encryption techniques are proposed and provided as Symmetric Encryption as a service from the cloud. Three techniques are measured for their efficiency by implementing the proposal as a cloud-based application hosted in the cloud. The proposed techniques are measured for performance and security strength. The results show that the proposed encryption techniques are more efficient for a hybrid cloud environment to secure data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privacy is given top priority as far as communication involving transfer of confidential document or data is concerned. There is therefore a need to keep confidential data secretive from being invaded by unauthorised access, and this is done through cryptography algorithms, where the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm has been the widely accepted symmetric block encryption algorithm for such purposes. This paper therefore focuses on developing a new AES-512 bits symmetric encryption algorithm through modification of the conventional AES-128 algorithm to be used purposefully in the classroom for document transfer. The development comes with increasing the plaintext bits of the conventional AES-128 algorithm to 512 bits plaintext which undergoes five operational transformations: STATE, SKGF, SRL, SCL and AARC through key size in the Galois field, GF(29 ). A numerical example is then given to explain the use of the algorithm, and finally, we provide a comparative study of this algorithm and other existing symmetric encryption models, such as the AES-128 and DES algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since image processing algorithms can work with a vast volume of data easily, optical cryptographic techniques are commonly used in image security. Since the proposed DRPE, image encryption in particular has gotten a lot of coverage. DRPE employs various approaches for example-4f and Fourier Transform (FT) to encrypt local as well as spectral data; image encryption is done on the basis of input along with the Fourier planes using random phase coding. The complete process of encryption transforms the input image to a white sound in this manner. Confidentiality is obtained by the method of translation. Only when the information of location and the secret key are perfectly matched would the secret picture be revealed. Random category masks may be thought of as hidden keys in general, and since the key space is too big, blind deconvolution alone is insufficient to reconstruct the original picture. The standard DRPE methodology was discussed in this paper, as well as its numerical emulation, sampling considerations in the spatial as well as frequency domains, and the benefits and drawbacks of different transforms. Additionally, certain optical coding and scrambling methods are investigated. The paper ends with a discussion of recent advances in the area of optical image encryption, as well as a look forward to the future challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolving cloud has compelled people and organizations of every size - whether large or small to migrate data to public or private server for the reasons: scalability, agility, reliability, accessibility, cost saving. But along with the benefits, the risk to the safety of user data has also increased as it is always at a risk of data breach. Therefore, the Security and privacy of this data has become the most important foundation for a reliable server depository and a major challenge and key issue. We often ignore the safety of our data and completely rely on server service provider which is deficient. This paper proposes a crypto stegno technique using Blowfish and LSB (Least Significant Bit) algorithm for data encryption to secure sensitive data over the server from unauthorized access. Hence, preserving the privacy and securing the cloud stored sensitive data. The results are represented in the form of execution time, PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), MSE (Mean Square Error) and the histogram of main and covered image. The experimental results reveal that all the algorithms achieve appropriate quality of stego image. They can be used as cryptographic algorithms to encrypt a message before applying steganography algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the development of novel blockchain technology for certificate management system using cognitive image steganography techniques, in the sense, a secured approach of managing educational certificates using the blockchain and digital image steganography, providing an edge over existing systems is dealt with in greater detail. The provision for educational and governmental certificate authentication falls under the broad category of digital certificate issuance, authentication, and verification. Issuing certificates in this category can be difficult and time-consuming. Currently, existing systems for certificate management cannot guarantee data security and system trust. Using blockchain can solve this problem. This research is aimed to enhance the document verification process using blockchain technology and identify the security themes required for document verification in the blockchain. For the first time a survey of this type has been done where Blockchain and image steganography have been combined together to develop a complete backend infrastructure and the frontend application for the certificate management portal. With the proposed method PSNR & MSR of average 59 dB & 0.55 could be achieved. Exhaustive literature survey w.r. t. the recent development in the blockchain technology is also provided. The simulation results presented in the simulation results section shows the efficiency of the methodology that has been developed in the block chain field & thus has got an edge over the works done by other researchers in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain is an emerging technology of the future. A wide range of transactions and applications uses the blockchain. Cryptocurrency and bitcoin applications were used to start of the block chain concept that was used for a secure and reliable network. Amalgam of different tools and methods like cryptography, mathematics, and networking is the Block chain technology. This paper enlightens the varied types of Blockchain algorithms. An