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Examining the entanglement of democracy and social justice in education and the relationship to social mobility, this paper critiques the individualising nature of social mobility in policy discourse as inimical to human flourishing and education as a public good. The rhetoric of social mobility which responsibilises individuals for their success, without due regard to the systemic changes needed to enable this and the societal barriers to social mobility experienced disproportionately by some groups in society, is detrimental to social justice. A conception of education as a pathway to social mobility must be located in a wider vision of civic engagement in a more inclusive and fairer society. Yet civic engagement in education at the local level has been eroded, as illustrated in this paper by the example of an evolving model of school governance in England. As a corporatist, market driven reform, this model exemplifies how local democratic ties between schools and engagement with their communities can be undermined. Social mobility to enable opportunities, access and participation in democratic civic society becomes a fantasy when society is riven with systemic inequalities, lacks the necessary conditions to enable human flourishing and links to community engagement in education for democratic renewal are downplayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decade, a rich literature emerged focusing on "psychological capital," a multidimensional concept encompassing self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience. So far psychological capital has been predominantly studied in the areas of work and organizational psychology, management, and organizational behavior. This paper argues that (1) the relevance of psychological capital is much broader than assumed so far and (2) that not only the outcomes but also the (social) origins and sources of psychological capital need to be studied. More specifically, the key questions that we address in this paper concern (1) how the notion of psychological capital can be integrated into a broader capital framework that allows studying (the reproduction of) social inequalities, (2) what such integration adds to disciplines such as psychology and sociology, (3) and which avenues for further research can be derived from such framework? Informed by the work of Pierre Bourdieu, we argue that psychological capital is the missing link to develop a comprehensive framework for studying (the reproduction of) social inequalities. Based on our theory building, we develop an interdisciplinary research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the use of photo ranking exercises together with qualitative interview data to study migrants' perception of social status. It draws on data from a mixed-method study, involving in-depth interviews with migrants from different socioeconomic backgrounds and mobility experiences in Germany. The paper focuses on how photo ranking exercises can be combined with more traditional interviewing techniques in order to elicit peoples' subjective perceptions of status mobility in transnational spaces. It demonstrates that ranking exercises can be helpful in the effort to design data collection methods which are combining substantialist and relational approaches to the study of social class and social positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued emphasis on a decontextualized nuclear family in Asia has often obscured experiences of re-partnered individuals and stepfamilies, wherein transitions including couple dissolution and remarriage or cohabitation have had particular implications for family well-being and social mobility. The eight papers in this special issue expand scholarship beyond acknowledging the increasing prevalence of re-partnership and stepfamilies seeking to facilitate cross-cultural comparisons within the region, and between Asia and the West where notable advancements have been made in theorising diverse family processes. The pertinence of extended family ties and the cultural pressures of collectivism advance shared perspectives of re-partnership and stepfamily formation across East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. At the same time, drawing from quantitative and qualitative methodologies, these papers direct attention to the heterogeneity in re-partnership pathways where broader social categories such as class, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion and historicity differentially intersect across national and socio-political contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contribution of Rose Laub Coser to sociological theory in the structural tradition. Laub Coser was one of the most successful women sociologists of her generation. She was born in Berlin in 1916 but left with her family in 1924 for Antwerp in Belgium, and went into exile in 1939 in New York. Thus, Laub Coser was familiar with many cultural worlds and languages. Although she primarily lived in the United States, the transnational influence of the metropolis of Berlin is manifest in her sociological work in several ways. Conceptually, this is relevant for Laub Coser's reception of Georg Simmel's Soziologie. In particular, her theory of the complexity of social roles as a seedbed of individual autonomy is founded on Simmel's theory of the importance of conflict and ambivalence for individualization. Her multiple experiences of emigration and exile influenced Laub Coser's work, including Women of Courage, an analysis of the social lives of Eastern European and Italian migrants in the metropolis of New York, and her internationally comparative studies on the family and women's rise in the labor market. Laub Coser investigated the social consequences of having multiple group affiliations and the conditions for such individuals in the cultural and social structure of modernity. In her transnationally comparative work of migrant cultures, she demonstrated the scope of her theory of role complexity. Contrary to images of migration bare of gender and culture, Laub Coser interprets the individuals she studied in Women of Courage as active agents of migration and provides insights on the influence that cultural definitions of situations have had toward creating the social structure of modern society. Starting from Robert K. Merton's role-set theory and integrating Simmel's analysis of forms of social differentiation, Laub Coser analyzed the conditions and consequences of multiple group affiliations, their observability, and the ambivalences in "cross-cutting social circles" (Simmel), which create conditions for developing individuality and individualism. The cultural mandate for women to be socialized toward the "greedy institution" of the family offers only restricted role-sets and opportunities for articulating social roles, constraining their social competencies as autonomous individuals. Despite the alienating and anomic consequences of role complexity, Laub Coser valued its liberating potential. Possibly this theoretical orientation was also influenced by her own experience as an immigrant, sociologist, and political activist in the socialist women's movement. The posthumously published study Women of Courage is based on a research project that began in the 1980s, comprising hundreds of qualitative interviews with women who had migrated to New York in the early 1920s, and who were at least 13 years old when they immigrated. The histories of these women demonstrate their role in enabling the social mobility of their families in the receiving society. They provided insights into how cultures change and how women migrants understood their lives in the New World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of colorism that developed among blacks in the United States (U.S.) and Brazil, during the 20th century, gave rise to intense altitudes of intraracial discrimination. This distinct form of discrimination was based on proximity to whiteness and white privilege. This essay will illustrate how attitudes toward complexion, within the black community, are a direct consequence and perpetual remnant of the white supremacy and racial hierarchy that developed in colonized societies. Colorism manifested itself in different forms in Brazil and in the U.S. However, the level of black-on-black discrimination that it spawned was grounded in the belief that one's immediacy to whiteness created a vehicle for upward mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the author's comments on the article "Social Mobility and Fertility," by Keith Hope. Hope's claim for an overall lower mobility effect and upward and downward mobility effects is to be questioned. Instead different combinations of strata produce different effects which cannot be attributed to chance fluctuations of the means as Hope intimates. Had Hope begun by carefully examining the impact of movement in and out of the specific pairs of classes and had he looked carefully at the relative effects of different kinds of mobility: income, occupational, educational, and geographic, we would be in a better position to specify mechanisms which link mobility to fertility. Unfortunately, with its modest sample size, the study by J. Berent is inadequate for such a program. While a considerable effort has been put into empirical and theoretical development, the mobility-fertility question requires far more cases than previous studies have employed, and a thorough re-thinking of the contextual aspects of individual mobility and its consequences.

