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This paper reviews the reconstruction of European Atlantic storm events with the contribution of a new stormy reconstruction in its central part. Three marsh environments on the island of Yeu were chosen to identify disturbing storm events from the Mid- to Late Holocene with vibracore sampling, radiocarbon dating and sedimentary analysis. Nine probable intervals of high energy deposition in these low-transport-activity environments are estimated: 600–500, near 1590, 2100–1950, 2850–2350, 3500–3270, 5400–5370, 6650–6510, near 7000 and between 7670 and 7470 calibrated years before present (cal y BP). By comparison with sedimentological paleostorm studies, we confirm six European Atlantic storm events estimated at near 600–300, 1700–1100, 2900–2500, 3500–3300, 5500–5100 and 7700–7100 cal y BP, corresponding to worldwide Holocene cooling climatic periods. A comparison with other storminess reviews of worldwide main stormy coasts shows that Holocene storms can increase during global cooling periods in the northern hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an integrated approach to assess Holocene environmental changes in the Sperchios delta, Sperchios rift, central Greece. A multidisciplinary study was carried out applying established analytical methods as well as exploring new techniques to detect past environmental conditions in a fluvio-deltaic depositional system. A series of six deep boreholes, up to 50 m long, and four shallow cores, up to 6 m long, from across the delta plain, were studied in detail. Sedimentary facies were defined by changes in grain size and macro- and microfaunal composition. Variability in mineral magnetic composition documented by changes in bulk magnetic susceptibility (χ and χ77K/χ293K) and remanence parameters (S−300 and σARM/σSIRM ratios), as well as down-core elemental variations obtained by scanning micro-x-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF), provide constraints on the depositional changes related to the evolution of the Sperchios delta. Correlations between elemental data derived by µ-XRF analyses and grain size were also analyzed and used to further constrain the facies interpretation. Overall, these Holocene sediments reveal a transgressive–regressive succession overlying pre-transgressive terrestrial deposits of Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene age. Furthermore, 13 new 14C radiocarbon dates constrain the transgression rate to be ~3.5 m/yr for the Early Holocene and the regression rate to be ~1 m/yr for the Late Holocene. The Sperchios delta plain developed when the rate of sea-level rise decreased ~6000 cal. yr BP as it has been proposed for the broader area of Aegean Sea. This study demonstrates that the combination of techniques used here provides a powerful way to map out paleoenvironmental changes and thus the 3D stratigraphic architecture of Holocene sedimentary successions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) of the 15th to 19th centuries ad is well-attested from much of Europe and from some other parts of the Northern Hemisphere. It has been attributed to solar forcing, associated with reduced solar activity, notably during the Spörer, Maunder and Dalton solar minima, although other causes have also been proposed and feature strongly in recent papers. Detection of the LIA in some proxy-climate records from the Southern Hemisphere is less clear, leading to suggestions that the LIA was perhaps not a global phenomenon. Resolving this issue requires more data from the Southern Hemisphere. We present proxy-climate data (plant macrofossils; peat humification) covering the past three millennia from an ombrotrophic mire (peat bog) in Tierra del Fuego, southern South America, but focus our discussion on the period traditionally associated with the LIA. During parts of this time, the mire surface was apparently relatively dry compared with much of its 3000-year record. It was reported earlier that a particularly dry episode in the mire coincided with the 2800 cal. BP ‘solar’ event (since identified as a Grand Solar Minimum), which was attributed to solar-driven changes in atmospheric circulation, and more specifically to a shift in position of the Westerlies. Parts of the LIA record show a similar shift to dryness, and we invoke a similar cause. The shifts to and from dry episodes are abrupt. These new data support the concept of a global LIA, and for at least the intense dry episodes might reinforce the claim for solar forcing of parts of the LIA climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ringed seal (Pusa hispida) is an early immigrant in the Baltic Basin and has since its arrival experienced substantial changes in the climate, salinity and productivity of the Basin. In this paper, we discuss the dispersal and distribution of the ringed seal during different stages of the Baltic Sea in relation to past and ongoing environmental changes. Subfossil ringed seal remains around the Baltic Sea and the Danish Straits were radiocarbon dated in order to map the distribution of the species in different time periods. The δ13C data were used in evaluating the changes in the marine character of the Baltic Basin. The sequence of the dates indicates a continuous presence of the