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The intended research aims to explore the convection phenomena of a hybrid nanofluid composed of gold and silver nanoparticles. This research is novel and significant because there is a lack of existing studies on the flow behavior of hybrid nanoparticles with important physical properties of blood base fluids, especially in the case of sidewall ruptured dilated arteries. The implementation of combined nanoparticles rather than unadulterated nanoparticles is one of the most crucial elements in boosting the thermal conduction of fluids. The research methodology encompasses the utilization of advanced bio-fluid dynamics software for simulating the flow of the nanofluid. The physical context elucidates the governing equations of momentum, mass, momentum, and energy in terms of partial differential equations. The results are displayed in both tabular and graphical forms to demonstrate the numerical and graphical solutions. The effect of physical parameters on velocity distribution is illustrated through graphs. Furthermore, the study's findings are unique and original, and these computational discoveries have not been published by any researcher before. The finding implies that utilizing hybrid nanoparticles as drug carriers holds great promise in mitigating the effects of blood flow, potentially enhancing drug delivery, and minimizing its impact on the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide perovskites (ABO3) have fascinated researchers due to their potential applications in diverse fields because of their flexible chemistry and favourable characteristics including tunable band gap, high carrier mobility, and excellent optical properties. Here, a DFT-based study was conducted on RbTaO3, delved into the material behaviour under varying stress ranging from 0 to 100 GPa, emphasizing its potential for advanced applications. Key findings include a reduction in the lattice parameter from 4.2084 to 3.8149 Å, and volume from 74.5334 to 55.5200 Å3, along with a band gap narrowing from 1.574 to 1.490 eV. Additionally, DOS analysis gives an understanding of the electronic transitions involving Rb-5s, Ta-5d, and O-2p states. Optically, the material showed high absorption, conductivity, and lower loss function. The mechanical stability is confirmed by Born stability criteria through elastic constants (C11, C12, and C44). Further assessments using Poisson's ratio, Pugh's ratio (B/G), Frantsevich ratio, Cauchy pressure (CP), and anisotropic factor underscore its ductility and define anisotropic behaviour. The upward trend in phonon dispersion denotes its thermal resilience. From a thermodynamic perspective, the studied material exhibits superior high-temperature stability under high-stress levels, as confirmed by Debye temperature (θD). Furthermore, an inverse association of enthalpy and total entropy with free energy was observed. Comprehensive analysis of RbTaO3 under varying stress provides valuable insights and highlights its potential in electronics, advanced materials engineering, and high-temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Soil salinization severely hinders the development of agriculture. Pristine biochar (BC) has a considerable impact on improving soil quality and maximizing crop yield. However, applying biochar has the risk of aggravating soil salinization. Acid-modified biochar may have a good effect on the improvement of saline-alkali soil. Methods: Nitric acid and phosphoric acid were used to modify the pristine biochar (BC). The pristine biochar (BC), nitric acid-modified biochar (NC) and phosphoric acid-modified biochar (PC) were used at 1%, 2%, and 3% (w/w), respectively. There were ten treatments in total: CK, BC1, BC2, BC3, NC1, NC2, NC3, PC1, PC2, and PC3. Results: Our results indicated that the application of biochar further aggravated soil salinization. Soil pH and EC significantly increased by 0.08–0.42 units and 215.51–362.07 μS.cm−1, respectively. Additionally, the BC application reduced the activities of C-, N- and P-acquiring enzymes in saline-alkali soil. Compared with BC, NC and PC decreased the alkaline metal elements by 84.34% and 79.29%, respectively, and enhanced the specific surface area. Acid-modified biochar significantly reduced the content of Na+, Cl−, SO42−, CO32− and HCO3−. Meanwhile, the application of acid-modified biochar reduced soil pH and EC by 0.16–0.59 units, 228.38–788.93 μS.cm−1, respectively. Furthermore, the application of acid-modified biochar enhanced N fixation ability and the activity of C-acquiring enzymes and P-acquiring enzymes. Conclusions: The application of pristine cotton straw biochar will further aggravate soil salinization, thereby inhibiting the soil enzyme activities. In contrast, acid-modified cotton straw biochar can reduce soil salinity, improve soil available nutrients and also enhance the enzymatic activities, which is advantageous to the restoration of saline-alkali soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic behavior of the Vakhnenko-Parkes equation is examined in this manuscript. This is an important subject because of its implications for comprehending intricate mathematical models describing traveling wave phenomena and solitons. The construction of traveling wave solutions for the Vakhnenko-Parkes equation in closed form is the main issue addressed in the study. The modified auxiliary equation approach and the extended (G ′ G 2) -expansion method are used to address this because they are effective in producing precise solutions of a large class of nonlinear partial differential equations. A visual component to comprehending the behavior of the equation is added by employing 3D-surface graphs, 2D-line graphs, and