This paper develops an improved method for estimating the ethnicity of individuals based on individual level pairings of given and family names. It builds upon previous research by using a global database of names from c. 1.7 billion living individuals, supplemented by individual level historical census data. In focusing upon Great Britain, these resources enable, respectively, greater precision in estimating probable global origins and better estimation of self-identification amongst long-established family groups such as the Irish Diaspora. We report on geographic issues in adjusting the weighting of groups that are systematically under- or over-predicted using other methods. Our individual level estimates are evaluated using both small area Great Britain census data for 2011 and individual level data for asylum seekers in Canada between 1995 and 2012. Our conclusions assess the value of such estimates in the conduct of social equity audits and in depicting the social mobility outcomes of residential mobility and migration across Great Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the majority of Brazilian public schools, poverty and social injustice prevail. Most students come from disadvantaged realities, and their future seems to be already defined by a lack of social mobility, exclusion from civil rights, and violence—a situation that has worsened with the global pandemic. Rooted in ethnographic research in public schools in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, this paper explores the role of pedagogies of care in creating alternative, possible, and preferable narratives about the future of these students. By using the metaphor of "school as soil", the study identifies care in four dimensions: time, heterogeneity, mattering, and fertility. It draws on 12 semi-structured interviews with teachers from eight different public schools that were part of a larger doctoral project. By researching school as soil, we examine how pedagogies of care encourage teachers' speculation about preferable imaginaries for the future of their students. Results show that despite precarious resources and scarce institutional support, pedagogies of care appear in multiple reported situations, aiming to inspire learning processes, give voice and agency to the socially marginalized, and allow for ways of thinking that offer alternatives to the seemingly ubiquitous oppressive relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a collaborative autoethnography (CAE) by three international PhD students from Bangladesh, Japan and Nepal who pursued (or who are currently pursuing) their studies in New Zealand. In contrast to previous research which largely advanced a simplistic, downward social mobility experience of international PhD students or highly skilled migrants in general, we argue that this experience is dynamic, complex and multidimensional in nature. In doing so, we turn to Bourdieu's theory of capital. By focusing on less-direct economic resources (e.g. ethnicity, nationality, language and social networks), we explore the multidimensionality and convolution of our social mobility which stems from migration. Setting aside a narrative of adversity and downward social mobility among international PhD students, this paper emphasizes how we actively negotiated and dealt with shifting class identity and social mobility in the host countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been strong advocacy for educators to extensively examine pedagogical assumptions to design more inclusive and accessible classes. However, our assumptions about inclusivity and the interplay of privilege and students' "common sense" have received little attention. As such, a common sense gap exists, where faculty may regard certain content or information as familiar to all students without considering the more profound effects of institutionalized privileges on the educational experiences of students without privileged backgrounds. Adopting a critical lens to examine foundational assumptions about common sense has meaningful implications for the ideal of higher education as a credible pathway to social mobility for all. This paper illustrates how the creation and dissemination of "common sense" are bounded by social class and socialization processes. We consider how blind spots about "common sense" in management learning and education shape the experience of less privileged students, which then helps create and perpetuate stigma and inequality in workplaces and society. Furthermore, we integrate the literature on stigma and higher education to confer suggestions for educators and institutions on how to destigmatize education and effectively design and deliver inclusive classroom experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the roles of innate talent versus family background in shaping intergenerational mobility and social welfare under different education systems. We establish an overlapping-generations model in which the allocation of workforce between a high-paying skilled labor sector and a low-paying unskilled labor sector depends on talent, parental human capital, and educational resources, and the wage rate of skilled workers is governed by their average talent. Our model suggests that under the private education system, income inequality is inversely associated with social mobility, and the steady-state average talent of skilled labor declines as parents increase educational spending. The introduction of public education, which makes the allocation of workforce depend more on talent and less on family background, tends to increase both inequality and mobility and improve welfare under reasonable conditions. Our simulations show that if the government diverts public school funding to redistribution, the economy has lower inequality and mobility in the steady state. Moving from elitist to meritocratic systems yields lower inequality and greater mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture shock is when the experience of difference is seen to emotionally overwhelm a migrant. In this paper, I look at how the Global Mobility Industry, an industry that acts as an outsourcer for international human resource management processes, seeks to treat culture shock in the corporate expatriate. Through arguing that different cultures become medicalised as a risk to the expatriate, the paper makes two key points. First, there is a need to understand the way in which migration industries play a role in producing how migrants experience migration, with the paper illustrating a way through which we can conceptually engage with how the Global Mobility Industry manages encounter. Second, through this I argue that there are spaces out with the ‘contact zone’ through which encounter is learnt, highlighting a need and providing a theoretical basis for how research on migrant identities can explore different sites through which migrant subjectivities are produced as part of their journey’s abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\n Intersectionality is a proven theoretical framework, offering a lens to explore how multiple identities and interlocking systems of power influence equity for historically underserved groups. This paper, with its unique focus on Black/African American women as a unilateral demographic, applies the multi-level intersectionality model to elucidate how race and gender converge to impact the educational and leadership experiences of Black/African Diasporan women. By illustrating the model’s utility in research, policy, and practice, it not only sheds light on how systems of privilege shape opportunities and (in)equities for underrepresented groups, particularly within the context of higher education and leadership, but also provides actionable insights that empower policymakers and