species in the Baltic Basin. The earliest ringed seal finds come from the Skagerrak/Kattegat area (Denmark, Swedish west coast) and date to the full glacial period and Baltic Ice Lake. In the Baltic Basin, the species appears in the subfossil record during the Ancylus period, but the main part of the remains date to the Littorina stage. During the Littorina stage, the distribution of the species was at least periodically wider than today, covering also southern parts of the Baltic. The presence of breeding populations in southern parts of the Baltic during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) indicates that the winters were at least periodically cold enough for winter ice. The changes in the marine influence in the Baltic Basin can be seen in the seal collagen δ13C values, which serve as a proxy for qualitative changes in water mass salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mediterranean and north-African regions, cultural trajectories have shown trends sometimes coincident with climatic changes. The mid Holocene was a period of intense changes in climate, and in environmental and cultural systems. This paper reports pollen and charcoal studies from these areas aiming at presenting how impressive cultural changes frequently coincided with critical climate oscillations. Three of the main dry events of key relevance for climatic—cultural changes were selected to discuss this topic: c. 8200 cal. yr BP, c. 6000 cal. yr BP, and c. 4200 cal. yr BP. Five examples from on-site case studies were reported: (1) Wadi Teshuinat area (Fezzan, Libya, Central Sahara); (2) Benzù cave (Ceuta mountains, Spain, NW Africa); (3) La Vaquera Cave (Central System, Spain); (4) Terramara di Montale (Po Plain, Northern Italy); (5) Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). Their archaeobotanical record helps to recognise and date human presence and activity in different territories. In these examples, anthropogenic signals and comparisons with other sites could be useful to distinguish climate signal from human impact in pollen records. Charcoals are evidence of human activity in cases which are not shown by pollen. Overexploitation of thinned plant resources, including overgrazing, accelerated the evolution towards xeric conditions during drying climatic phases. Humans enforced the aridity crisis and enhanced its signal in palaeoclimatic records. Sometimes, changing exploitation strategies and movements led to the onset of new cultures. Nevertheless, the onset and decline of a culture are very different critical phases, and different agents must have been involved in their occurrence. The Bronze Age marked the environment more than the Neolithic, probably because there is a relation between improvements in knowledge, cultural changes and the evolution of complex forms of land exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a synthesis of available palynological data from central Mediterranean lacustrine records, studying the causes of the important vegetation changes which occurred in the mid Holocene. They are illustrated by seven well-dated records, lakes Accesa, Mezzano, Vico, and Pergusa in Italy, Maliq, Voulkaria and Malo J. in the Balkans. A good tool for disentangling climate change and human impact is the combined interpretation of pollen percentage and concentration/influx data. Pollen concentration/influx drops are an indication of increased erosion in the catchment, mainly ascribable to forest reduction. There is no doubt that major synchronous changes could not have been caused by humans alone. Many southern European records show substantial differences between early- and late-Holocene vegetation, suggesting a general evolution from wetter to drier climatic conditions, in agreement with arid phases recognised by other, independent palaeoclimatic methods. Other pollen records show a different trend. The role of changing seasonality seems important for this region of the Mediterranean. Precipitation seasonality increased during the early to mid Holocene with winter precipitation attaining a maximum, and summer precipitation a minimum. At least three rapid climate events with changes in plant biomass are in evidence: an abrupt and short change around 8200 yr BP, another one centred around 6000 yr BP, and one soon after 3000 yr BP. From the beginning of the Bronze Age (c. 4400 yr BP in this region) human impact overlapped with a climate change, probably bipartite, towards dryness. Our results show that this aridification trend began around 8000 yr BP, and culminated around 4000 yr BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River basins in Great Britain and Ireland have been characterized by periods of hillslope and valley floor instability during the Holocene, reflecting sensitivity to both climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. In contrast to climatic controls, which have been relatively well documented, human impacts on and interactions with river basins remain unclear. There is now, however, a growing impetus to elucidate more fully the impact of anthropogenic activity on sediment supply and runoff, given that land-use change is thought to have exacerbated recent flooding in the UK (eg, the 'Millennium' floods of 2000). The aim of this paper is to critically review