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Microbial cellulases are industrially used enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the glycosidic bonds of cellulose. This hydrolysis yields sugars that can be used in processes such as bioethanol production. These enzymes are mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma via submerged or solid state fermentation with cellulosic materials as substrates. Recent publications have increasingly demonstrated that alternatives to T. reesei enzymes in the production of second-generation biofuels exist. Here, cellulolytic activities of crude extracts obtained from a native isolate of T. asperellum from coffe pulp and a strain of T. reesei were evaluated. Solid state fermentations were performed using paper and sawdust as substrates. The activities were measured after 12 days of incubation. The extracts obtained from T. reesei showed higher cellulase and endoglucanase activities (6.5 and 5.8 U/g) than those obtained using T. asperellum (5.6 and 4.1 U/g) with paper as substrate. There were no significant differences between isolates when grown on sawdust. It was possible to verify that native T. asperellum was able to produce cellulases on lignocellulosic material such as moistened paper and sawdust without having undergone a chemical pretreatment.

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The author reflects on the three characteristics of the manuscripts that the journal "International Journal of Research in Education" has received in Colombia. The author mentions the evaluation form to review the basic criteria of the manuscripts and instruction to write qualitative evaluation. He then includes scientific and technologic research papers, discussion papers and review papers.

An introduction is presented in which the author comments on the articles in this issue, including one on neuropsychology, one on sports psychology, and one on economic psychology.

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Se presenta una introducción a la revista, en la cual se discurre sobre la transición de la publicación a un formato completamente digital.

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Administración (01203592) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Objective: To propose a criterion to determine the sample size in stochastic simulations of MC (Monte Carlo) and MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo), guaranteeing certain precision estimating parameters. It is intended that the accuracy is guaranteed in a dimensionless way. Materials and methods: This paper proposes a criterion is proposed that seeks to meet the stated objective. In addition, a methodology for its application. Results and discussion: The application of the methodology is presented in 3 different contexts: MC simulation in which the sample of interest presents moderate variability, MC simulation in which the sample of interest presents excessive variability, and MCMC simulation. In all cases, adequate estimates of the number of MC and MCMC runs are obtained from relatively small samples. Furthermore, the application of the methodology represents only a marginal additional computational cost. Conclusions: The criterion presented in this paper allows for determining the sample size in stochastic simulations, guaranteeing dimensionless precision in estimating parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and discusses the implementation of a project-based undergraduate course on applied electromagnetics in electronics engineering with a conceiving-designing-implementingoperating (CDIO) approach involving active project-based learning (PBL). The course, which requires a combination of mathematical and physics concepts for its completion, allows students to understand the principles of electromagnetic transmission theory in wireless communication systems. This paper presents the course proposal, its project description, and results hinting at the relationship with the CDIO process. The proposed projects allow students to engage in core concepts such as complex vectors, Maxwell's equations, boundary conditions, Poynting's theorem, uniform plane waves, reflection and transmission of waves, waveguides, cavity resonators, and computerassisted design. The proposed methodology results suggest that students lowered their perception of the difficulty of the course, and most students recognized a better learning process of the core concepts for this course. In addition, students' final course grades showed an average improvement of approximately 6% compared with the final grades of other groups with different methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Administración (01203592) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Law is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of International Law is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Law is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universitas Psychologica is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Calculate the required personnel and resources needed to fulfill the service promise agreed with the customer. Methods and materials: This paper presents a discrete event simulation (DES) model developed to select and implement a Point of Sale (POS) for a company providing financial products. First, the paper shows the characterization of the system components and times per process. Then, hypothesis testing and goodness-of-fit statistics are estimated. Subsequently, the simulation scenarios assess the times between arrivals and the number of commercial advisers. Results and discussion: This model allows us to assess the allocation of resources to fulfill the service promise, which is that 80 % of customers must be served within one hour or less. This paper provided the service isoquants allowing us to observe the behavior of the performance metrics (service promise fulfillment) among different scenarios. Conclusions: The use of DES techniques allows for the evaluation of the assignment of personnel to achieve the fulfillment of the service promise, including facilities, equipment, and the evaluation of related processes. These methods can be extended to the analysis of resource allocation in the development of other processes, observing the relationship between service quality and operating costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, our objects of interest are Hopf Galois extensions (e.g., Hopf algebras, Galois field extensions, strongly graded algebras, crossed products, principal bundles, etc.) and families of noncommutative rings (e.g., skew polynomial rings, PBW extensions and skew PBW extensions, etc.) We collect and systematize questions, problems, properties and recent advances in both theories by explicitly developing examples and doing calculations that are usually omitted in the literature. In particular, for Hopf Galois extensions we consider approaches from the point of view of quantum torsors (also known as quantum heaps) and Hopf Galois systems, while for some families of noncommutative rings we present advances in the characterization of ring-theoretic and homological properties. Every developed topic is exemplified with abundant references to classic and current works, so this paper serves as a survey for those interested in either of the two theories. Throughout, interactions between both are presented.

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