practitioners to make a difference. Framed within the context of higher education in the United States, this research underscores the need for more attention to race-gender diversity in higher education, as education and leadership are, in many ways, a manifestation of attainment and self-actualization. These insights can guide the development of effective policies and practices that promote equity and diversity in higher education, offering tangible solutions to the persistent challenges faced by Black/African American women in these spheres. Intersectionality and Its Application in Higher Education Literature Intersectionality is an established theoretical framework that examines how various identities and power structures impact equity for marginalized groups, focusing specifically on Black/African American women. This paper applies a multi-level intersectionality model to show how race and gender intersect to influence the educational and leadership experiences of these women, providing valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners in higher education. It emphasizes the importance of addressing race-gender diversity in education and leadership to create more equitable opportunities and outcomes, offering practical solutions for the challenges faced by Black/African American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological developments and the free movement of people within the EU have enabled Member States to implement new geopolitical control measures to increase migration control and social sorting of undesired migrant groups. As part of a securitisation process, these measures are often expanded upon and justified in terms of economic threat that aims to restrain ‘opportunist Central East European migrants’, who are associated with welfare dependence and cheap labour. Although unemployed Roma migrants are exposed to social exclusion due to the stigma of ‘benefit shoppers’, this paper explores how current neoliberal labour market structures facilitate new securitisation processes and fuel the precarity of Roma, even if they are employed in the host country. Based on a multi-sited ethnography completed in The United Kingdom, it will be illustrated how communitarianism of Member States stratifies the moral values of migrants’ labour in a manner that defines the preconditions of social inclusion of newcomers in host societies. In short, this paper argues that even for migrants who are not welfare dependent and who are self-sustaining, their social inclusion is defined by engagement in the sort of labour that is culturally acknowledged by the host society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that we need to pay more attention to the spaces in which the (knowledge) economy operates and industry sectors are brought into being. Following research that examines the performative nature of the economy, the paper sees the trade show as not merely a reflection of an industry sector, but as a space that produces it into being. Looking at the Global Mobility Industry, an industry directed towards the management of expatriates, the paper uses narratives to uncover performance as a way to understand the practice of knowledge, specifically benchmarking about talent management, at the Expat Show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent turns to morality and mobility have enriched the knowledge produced and used within the field of tourism studies. In this Special Issue, contributing authors intentionally merge, or grapple with in parallel, the terrains of tourism moralities and tourism mobilities. Our collective task has been to examine and critique these intersections for conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and empirical insights that shift understanding toward what morality does or can do in relation to tourism mobilities (and vice versa). This introduction sets the stage for the five papers that follow. We summarize the moral and mobility turns, draw attention to epistemological contours and convergences within these analytical fields, and synthesize key insights from each paper to show the promise that tourism moralities and mobilities has for our field of study and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unequal outcomes in professional hiring for individuals from less privileged backgrounds have been widely reported in England. Although accent is one of the most salient signals of such a background, its role in unequal professional outcomes remains underexamined. This paper reports on a large-scale study of contemporary attitudes to accents in England. A large representative sample (N = 848) of the population in England judged the interview performance and perceived hirability of "candidates" for a trainee solicitor position at a corporate law firm. Candidates were native speakers of one of five English accents stratified by region, ethnicity, and class. The results suggest persistent patterns of bias against certain accents in England, particularly Southern working-class varieties, though moderated by factors such as listener age, content of speech, and listeners' psychological predispositions. We discuss the role that the observed bias may play in perpetuating social inequality in England and encourage further research on the relationship between accent and social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are concerned with the relationship between creativity, ignorance and mobility. We understand creativity as a social process of recombination, which is strongly shaped by the actors’ lack of knowledge (or: ignorance) and thus argue in favor of a conceptual shift: Instead of analyzing creativity from a knowledge perspective, the analytical focus is on the participants’ evolving ignorance. In a qualitative multiple-case study research of creative processes in three domains, biotechnology, legal services and board game design, we explore the time-spatial dynamics of collaboration under the influence of two distinct forms of ignorance: unrecognized and specified ignorance. Initially, participants do not know what they do not know and are unable to purposefully directed search for inspiration. In this stage, overlapping local opportunities play a significant role to afford serendipitous encounters. Creative processes take a decisive turn, once participants manage to specify their ignorance. It becomes possible to circumscribe missing expertise and to search for it more purposefully – or to intentionally refrain from further inquiry. Now mutual attraction of experts enables interaction across distance. Places deemed irrelevant are circumvented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration of male African youth within the football industry—particularly cases involving human trafficking—has become a subject of academic and political interest. This paper contributes to work on this topic and to literature on the agency of youth in the urban Global South by turning the academic gaze away from European actors and settings, and towards their African counterparts. Drawing upon research conducted in Ghana, the paper reveals how youth perceive migration through football as a solution to the socioeconomic uncertainty and life constraints facing them in neoliberal Accra. This perception is tied to broader representations of spatial mobility as a precursor for social mobility. Youth attempt to achieve spatial mobility through football by ‘trying their luck’, a form of social navigation that is used to mediate the uncertainty associated with this strategy for realizing spatial change. Through illustrating why youth want to be spatially mobile and how they attempt to do so through football, this paper demonstrates why studies of African football migration need to engage better with how conditions inside the football industry interact with