contour plots to explore these solutions graphically. A variety of traveling wave behavior is observed from the obtained solutions. These results imply that the Vakhnenko-Parkes equation and its solutions are complex, offering important insights into the underlying dynamics. The proposed techniques are applied for the first time to study the considered model in this work. A comparison of the obtained results with the previous works is presented to confirm the significance and novelty of the reported results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work tackles the Heisenberg ferromagnet-type integrable Akbota equation. The Akbota equation is significant model to visualize and study the surface geometry and curve analysis. The Akbota equation is an integrable coupled system of differential equations with soliton solutions. It is a crucial tool for researching nonlinear phenomena in differential geometry of curves and surfaces, magnetism, and optics. The generalized projective Riccati equation method, the Sardar sub-equation method, and the G ′ G 2 -expansion method are the three separate analytical techniques used in this work. By using these approaches, exact analytical solutions for soliton waves are obtained, including dark, bright, singular, singular periodic, trigonometric, and hyperbolic waves. The creation of theoretical frameworks and the generalization of findings are made possible by analytical solutions. Researchers can frequently find patterns and relationships that apply more broadly by developing analytical solutions to particular cases, which results in the development of new theories and principles. The manuscript includes graphical representations, such as contour plots and two- or three-dimensional visualizations, in addition to theoretical derivations. These examples examine the propagation properties of the obtained soliton solutions and provide a promising basis for further research. Before this study, there is not existing any study in which, someone used these approaches and found solitons solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research conducts a detailed analysis of a nonlinear mathematical model representing COVID-19, incorporating both environmental factors and social distancing measures. It thoroughly analyzes the model’s equilibrium points, computes the basic reproductive rate, and evaluates the stability of the model at disease-free and endemic equilibrium states, both locally and globally. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is carried out. The study develops a sophisticated stability theory, primarily focusing on the characteristics of the Volterra–Lyapunov (V–L) matrices method. To understand the dynamic behavior of COVID-19, numerical simulations are essential. For this purpose, the study employs a robust numerical technique known as the non-standard finite difference (NSFD) method, introduced by Mickens. Various results are visually presented through graphical representations across different parameter values to illustrate the impact of environmental factors and social distancing measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on investigating the solutions of the mathematical model in the form of special functions. The phenomenon is described by a set of partial differential equations, which are then transformed into non-dimensional form. In order to improve the rheology of the Casson fluid, a fractional model is developed by using a new fractional operator Constant Proportional Caputo (CPC) approach to investigate and formulate the dynamics of Casson fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena subjected to ramped wall temperature. The fluid flow is elaborated near an infinitely vertical plate with characteristics velocity u 0 . We began by introducing appropriate variables to transform the mathematical model into non-dimensional form. Laplace transformation operator applied to gain the solution from fractional model, then obtained results expressed in the form of well-known special functions. The influence of various pertinent parameters involving in the solution was carefully examined to unveil intriguing findings. Upon comparison, we observed that the CPC approach yielded better results, after comparison with classical models documented in the literature, with graphical representations provided to illustrate these outcomes. To comprehensively analyze the dynamics of the proposed problem, physical influence of various parameters is studied and repercussions are graphically highlighted and discussed. Additionally, we derived results in a limiting sense, including Casson and viscous fluid models transitioning from the classical form to the fractionalized fluid model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to evaluate the impact of dichromatic lights during incubation on the hatching and post-hatch performance of broiler chickens. A total of 500 eggs of broiler breeder (Ross 308; Age 44 weeks) were evenly divided according to a completely randomized design into 4 treatments having 5 replicates and 25 eggs each. Treatments consisted of dichromatic lights Blue + Red (BR), Green + Red (GR) and Green + Blue (GB) provided at an intensity of 250 lx for 12 h a day along with a Dark (D) environment. After hatching 200 chicks (50 from each respective light group) were divided into 4 treatments with 5 replicates each having 10 chicks. Results indicated a higher embryo index (13.12%) in the GR group on the 12th day of incubation; while an ideal hatch window was observed in GR and GB (98.18% and 96.00% hatched chicks) lighting groups. In hatching traits, higher hatchability (86.15) and hatch of fertile (93.85) percentages were observed in GR lighting followed by