the significance of Holocene land use on hillslope and valley floor stability in Great Britain and Ireland. The most widely reported impacts of land-use change on geomorphic activity include hillslope erosion and gully development, valley floor alluviation, river channel incision and elevated water tables. In the majority of cases, however, causal relationships are difficult to establish, due primarily to inadequate dating control. Even where geomorphic instability can be linked to land-use change, it is apparent that eroded material is often stored as colluvium, which together with evidence of diachronus hillslope and valley floor instability, raises important questions and identifies uncertainties regarding the dynamics and extent of sediment transfer within river basins. Such uncertainty has important implications for understanding how river basins will behave in response to future environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of glacier and lake-level records, this paper attempts, for the first time, a comparison between high-resolution palaeohydrological and palaeoglaciological data in west-central Europe over the past 3500 years. A data set of tree-ring width, radiocarbon and archaeological data, in addition to historical sources, were used to reconstruct fluctuations of the Great Aletsch, the Gorner and the Lower Grindelwald glaciers in the Swiss Alps. The three ice-streams experienced nearly synchronous advances at c. 1000–600 BC and AD 500–600, 800–900; 1100–1200 and 1300–1860. These glacier fluctuations show strong correspondence with lake-level variations reconstructed in eastern France (Jura mountains and Pre-Alps) and on the Swiss Plateau. This supports the hypothesis of elimatically driven fluctuations. Historical date available for the period since AD 1550 reveal, in detail, various meteorological conditions behind the succesive glacier advances. Howere, in agreement with the general trend shown by the historical data, the synchroneity between glacier advances and periods of higher lake level suggests the impact of general winter cooling and an increase in summer moistur as responsible for reinforced feeding of both glaciers and lakes in west-central Europe ;over the past 3500 years. Finally, comparison between the Great Aletsech glacier and the residual 14C records supports the hypothesis that variations in solar activity were a major forcing factor of climatic oscillations in west-central Europe during the last Holocence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice cores from the relatively low-lying ice caps in Svalbard have not been widely exploited in climatic studies owing to uncertainties about the effect of meltwater percolation. However, results from two new Svalbard ice cores, at Lomonosovfonna and Austfonna, have shown that with careful site selection, high-resolution sampling and multiple chemical analyses it is possible to recover ice cores from which part of the annual signals are preserved, despite the considerable meltwater percolation. The new Svalbard ice cores are positioned in different parts of Svalbard and cover the past 800 years. In this paper we focus on the last 400 years. The δ18O signals from the cores are qualitatively similar over most of the twentieth century, suggesting that they record the same atmospheric signal. Prior to AD 1920, the Austfonna ice core exhibits more negative δ18O values than Lomonosovfonna, although there are intermittent decadal-scale periods throughout the record with similar values. We suggest that the differences reflect the effect of the inversion layer during the winter. The pattern in the δ18O records is similar to the Longyearbyen air-temperature record, but on an annual level the correlation is low. The Austfonna record correlates well with the temperature record from the more distant and southwesterly located Jan Mayen. A comparison of the ice-core and sea-ice records from this period suggests that sea-ice extent and Austfonna δ18O are related over the past 400 years. This may reflect the position of the storm tracks and their direct influence on the relatively low-altitude Austfonna. Lomonosovfonna may be less sensitive to such changes and primarily record free atmospheric changes instead of variations in sea-ice extent, the latter is probably a result of its higher elevation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is on the reconstruction of the mid-Holocene climatic changes based on the pollen records contained in a 6.2 m thick section in the southern part of the Tengger Desert, northwestern China. To understand the modern analogues of the mid-Holocene changes, modern pollen spectra across different vegetation zones from the Qilian Mountains to the lowland Tengger Desert were studied first. Four pollen combinations were identified, corresponding to four different modern ecological environments: (1) a Picea-Artemisia combination in a spruce forest and its vicinity; (2) an Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Gramineae-Salix combination in a mixture belt of montane grassland and poplar woodland; (3) a Chenopodiaceae-Artemisia-Nitraria combination in a desert steppe belt; and (4) an Elaeagnus-Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Nitraria combination in a desert riparian forest. Our study