those beyond it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults in many contexts struggle on the housing market. Parental support has become increasingly important in allowing young adults to enter homeownership or to acquire secure housing in general. Consequently, the intergenerational transmission of inequalities has become more pronounced with regard to housing. Using longitudinal individual-level register data from Statistics Netherlands, this paper investigates how and to what extent parental wealth background is associated with socio-spatial inequalities and residential segregation in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Results show that spatial segregation based on parental wealth is strong. Parental wealth background has notable spatial consequences, as it both deepens existing socio-spatial divides and establishes new ones. The influence of parental wealth background on socio-spatial divides is stronger in Amsterdam than in Rotterdam, suggesting that especially in the high demand Amsterdam housing context, young adults may need to draw on parental resources to outcompete other households and/or to acquire housing in expensive areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconsiders the concept of the decision in geographical research on migration by refracting it through contemporary “mobilities” thinking. In doing so, I seek to develop an approach attentive to the way migrations take hold and persist in space and time. Whilst conceptualisations of the decision in migration have moved beyond their individualist heritage, sovereign models of strong agency remain implicit, often unintentionally conflating intention, effectiveness, cause and outcome. In contrast, I elaborate a relational understanding of the decision to conceptualise a decision’s limited efficacy in generating and sustaining a migration over time. Underscoring the neglected importance of stasis to migration, I trace corollaries of the mobilities dialectic of movement and stasis on the relation between action and outcome, emphasising the finite relevancy of any moment of decision. Focussing empirically on the story of a single migrant worker’s return migration in rural China, I draw on alternative accounts of agency – habit, lateral agency, and the agency of assemblages – to rework the migration decision into an ongoing process of affecting and being affected. Thinking with this case, I reconfigure the relationship between migration, event, decision and place, and affirm the value of the under-used mobilities optic in migration research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krauze and Slomczynski (1986a) have proposed a non-negative decomposition of observed frequencies in a social mobility classification into "circulation" and "structural" components. In the present paper, we show that the Krauze-Slomczynski decomposition fails to satisfy minimal methodological requirements for cross-national comparisons. We explain why this decomposition cannot be used to test the Featherman-Jones-Hauser hypothesis of cross-national similarity in relative mobility chances. We also identify several questionable procedures in the empirical work of Slomczynski and Krauze (1987) and show how these procedures have affected their conclusions in the second part of our paper, we discuss some advantages, of the recently proposed Sobel-Hout-Duncan model in partitioning marginal effects in a mobility classification and use this model to embed the explanation of marginal effects in an illustrative analysis of cross-national variation in patterns of mobility. The results suggest that both economic and political development can reduce the strength of symmetric interactions between occupational origins and destinations. In addition, economic development increases asymmetric flows by upgrading and reshaping the occupational structure, whereas political development produces a net slowdown in some types of structurally induced mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the field of US social movement studies, there is periodic concern that the work produced by scholars is not more widely read and used by activists and organizers, yet there is little attention given to how epistemological norms within the field produce and maintain the disconnect between mainstream US social movement studies and movements on the ground. In this paper we trace the major contours of the problem: the positivism that saturates the field's tendency towards abstraction and model building; the implicit normative commitment to a liberal-pluralist social order which eclipses radical voices; and the refusal to engage seriously with the organic knowledge production that takes place within every movement. We also highlight exemplary theorizing that has emerged out of active struggles and argue that the humanistic study of social movements must begin from a place of intellectual humility, decentering academic expertise and recognizing that scholars have much to learn from organic intellectuals in movements today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how nonrepresentational theories of practice can expand our understanding of the ways in which mobility transformations take place. It argues that we need to attend more sensitively to the different ways in which mobility practices self-transform through their ongoing, repeated enactment. Its central claim is that commuting practices are always evolving, adapting, and elaborating. This is because of the different ways that the past coexists with and complicates action in the present. The first part of the paper shows how mobility transformations are most frequently evaluated according to linear, chronological understandings of temporality. In response, it shows how an attunement to duration, using conceptualisations of the virtual, provides a way of understanding the complex temporal folds through which the past inheres in the present, transforming its course. Pivoting around three interview encounters with commuters in Sydney, Australia, the second part of the paper shows how the virtuality of the past inheres in and becomes actualised in the present through movements, events, and milieus--flagging the significance of habit memory, recollection memory, and tertiary memory, respectively. These virtual potentials underscore not only the complexity and excessiveness of the present, but also the openness and the indeterminacy of the future. The paper questions what constitutes a mobility transformation; it expands our comprehension of the agencies of transformation affecting life in this sphere; and it challenges us to rethink the ontological unit upon which macropolitical interventions are usually focused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents authors' reply to sociologist Mrs. Mary R. Jackman about the effect of social mobility in Italy. The authors say that her paper contains a number of errors. Arguing against what she terms the "cognitive dissonance theory of mobility effects," which allegedly informed authors 1970 work, she claims to find support for the "acculturation theory of mobility non-effects." While acculturation indubitably goes on when people move from one social class to another, not everyone acculturates at the same pace or to an equal degree. Mrs Jackman does not address this core of authors' work; instead she speaks to an almost incidental aspect of it. The authors' measure of mobility and hers are not comparable: where authors use a class dichotomy, she uses a trichotomy. The authors applied a four-class scheme at a crucial point in papers. They deliberately measured mobility across the manual-nonmanual axis. Mrs. Jackman speaks of authors' theory as a "cognitive dissonance theory of mobility effects," despite the fact that in no case they mention this theory.