insight of the real time applications of Blockchain in the recent era is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data security is a set of means, actions and measures that we can take to protect our information, whether internal or external, in order not to allow it to be hacked or to not allow unauthorized people to access this information. Image encryption is one of the well-known mechanisms for maintaining the security and confidentiality of information. This medium is vulnerable to attacks, and thus effective encryption algorithms are essential to protect and transmit data securely. Encryption is one of the widely used types of protection to secure information, and the use of keys is a common process used to secure information. The strength and effectiveness of encryption depends on two main factors: (the algorithm, the length of the key in bits), the higher the bit, the more secure and difficult to decrypt. Image encryption is one of the most widely used methods to protect and secure data, to make the encrypted image impenetrable for cryptanalysis. In this paper, a new system and method is proposed to achieve data security using modern block cipher, symmetric key (International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)), image processing techniques and classification algorithm. The implementation procedure is divided into two steps (key generation based on image processing techniques and classification algorithm, encryption and decoding), with metrics the objectivity is implemented on the images and the scale difference is observed in each of the images specified in each of the images mentioned algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hill cipher is the principal tester encryption which has certain benefits in secure key encryption. Still, it is unresisting to recognized readable text spasms. An alternative setback is that an unavoidable key matrix is required for decryption and it is not seemly for encrypting a plaintext comprising of nil. The objective of this work is to amend the present Hill cipher to overwhelm these problems. Analysis of earlier outcomes showed that the prevailing Hill algorithms are not yet satisfactory. Specific of these algorithms are quite vulnerable to recognized plaintext. On the added, specific of these algorithms have enhanced alteration attributes and as a result, they are more resistant compared to recognized plaintext attacks. However, these improved Hill cipher algorithms have the degenerate matrices key problem. Additionally, these algorithms are not suitable for entirely zeroes readable block encryption. In this paper, a Neoteric Strategy of Hill Cipher is proposed which applies to the invertible key matrix. Exploration of the projected algorithm is carried out via noninvertible key matrix approaches that are comparative different to understand. Preceding exploration focused on hill cipher using symmetric/asymmetric key algorithm. When the user encodes the plain text message using the hill cipher technique then the user can do, but when a user decodes the ciphertext message then some vulnerability arises. This analysis put forward to usage the hill cipher act in qualitative approach in evaluating the different vulnerabilities as an inversion of key matrix. In this exploration, a user has no trouble identifying the inversion of the key matrix when a key matrix is invertible for decryption. In previous work, there is a crisis to generate the inverse key matrix when the matrix is non-invertible because when the matrix is non-invertible means it's determinative is zero and in hill cipher determinative shows a vital role in decode. Then when it is zero then how a user can decrypt the message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT devices are applied extensively in wide range of applications in various fields such as healthcare, military and agriculture. The data are collected by these devices from real environment and transfer it over the networks to the proper destination. Deploying IoT devices in a realenvironmentfaces many challenges. Security is one of the seriousissuesin transmitted information. Due to reasons such as increasing component utilization, longer computation times, higher power consumption, and a greater need for memory, lightweight cryptography is necessary for IoT devices. In this paper presents lightweight secure approach for IoT devices. we describe Speck-U, a novel extremely lightweight cryptographic algorithm based on Speck and ECC to increase its security and then uses hash approach to increase its privacy and authentication. The results of testing the proposal demonstrate that it passes all of the NIST(15) tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quick progress of this technology becomes vital in upcoming years. Cryptography is where security engineering meets mathematics. It gives us the tools that most modern security protocols rely on. It is perhaps the most important enabling technology for securing distributed systems, yet it is surprisingly difficult to do correctly. Any form of data on a network is private to an individual, and attackers can access it while sharing it with the intended receiver. The demand for availability, confidentiality, Integrity and non-repudiation required for handling is increased. This paper discussed brief about cryptographic methodology and a new model for enhancing cryptographic goals that can be used to secure applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the data has become widely transmitted in digital devices, which affects the security of this data due to a large number of hackers, and to protect it, encryption is used as one of the reliable methods to ensure data security. In this paper, we devised novel method for generating the public key of NTRU algorithm which is classify as a post quantum cryptography in third round of NIST, the generation properties dependent of quantum mechanics using QKD algorithm, where a set of random numbers was generated, which were chosen randomly in the generation of the key, in this case, the inverse of polynomial was dispensed, which was one of the disadvantages of NTRU algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual distribution of data and systems to the cloud, which would be propelled in part by ease and