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TNF-α inhibitors - infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab - can be used in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis, along with other inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23. This paper presents the results of research on the use of biological drugs other than the tumor necrosis factor blockers (TNF-α), namely inhibitors of IL-12 and IL-23 (ustekinumab), T-cell inhibitors (alefacept and efalizumab), B-cell inhibitors (rituximab), anti-IL-17 agents (secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab) and IL23p19 inhibitors (guselkumab and tildrakizumab). The paper presents an analysis of the mechanism of action, recommended doses and methods of therapy, taking into account the adverse events associated with the use of anti-cytokine therapy. The use of biological drugs is discussed based on a review of the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterovirus E (EV-E) is a common viral pathogen endemic in cattle worldwide. Little is known, however, about its potential interactions with bovine immune cells. The EV-E-permissiveness of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated. The infectious titres of extracellular virus were measured and the intracellular viral RNA levels were determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR after cell inoculation. The effects of EV-E on cell viability and proliferative response were investigated with a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay, the percentages of main lymphocyte subsets and oxidative burst activity of blood phagocytes were determined with flow cytometry, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion was measured with an ELISA. Enterovirus E productively infected bovine PBMCs. The highest infectious dose of EV-E decreased cell viability and T-cell proliferation. All of the tested doses of virus inhibited the proliferation of high responding to lipopolysaccharide B cells and stimulated the secretion of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interactions of EV-E with bovine immune cells may indicate potential evasion mechanisms of the virus. There is also a risk that an infection with this virus can predispose the organism to secondary infections, especially bacterial ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports the case of a 3 years old, female Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presenting lethargy, anorexia,weight loss, and anemia and marked leukocytosis at CBC. The majority of leukocytes were lymphocytic/lymphoblastic cells (97%). Immunocytochemical staining of blood smears marked for CD3 (neg) and CD79a (pos) suggested immunophenotype B. The patient died after one month from diagnosis. Histology evidenced lymphoid infi ltration in the heart, spleen, liver, kidneys and gut. In addition, in the bone marrow a massive infi ltration of lymphoid cells confi rmed the diagnosis of leukemia. Immunohistochemistry confi rmed the CD79a positivity of a large part of infi ltrating lymphoid cells indicating a B cells immunophenotype of the neoplastic population. The presence of lymphocytosis and multiorgan infi ltration supported the diagnosis of lymphocytic leukemia. Finally, a revision of the literature has also been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Serbian Journal of Experimental & Clinical Research is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

B cells play a dual role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental model for multiple sclerosis, B cells contribute to disease progression, while their regulatory role predominates in the initial phases of disease development. Several studies have identified different subsets of regulatory B cells, mostly in the spleen, which are all sources of IL-10. However, peritoneal regulatory B cells are also important producers of IL-10, can migrate towards inflammatory stimuli, and could have an immunoregulatory function. As we have observed expansion of regulatory B cells in the peritoneum of resistant mice after EAE induction, herein we discuss the regulatory roles of B cells in EAE pathogenesis and the possible role of peritoneal regulatory B cells in resistance to EAE induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]