GB, BR and Dark treatment groups; while dead-in shell embryos were lowest in the GR group. In growth performance, higher feed intake (513.20 g) and body weight (479.20 g) were observed in the GB group followed by GR, BR and dark group; and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better in the GR group (1.06). In welfare parameters, improved physical asymmetry (0.90 mm) and tonic immobility (54.40 s) were measured in the GR group followed by GB, BR and the dark group. It was concluded that under experimental conditions when broiler breeder eggs are provided with GR lighting during incubation, it can help to improve hatchability, growth performance and welfare traits in chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil amendment is an important strategy for improving soil quality and crop yield. From 2014 to 2019, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of tobacco straw return with lime on soil nutrients, soil microbial community structure, tobacco leaf yield, and quality in southern Anhui, China. A field experiment was conducted with four treatments: straw removed (CK), straw return (St), straw return with dolomite (St + D), and straw return with lime (St + L). Results showed that after 5 years of application, the St + L significantly increased the soil pH by 16.9%, and the contents of soil alkaline nitrogen (N) and available potassium (K) by 17.2% and 23.0%, respectively, compared with the CK. Moreover, the St + L significantly increased tobacco leaf yield (24.0%) and the appearance (9.1%) and sensory (5.9%) quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The addition of soil conditioners (straw, dolomite, and lime) increased both the total reads and effective sequences of soil microorganisms. Bacterial diversity was more sensitive to changes in the external environment compared to soil fungi. The application of soil amendments (lime and straw) promoted the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Additionally, bacterial species had greater competition and limited availability of resources for survival compared to fungi. The results showed that soil microorganisms were significantly influenced by the presence of AK, AN, and pH contents. These findings can provide an effective method for improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves and guiding the amelioration of acidic soil in regions where tobacco-rice rotation is practiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) goes beyond individual levels and it has a significant influence on communities and nations worldwide. Studying the transmission patterns in HIV dynamics is crucial for understanding the tracking behavior and informing policymakers about the possible control of this viral infection. Various approaches have been adopted to explore how the virus interacts with the immune system. Models involving differential equations with delays have become prevalent across various scientific and technical domains over the past few decades. In this study, we present a novel mathematical model comprising a system of delay differential equations to describe the dynamics of intramural HIV infection. The model characterizes three distinct cell sub-populations and the HIV virus. By incorporating time delay between the viral entry into target cells and the subsequent production of new virions, our model provides a comprehensive understanding of the infection process. Our study focuses on investigating the stability of two crucial equilibrium states the infection-free and endemic equilibriums. To analyze the infection-free equilibrium, we utilize the LaSalle invariance principle. Further, we prove that if reproduction is less than unity, the disease free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable. To ensure numerical accuracy and preservation of essential properties from the continuous mathematical model, we use a spectral scheme having a higher-order accuracy. This scheme effectively captures the underlying dynamics and enables efficient numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eocene Kuldana Formation (KF) in the Yadgar area of Pakistan, comprises a diverse range of sedimentary facies, including variegated red beds of shales, mudstones, and sandstones, as well as interbedded limestone and marl. In this study, we conducted an integrated micropaleontological, sedimentological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigation to determine the depositional setting, biochronology, provenance, and paleoclimate of the KF. The study identified six lithofacies and six microfacies, which indicate a variety of environments ranging from floodplains and channels to the margins and shallow marine settings. The nannofossil biostratigraphy places the KF in the Early Eocene, more precisely the NP10 zone (Ypresian), and the fossil zone of benthic foraminifera classifies the study section as the Shallow Benthic Zone SBZ-8 (Middle Ilerdian 2). In terms of petrography, the KF sandstone was classified as litharenite and feldspathic litharenite, while the QtFL diagram suggests a recycled orogen. Geochemical proxies indicate an oxidizing environment, a high-to-low regular sedimentation rate, moderate-to-intense chemical weathering in the source region, and a warm-humid to dry climate during the deposition of KF. Overall, the findings suggest that the deposition of KF marks the end of Neo-Tethys due to the Early Eocene Indian–Kohistan collision and that the uplifting of the Himalayas provided the source for the deposition of KF in the foreland basin. The study provides new insights into the depositional environment, biochronology, provenance, and paleoclimate of KF, and highlights the potential for red beds as reliable indicators of oxygenation levels in proximity to mineral deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) is toxic to the development and growth of rice plants. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been considered one of the efficient remediation techniques to mitigate Pb stress in plants. Therefore, a study was carried out to examine the underlying mechanism of iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) nanoparticle-induced Pb toxicity alleviation in rice seedlings. Si–NPs (2.5 mM) and Fe-NPs (25 mg L−1) were applied alone and in combination to rice plants grown without (control; no Pb stress) and with (100 µM) Pb concentration. Our results revealed that Pb toxicity severely affected all rice growth-related traits, such as inhibited root fresh weight (42%), shoot length (24%), and chlorophyll b contents (26%). Moreover, a substantial amount of Pb was translocated to the above-ground parts of plants, which caused a disturbance in the antioxidative enzyme activities. However, the synergetic use of Fe- and Si–NPs reduced the Pb contents in the upper part of plants by 27%. It reduced the lethal impact of Pb on roots and shoots growth parameters by increasing shoot length (40%), shoot fresh weight (48%), and roots fresh weight (31%). Both Si and Fe–NPs synergistic application significantly elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) concentrations by 114%, 186%, 135%, and 151%, respectively, compared to plants subjected to Pb stress alone. The toxicity of Pb resulted in several cellular abnormalities and altered the expression levels of metal transporters and antioxidant genes. We conclude that the synergistic application of Si and Fe-NPs can be deemed favorable, environmentally promising, and cost-effective for reducing Pb deadliness in rice crops and reclaiming Pb-polluted soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current communication deals with the flow impact of blood inside cosine shape stenotic artery. The under consideration blood flow is treated as Newtonian fluid and flow is assumed to be two dimensional. The governing equation are modelled and solved by adopting similarity transformation under the stenosis assumptions. The important quantities like Prandtl number, flow parameter, blood flow rate and skin friction are attained to analyze the blood flow phenomena in stenosis. The variations of different parameters have been shown graphically. It is of interest to note that velocity increases due to change in flow parameter gamma and temperature of blood decreases by increasing nanoparticles volume fraction and Prandtl number. In the area of medicine, the most interesting nanotechnology approach is the nanoparticles applications in chemotherapy. This study provides further motivation to include more convincing consequences in the present model to represent the blood rheology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halide perovskite materials belong to a fascinating novel class, and recently captured incredible attention as a leading aspirant for next-generation photovoltaic technology, because of their flexible chemistry and extraordinary optoelectronic properties, they also deliver a pattern for designing new materials for energy conversion and energy storage applications. In this study, we thoroughly explore the structural, electronic, optical and mechanical properties of the inorganic halide cubic perovskites (CsInX3; X = Br, Cl) for solar cell (SC) application, simulated under density functional theory (DFT) based WIEN2k code with PBE-GGA approximation. The optimized lattice parameters were found to be 11.67 Ǻ for CsInBr3 and 11.16 Ǻ for CsInCl3, respectively. The variation in the structural parameters with changing the halogen atom from Br to Cl was observed. The electronic and optical properties were computed by TB-mBJ method. These halide perovskites reveal an indirect energy bandgap quantified as 1.22 and 2.2 eV, high absorption coefficient and low reflectivity. The elastic constants (C11, C12 and C44) followed the Born stability condition, and confirmed the mechanical stability. According to the Poisson ratio (ν) and Pugh's ratio (B/G), materials endorsed ductile behaviour as well exhibit anisotropic nature. Moreover, our theoretical findings suggested that the investigated materials have high absorption coefficients, high conductivity and low reflectivity, which makes them promising contender for SC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper introduces novel aggregation methods known as the picture fuzzy soft-max Einstein interactive weighted average (PiFSMEIWA) and the picture fuzzy soft-max Einstein interactive weighted geometric (PiFSMEIWG) operators. These operators are specifically developed to improve the decision-making process by offering a comprehensive framework for aggregating multiple criteria when selecting sustainable biomass resources for bioenergy production. The PiFSMEIWA operator combines the benefits of the soft-max function and Einstein interactive operations to create an all-encompassing framework for information aggregation. Conversely, the PiFSMEIWG operator broadens the capabilities of PiFSMEIWA by integrating weighted geometric aggregation through the soft-max function, effectively managing uncertain and imprecise information while considering the decision maker's (DM's) preferences. To exemplify the practical application of these operators, a case study concentrating on the selection of sustainable biomass resources for bioenergy production is presented. This case study takes into consideration diverse factors such as biomass availability, environmental impact, economic feasibility, and social acceptance. Through the utilization of the proposed aggregation operators, a