How do welfare programs affect beneficiaries' perceptions of social mobility? This paper uses the case of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program to assess whether, how, and to what degree the welfare program affects beneficiaries' views of their potential social mobility. It makes a key contribution to the understanding of social mobility by incorporating the role that race and gender play in beneficiary respondent's evaluation of social mobility. Use of an original field survey undergirds the finding that, in contrast to conventional understandings of Brazilian racial and social dynamics, beneficiary status operates differently for Afro-Brazilian and White beneficiaries, as well as for male and female beneficiaries. Specifically, that the program has significant empowerment effects for White women beneficiaries, but that it does not affect the evaluations of Afro-Brazilian women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population segregation measurement is a topic of broad interest in the social sciences. In this paper we draw from recent advances in the spatial analysis literature to derive individualized measures of clustering and exposure. Recent research on accessibility has seen a shift from place-based measures to person-based ones. Similarly, the notion of residential clustering and exposure patterns, while typically related to the distribution of population in zonal systems, can be modified to account for heterogeneous experiences of urban space. In particular, at the individual level, the degree of clustering and exposure is related to personal mobility and the individual experience of space. In this paper we turn to the question of whether individuals belonging to different groups and living in different areas of a city observe differences in their clustering and exposure to population groups over space. The proposed procedure is applied empirically to the case of Montreal to explore how native English speakers of various levels of mobility experience exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to describe the origins, composition and outputs of the development in the UK of a generic course: Creating Sustainable Communities (CSC). The paper describes the origins and inception of CSC in work undertaken within coastal communities in the Mediterranean. Developed in order to encourage participation in self-review of sustainability for diverse social groupings in Coastal Area Management Programmes in Cyprus, Malta, Algeria, Slovenia and Lebanon (2000-2006), CSC was subsequently developed in collaboration between Dr Simon Bell and the UK Homes and Communities Academy (HCA - formerly the Academy for Sustainable Communities (ASC)) and linked to the HCA Foundation Degree in Sustainable Communities. By 2007, the course had been refined as a generic module for application in a number of presentational forms: within Higher Education, Continuing Professional Development and community development. CSC provides a powerful means for communities of all kinds to assess their current situation, reflect on how sustainability can be projected onto this reality, measure how sustainable the community is, has been and can be in its own terms and, finally, develop meaningful action plans for agreed change agendas. Such agendas are intended to lead to the enhancement of all aspects of the community and, we argue, can improve the social mobility of all members of the collective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes as its starting point the idea that airspace is not a singular, finished interface for aeromobile activities to take place in. Striated by lines that connect some points rather than others, it is a contested network of vectors that sometimes require additional human inputs for traffic to flow in desired ways. Assuming the view of a globalising city-state in Asia, this paper refers to two sets of empirical evidence to build its case: first, over 100 airline newsletters on the ‘Singapore Girl’ published between 1982 and 2000, and, second, fifteen sets of interviews with air hub development officers working for Singapore. Particular attention is paid to the emotional labours that have been invested by these aviation workers to induce particular, favourable business environments for air traffic to grow in the city-state. In so doing, this paper emphasises the uneven way aerial vectors are distributed across the globe, and highlights how these air-lines have a tendency to bypass (small) states not at the forefront of global aviation. Even for a successful overcomer like Singapore, the reordering of airspace does not come with the latitude of manufacturing a brand new air-scape, but involves the development of innovative counter regimes, people-performed technologies, and tactical solutions in an unequal air world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing social mobility is the 'principal goal' of the British Government's social policy (Cabinet Office, 2011: 5). However, while policy perspectives present mobility as an unambiguously progressive force, there is a striking absence of studies looking at the impact of mobility on individuals themselves. Drawing on 39 lifecourse interviews with upwardly mobile respondents drawn from the UK Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion Project (CCSE), this paper examines how mobility affects the psychic and emotional life of the individual. More specifically, it examines how mobility influences social, familial and intimate relationships, as well as the ontological coherence of the self. Following Bourdieu's (2004: 127) description of his own upward trajectory, the paper argues that the concept of a divided habitus, or habitus clivé, may be particularly useful for understanding some iterations of the contemporary mobility experience, particularly its most long-range forms. Such a concept, it argues, helps explain how the emotional pull of class loyalties can entangle subjects in the affinities of the past, and why - despite prevailing political rhetoric - upward mobility may remain a state that not everyone unequivocally aspires to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in how, when and where neighbourhoods affect individual behaviours and outcomes. In Britain, falling levels of owner-occupation and the growth of ethnic minority populations have sparked a debate about how neighbourhood characteristics and neighbourhood change intersect with the decision to move. In this paper we investigate how mobility preferences vary with neighbourhood characteristics and neighbourhood change. We use multilevel logistic regression models to test whether this is configured by personal attributes or attachment to one's neighbourhood and perceived similarity to one's neighbours. The results show that neighbourhood deprivation, changes in neighbourhood ethnic composition and changes in tenure mix are associated with preferring to move. Importantly, we show that a feeling of belonging to the neighbourhood or feeling similar to others in the neighbourhood significantly reduces the desire to move. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose ‘ageing in networks’ as an optic that shows how the social networks of older adults extend beyond their residential neighbourhoods to extra-local and transnational settings. The paper brings together literature on ageing and social networks in mobilities and migration research to identify shared thematic framings between non-migrant and migrant older adults. Our approach broadens the analytical frame to encapsulate how ageing individually and in communities takes place through local and international mobility and via digital technologies. Ageing in networks also illuminates the importance of connecting their social protection needs with those of the people in their care assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social stratification research, the most frequently used social class schema are based on employment relations (EGP and ESEC). These schemes have been propelled to paradigms for research on social mobility and educational inequalities and applied in cross-national research for both genders. Using the European Working Conditions Survey, we examine their criterion and construct validity across 31 countries and for both genders. We investigate whether classes are welldelineated by the theoretically assumed dimensions of employment relations and we assess how several measures of occupational advantage differ across classes. We find broad similarity in the criterion validity of EGP and ESEC across genders and countries as well as satisfactory levels of construct validity. However, the salariat classes are too heterogeneous and their boundaries with the intermediate classes are blurred. To improve the measurement of social class, we propose to differentiate managerial and professional occupations within the lower and higher salariat respectively. We show that implementing these distinctions in ESEC and EGP improves their criterion validity and allows to better identify privileged positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of girls' and women's football in Africa, coupled with increased professionalisation in Europe and the United States, has led to rising international migration of African female players. This trend reflects the longer standing culture of independent, transnational migration among African women since the late 1980s and of enlarged possibilities and responsibilities triggered by neoliberal reform across the continent. This article explores how these sporting, cultural and economic transformations have coalesced to influence the aspirations and agency of female youth and young women in Ghana. To do so, we draw on original data from ethnographic fieldwork in Ghana, Sweden and Denmark undertaken between 2015 and 2021. Our findings reveal that for ambitious, talented female footballers, transnational football migration is increasingly viewed as a speculative route to improve ones' life chances and negotiate intergenerational responsibilities to family. Significantly, the article also illustrates that in seeking to produce this highly prized form of migration, they must carefully navigate gendered social norms and hierarchies related to 'respectable' career and life trajectories. The conclusion proposes a critical research agenda to explore the interplay between sporting opportunities, migration aspirations and diverse socioeconomic conditions in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the world, individuals and groups have managed significant disruptions prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article draws on data collected through interviews with 40 Australia-based participants regarding their day-to-day routines and technological engagement as they navigated mobility restrictions intended to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease. We use insights from Science and Technology Studies to shed light on how their technosocial relations enabled and regulated participants' sociality while informing their desires for normalcy. Findings highlight perspectives and practices that diverge from popular framings of the pandemic as giving rise to a 'new normal'. Instead, our analysis shows how human and non-human actors became inextricably linked in the management of everyday disruptions, illustrating forms of mundane governance. We conclude by reflecting on how Science and Technology Studies-informed approaches to the mundane glean important insight for the sociological study of the pandemic specifically and of everyday life generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of diversity and widening participation initiatives, access to elite professions for those from lower socio-economic backgrounds remains a troublingly persistent issue. Degree apprenticeships present an alternative to the traditional university pathway and an opportunity to increase social mobility into professional occupations. Yet, uptake of this pathway has so far been from more advantaged individuals. This article explores the dispositions of key stakeholders towards alternative pathways. It asks whether professional apprenticeships are perceived as legitimate and, if not, what are the likely consequences? Using the solicitors' profession in England as a pertinent case, interviews with 23 participants on the degree apprenticeship and university pathways were asked about their social and educational backgrounds, exploring the influences on their career and pathway decision making. The analysis demonstrates differing perceptions of risk and legitimacy among those from different social and educational backgrounds, with implications for equity, inequality and social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several recent papers have studied women's intergenerational occupational mobility as movement from father's to daughter's occupation. This paper suggests that mother's occupation also is an important dimension of this mobility process. Analysis of data from a national sample of women 30 to 44 in 1967 shows that, when controlling for age and race, a necessary and sufficient model of women `s intergenerational occupational mobility includes mother's as well as father's occupation. Whether or not the mother had an occupation outside the home and what occupation she held, given that she was employed, both affect daughter's occupational destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents author's comments in response to the criticism of his research paper "Social Mobility and Fertility," which contains several useful observations on the study of the relations between social or occupational mobility and fertility. He argues that the critic has biased pretensions and that's why, he has presented his comments in such a way that a reader of his comments might suppose that the purpose of the analysis was to reveal processes or mechanisms which relate mobility to fertility and that the author failed to accomplish that purpose. In reality, there was nothing about processes or mechanisms. It addressed two issues: first, the adequacy of the occupational categories used by researchers as guides to the life-styles, values and other social characteristics; second, the constancy of occupational mobility effects over the occupational scale. The formal assumptions of the mobility models and the social processes behind the phenomena have clearly been distinguished.