cost-cutting, is one prominent development in healthcare. Traditional cryptography approaches and access control techniques to tackle security and privacy issues have limits in a rising cloud-based environment. The recurrent regimes are a data-dense area where a massive amount of information is generated, dissipated, preserved, and retrieved sequentially. When a patient undergoes a battery of tests, data is created, which must be shared with the radiographer and subsequently with a specialist. The findings of the visit might be preserved at the recovering office and analyzed by an expert at a later point in another recuperating workplace inside the structure. Progression will play a critical role in enhancing patients' thinking and maybe cutting expenses by better managing resources like employees, equipment, and so on. Researchers look at how Blockchain technology will be used to secure cloud-based medical files in this post. Researchers also talk about the practical limitations of such an idea, as well as the necessity for more research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of millions of computers and sensors that generate enormous amounts of data. It is sent to the cloud to be processed and computed; however, some computing paradigms are required near the edge devices due to latency, bandwidth, and storage constraints. Fog computing is a more advanced kind of cloud computing that extends some of its capabilities to end users. Within the Internet of Things, fog computing provides end-users with computational, storage, and network resources. One of the primary concerns of fog computing is authentication and safe data access between fog servers and fog nodes, as well as fog nodes and IoT users. Experiments were carried out to check communication between them, encrypting the data on transit, using symmetric and will a lightweight cryptographic algorithm. The experiments use PRESENT and AES algorithms to prove it. The system was breached to test the Ping of death and Smurf attack as DOS attack. The Sniffing for the password was done by Wireshark that also helped in the monitoring of the network. Thus, proving that encryption was a good solution for implementing security but the network was venerable to DOS and DDOS attack. In the objective to improving the security and privacy of edge device the research work opened avenue of using block chain a concept of implementing security by constructing two contract that were linked with each other. The concept helps to encrypt the data within the transaction while the sender and the receiver addresses are hashed which is the security benefits of the block chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of technical advancements in the field of digitalization there are a lot of data available in the web. But there are also many sensitive data which requires protection from adversaries. Privacy preservation is very crucial to preserve the sensitive data that is stored inthe cloud. Cryptographic techniques provide a good mechanism to protect the sensitive data. In this work we discuss about how we use the cryptographic techniques to preserve theprivacy of data and we develop a better framework for protecting the sensitive data. In thiswork we utilized a Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm for securely communicatingbetween the client and server environment and how this algorithm provides a secure measureis being discussed and it is compared with the RSA algorithm and also a frame work foreffective management of the details of the patients and providing proper support to thepatients and how there is a tremendous change brought by the ubiquitous computing and howit can be used to enhance the healthcareis also being discussed. There is a comparison of thecomputation time of the algorithms is being considered and which algorithm is optimal isbeingsuggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geospatial data is very sensitive data. The GIS data model should provide make sensitive dataset available to authorized users only and preserve the access for insensitive data from same database to general users. To secure sensitive data from any unauthorized modifications and maintain its confidentiality, a strong encryption method with limited resources should be developed. Available encryption techniques for GIS data security are dealing with encryption technologies for GIS data based on watermarking, symmetric key cryptography techniques, and chaotic maps etc. which are useful for copyright protections. Geospatial data is used widely for many data sensitive applications like defence management, power grids, business decision making, tracking of events and activities using IoT devices etc. These systems are all vulnerable to various cyber-attacks, intrusions. It leads to incorrect information and affects business decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology has gained a lot of attention in recent times due to its vast application in the field of Computer Science and Technology. This rapid development of blockchain technology has had an impact on the financial industry, resulting in the creation of a new crypto-economy and many crypto-currencies are used today. Then, thanks to the appearance of smart contracts, which creates trust among multiple untrustworthy parties, without involving a trusted third-party. Artificial intelligence is another trending technology which makes a machine decide on its own without the help of any human support. Blockchain along with Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help in making applications more secure and work without any third-party support (in most cases). Decentralized Applications also called DApps are applications that make both parties involved in a transaction to interact and do transactions directly with the help of Blockchain, without having a traditional intermediary who works for a predetermined amount of money or transaction charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is shown that two-dimensional cellular automata with Von Neumann neighborhoods are not suitable for cryptographic purposes. This result is obtained after analyzing the most important cryptographic properties of boolean functions defining their local transition rules [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]