also shows that a relatively low percentage of Picea pollen (30–10%) seems to be associated with water transportation (alluvial deposits) and a very low percentage of Picea pollen (10–5%) appears to be related to long-distance air transportation. With references to the modern relationships between pollen assemblages and associated bioclimates, the pollen sequence covering the period between 8500 and 3000 cal. BP was used to infer the climatic change history. The results show that a warmer and drier climate dominated between 8500 and 7950 cal. BP. Subsequent decreases in Artemisia and warm desert forbs/shrubs taxa and contemporaneous fluctuating increases in montane coniferous and aquatics elements from 7950 to 7400 cal. BP reflect a fluctuating increase in humidity and/or a fluctuating decrease in temperature. The following period from 7400 to 5650 cal. BP was generally warm with the Holocene Climate Optimum occurring between 7400 and 6500 cal. BP. A remarkably cool spell followed between 6500 and 6300 cal. BP that was then succeeded by a warmer and more humid period between 6300 and 5650 cal. BP. The period between 5650 and 4450 cal. BP was characterized by drastic oscillations in climatic conditions with three humid and probably cold spells intervened by three relatively dry and warm spells. The period between 4450 and 3500 cal. BP was cold and humid, followed by a wet spell as indicated by a very high percentage of Typha pollen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cores of mid-Holocene raised-hog deposits from the Netherlands were [SUP14]C wiggle-match dated at high precision. Changes in local moisture conditions were inferred from the changing species composition of consecutive series of macrofossil samples Several wet-shifts were inferred, and these were often coeval with major rises in the Δ[SUP14]C archive (probably caused by major declines in solar activity). The use of Δ[SUP14]C as a proxy for changes in solar activity is validated. This paper adds to the increasing body of evidence that solar variability forced climatic changes during the Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the mid- to late-Holocene (c. 6850-1160 cal. yr BP) environmental history of Sierra de Gádor in southern Spain. The local vegetation dynamics are reconstructed through the palaeoecological record obtained from a lacustrine deposit situated at 1530 m. Various hypotheses are considered to explain the vegetation dynamics apparent in the palaeoecological evidence, including climatic change, fire occurrence and human activity. Although the vegetation in this region is sensitive to climatic change, threshold events driven by ecological factors are also apparent. Climatic events include a thermo-mesophytic optimum with abundance of deciduous trees and maximum lake water level found from c. 6850 to 5500 cal. yr BP. In contrast, changes in the frequency of major fire episodes appear to have shaped interspecific relationships and vegetation change, especially from c. 4200 cal. yr BP onwards. Biotic properties of the ecosystem such as the inertia of established tree populations, interconnected with competition adjustments, appear also to have played a role. Over the last two millennia, overgrazing, combined with natural and/or human-set fires, appears to have pushed mountain forests over a threshold leading to the spread of grassland, thorny scrub, junipers and nitrophilous communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a comment on the paper by Sundqvist et al. (2007a), Hammarlund and Edwards suggest that the oxygen isotope signal of the speleothem records K1 and L4 from northwestern Sweden as well as for the earlier published stalagmite SG93 from northern Norway should mainly reflect variation in the δ18O of mean annual precipitation. The main argument used by the authors is that the SG93 dδ18O record should show remarkable similarities with the lacustrine carbonate dδ18O record from Lake Tibetanus. The similarities between SG93 and Lake Tibetanus are mainly seen for the period between 10 and 9 ka BP, which is a period where both records have higher dδ18O values compared with later in the Holocene. If true, this would indicate that temperatures in northern Scandinavia would have reached their Holocene maximum between 10 and 9 ka BP, which is contrary to what has been reported from other archives in the region which place the Holocene climatic optimum somewhere between 8 and 5 ka BP. Several factors affect the dδ18O of speleothems and definitely also by annual mean dδ18O of the local precipitation. However, for Holocene speleothems from northern Scandinavia as well as from the Alps this signal seems to be overridden by other factors, such as variable mixing of summer and winter precipitation of cave drip water as well as the temperature-dependent fractionation between calcite and water. But the relative importance of the factors can differ between different timescales, caves and even speleothems from the same cave, depending on hydrological pathways. To better understand the factors controlling the stable oxygen isotopes in precipitation and proxy archives back in time there is a need for more highly resolved records as well as for more atmospheric and hydrological modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]