The article presents a comparative study of the social mobility of women in France and Sweden. One question which will be central to this and to subsequent papers will be that of how far analyses of the mobility of women tend to support, or to require qualification of conclusions that have been drawn with respect to the mobility of men. On the basis of absolute rates of intergenerational mobility for women, Sweden would appear to have markedly more mobility overall than France. The total mobility rate is consistently higher than in France, whether mobility is assessed in terms of our nine-class schema or various collapses of this. The composition of the various occupational classes of women as regards social background is somewhat more similar in Sweden than it is in France. But the striking contrast is that the differences in origin distributions of women by occupational category are much greater as compared to men in Sweden than they are in France. It is in the case of women's outflow mobility patterns-and thus chances of mobility according to social background--that our two societies show the most marked differences, in contrast to results obtained when comparing men's mobility.

In the United States, collegiate and professional sports are avenues of social mobility for individuals from low-income households and are particularly important for blacks. But mobility of a few minority individuals does not erase the stereotypical image of their group held by the dominant group. When individual members of a minority group acquire positions in the dominant society from which they formerly had been excluded, they remain Inferior and unequal in the minds of dominants. This paper compares procedures at Kansas State University for recruiting black football players with those for recruiting non- black players. Two themes are argued in this paper. First, minority individuals must be more qualified occupationally if they are to participate in a dominant setting. Second, in a dominant setting, members of minority groups are treated unequally regardless of how qualified they are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces new models for comparing several social mobility tables that provide various one-degree-of-freedom tests for two mobility tables on substantively meaningful structural components. These components include differences between mobility tables in (1) the strength of off-diagonal associations, (2) the strength of diagonal effects, and (3) the extent of structural mobility. Most of the models in this paper use association models and the Sobel-Hout-Duncan model but are specifically formulated to analyze three-way tables that have either nations or periods as the third dimension. American, British, and Japanese mobility tables are compared. Together, they show that equality of occupational opportunity is larger for the United States than for Great Britain, that Japan's mobility structure is closer to quasi-independence than that of the two other nations, and that Japan's mobility structure became more like that of the United States in 1975 rather than in 1955. These analyses also demonstrate that comparative mobility research based on indexing mobility has strong limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Context: Undocumented youth navigate unwelcoming federal, state, and local contexts in the United States. Although previous research shows the significant impact of immigration policy and enforcement on educational outcomes and social-emotional well-being, this study sheds light on the multiple, intersecting policy, and school contexts that hinder social and educational mobility. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to elicit Latinx undocumented immigrant youth experiences in a southern state to contribute to evolving research on their experiences in K-12 schools. In addition, the purpose was to understand how undocumented youth (a) talk about the policies that impact their daily lives, (b) perceive the organizational-level structures that exist to support them in school and community contexts, and (c) articulate a sense of belonging through their community and school interactions in relation to processes of racialization and its impact on immigration status. Conceptually, the paper uses a multilevel, interactional framework to show the impact of racialization of Latinx undocumented immigrants in policy, school, and community, and relational contexts. Research Design: The study is a 3-year critical ethnography of two Title I high schools in the U.S. South that maintains particularly restrictive policies toward immigrants. Fieldwork from two school sites and interviews with 63 undocumented youth, and relevant personnel deepen our understanding of their status of illegality—specifically how their material lives are impacted by policy and institutional-level dynamics and constraints. Conclusions/Recommendations: The author shows how youth voice through ethnographic evidence counteracts anti-immigrant policies and criminalization of Latinx immigrants; youth critique social policy and institutions that seek to limit their progress in society. The implications for policymakers, educators, and school-based personnel is significant Although legal status may impose certain limitations on undocumented students' educational opportunities, their educational trajectories are still highly determined by school structures. Knowing this, educators can respond effectively to ensure educational rights and equitable educational practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Blau and Duncan's seminal work on social mobility, researchers have used subjective measures of occupational prestige to understand either the change or stability in generational socioeconomic statuses. While subjective measures of occupational prestige have been developed, the creation of measures of educational status and prestige that might serve as parallels to these measures has received less attention. In this paper, we attempt to create such a measure and then use it to test the relationship between educational status (measured through the status of college majors) and three important post-baccalaureate outcomes: income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige. Our results, based on a survey of 718 undergraduate seniors, shows that majors differ in prestige just as occupations do. Then, using the National Survey of College Graduates, we confirm that those differences are meaningful in predicting early career incomes, the attainment of an advanced degree, and the prestige rating of college graduates' occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial homogamy, or the geographical closeness of life partners, has received little attention in recent decades. Theoretically, partners may be found anywhere in the world, as increases in educational participation, affluence, mobility and internet access have reduced the meaning of geographical distance in general. This paper examines whether geography still matters in the Swedish partner market, by examining distances between partners before co-residence over time. Register data are used to track the residential histories (1990–2008) of couples who married or had a child in 1996, 2002 or 2008 (N = 292,652). With the couple as the unit of analysis, the distance between partners before co-residence is explained by geographical, socio-economic and demographic indicators. I find that although the distance between partners has increased over time, it is still the case that half of all partners lived within 9 kilometres of each other before moving in together. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics explain some of the variation in spatial homogamy, but geographical factors, such as previous place of residence, spatial mobility, degree of urbanization and nearness of parents, are crucial. Even in a globalized society, most people still find their partners very close by. The findings are relevant to the family migration literature, where residential mobility at the beginning of co-residence has received little attention, despite long-lasting consequences of partner choice on social ties and people's socioeconomic careers. The results exemplify the importance of short geographical distances for intimate relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers queer refugeeism from Trinidad and Tobago to the UK in relation to the political economy of (im)mobility in and out of the Caribbean. Gay rights have been embraced by liberal democracies as the newest form of human rights, what has been called "homonationalism." Mirroring other double-binds of liberal inclusion, I show how queer asylum-seekers get caught betwixt and between two globally-stratified homonationalisms while confronting the realpolitik of European asylum law not only as queer refugees but also in terms of transnational social mobility otherwise unavailable to them. The British asylum system therefore materializes as a bordering operation that more often than not denies lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) asylum-seekers their rights under the sign of their humanitarian protection. I consider whether homonationalisms everywhere—as assemblages of human rights discourse—should be thought of as "post-political" projects, a concept critical to growing bodies of political theory and cultural critique. This is because humanitarianism touts "rights" as universal and moral, therefore transcending the political. However, as a result of their practical effects, I show how the institutional practices deemed post-political in the case at hand should be understood as attempts to deflect and defuse the underlying politics of socioeconomic status and mobility at stake, and that the conflicts and contradictions at the heart of queer asylum-seeking represent the return of the repressed political within legal-technical spaces of disagreement. I also scrutinize the ambivalent entanglements of "expertise" when anthropologists are solicited as country experts in legal asylum cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates the relationship between working-class participation in higher education ( HE) in England and social and cultural mobility. It argues that embarking on a university education for working-class people has been construed in governmental discourses as an instrumental means of achieving upward mobility, or of aspiring to 'become middle class'. Education in this sense is thus not only understood as having the potential to confer value on individuals, as they pursue different 'forms of capital', or symbolic 'mastery' ( Bourdieu, 1986), but as incurring a form of debt to society. In this sense, the university can be understood as a type of 'creditor' to whom the working-class participants are symbolically indebted, while the middle classes pass through unencumbered. Through the analysis of empirical research conducted with staff from working-class backgrounds employed on a university Widening Participation project in England, the article examines resistance to dominant educational discourses, which understand working-class culture as 'deficient' and working-class participation in HE as an instrumental means of securing upward mobility. Challenging the problematic notion of 'escape' implicit in mobility discourses, this paper concludes by positing the alternative concept of 'fugitivity', to contest the accepted relationship in HE between creditor and debtor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of the political consequences of upward mobility. Beginning with a brief review of major findings and a formal statement coordinating some explanations of those findings, the paper proceeds to examine the "European aspect" of the theory, namely, the relevance of "status discrepancies" to an explanation of political orientation among the upwardly mobile in one European country, Italy. Viewing status discrepancies in terms of consumption patterns and feelings of discrimination, it is found that this factor accounts for the political orientation of the upwardly mobile when it is conceptualized in terms of the latter, but not when conceived in terms of the former. The paper concludes with a few remarks regarding the possible causes of the hereto/ore unexplained ultra-conservatism of American achievers and with an attempt to state a more general theory of upward mobility and political orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moldova is one of the smallest and poorest European countries, with one of the highest migration rates in the world. While actual migration figures are difficult to obtain, due to the fluctuating and often illegal nature of Moldovan migration, it is an ever-present fact of life in Moldova with about, according to some estimates, a third of the adult population working abroad, often 'leaving behind' children in the care of relatives, neighbours or in orphanages. This paper investigates how such high migration rates affect Moldovan family life and personal definitions of identity and success. It highlights the personal quests of the young Moldovan population, particularly college students, and pays particular attention to the young adults who are children of migration themselves, with many of them having grown up with one or both parents working abroad during part or all of their childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide an analytical account of the diversity within middle-class identities in Turkey by drawing on an inductive and interview-based investigation of boundary-making processes. Inspired by Lamont's framework, it explores the nature and content of drawn symbolic boundaries and relates the causes of the observed variations to the rapid changes in Turkey's socio-economic structure. The research challenges the homogeneous and strictly hierarchical reading of class/cultural distinctions as it demonstrates the existence of horizontal tensions and culturally inclusive middle-class repertoires. The analysis unpacks the material basis of differentiation and highlights the most significant factors in strengthening or weakening cultural boundaries in the Turkish case: mobility profiles into middle-class positions, composition of overall capital and the sector of employment. The paper contributes both to the growing interest in divergent manifestations of class distinction in non-Euro-American national contexts and to our understanding of middle-class cultures in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]