picture fuzzy decision-making model is devised to assist in the selection of biomass resources. This model examines various criteria and assesses the suitability of different biomass resources based on their overall performance. The experimental results underscore the efficacy and resilience of the proposed operators and decision-making model in dealing with uncertainty and imprecision. The study's findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders involved in the selection of biomass resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, alcohol addiction has become a major public health concern and a global threat due to its potential negative health and social impacts. Beyond the health consequences, the detrimental consumption of alcohol results in substantial social and economic burdens on both individuals and society as a whole. Therefore, a proper understanding and effective control of the spread of alcohol addictive behavior has become an appealing global issue to be solved. In this study, we develop a new mathematical model of alcohol addiction with treatment class. We analyze the dynamics of the alcohol addiction model for the first time using advanced operators known as fractal–fractional operators, which incorporate two distinct fractal and fractional orders with the well-known Caputo derivative based on power law kernels. The existence and uniqueness of the newly developed fractal–fractional alcohol addiction model are shown using the Picard–Lindelöf and fixed point theories. Initially, a comprehensive qualitative analysis of the alcohol addiction fractional model is presented. The possible equilibria of the model and the threshold parameter called the reproduction number are evaluated theoretically and numerically. The boundedness and biologically feasible region for the model are derived. To assess the stability of the proposed model, the Ulam–Hyers coupled with the Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability criteria are employed. Moreover, utilizing effecting numerical schemes, the models are solved numerically and a detailed simulation and discussion are presented. The model global dynamics are shown graphically for various values of fractional and fractal dimensions. The present study aims to provide valuable insights for the understanding the dynamics and control of alcohol addiction within a community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Himalayan Yew (Taxus wallichiana Zucc.) holds a pivotal role in the delicate ecosystems of the moist temperate forests in the Himalayan region, boasting substantial conservation value. The current study was designed to investigate the distribution pattern, community structure, phytosociological attributes, associated flora and conservation of Taxus wallichiana in the temperate forests of the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Pakistan. Objectives included the creation of GIS-based maps for a detailed representation of Taxus wallichiana distribution in AJK and the identification of its highly fragmented and rapidly dwindling habitats for strategic conservation management. Data was meticulously gathered from 51 temperate forest sites across 6 districts in AJK using quadrate-based systematic sampling. Site selection was based on thorough preliminary surveys of Yew populations in the region. Yew populations at the sampled sites exhibited an average stem density of 371 trees/ha with average basal area cover of 132.12 cm. The species showed extremely low regeneration of 3.35/ha. Floristic inventory revealed a total of 154 plant species belonging to 113 Genera and 50 families as associated flora in the Taxus wallichiana populations. The average values of Simpson's diversity index were recorded as 0.97, Shannon's Diversity as 3.71, Menhinick's species richness as 1.21, Pielou's species evenness as 2.13 whereas community maturity index was 54.26%. Analysis of Life form and Leaf size classes showed that herbaceous Hemicryptophytic microphyllous taxa dominated the local flora. GIS analysis revealed North Facing slopes with moderate degree of steepness and having concave curvature in the moist temperate forest zone as the main habitat of the Taxus wallichiana. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showed that the species was distributed in an altitudinal range of 1900–2800 m. Significant levels of deforestation recorded as 3.18 Yew stumps/ha synchronized with over grazing and erosion in the study area posing serious threat to the Taxus populations which can lead to local extinction of this species. Through GIS analysis, we precisely mapped both robust and imperiled Taxus populations in AJK, offering vital insights for the conservation management of this species. Cluster Analysis and Pearson's correlation revealed significant associations among the investigated variables and sampling sites. We urgently recommend immediate conservation measures to safeguard the imperiled Yew populations in the AJK region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radon and its progenies found in water indicate the existence of seismically active faults in the region. However, exposure to high levels of radon can also result in radiation-related health risks. This study focuses on radon-based active tectonic studies along the Muzaffarabad Fault in the core of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS), NW Himalayas, Pakistan. In this study, spring water samples were collected along roadside of Jhelum Valley and in close proximity to the Muzaffarabad Fault in Pakistan using Radon Thoron Monitor (RTM1688-2). The results of the study showed that the radon concentrations in the water samples ranged from 1.895 to 17.097 Bq/l. The study found that the highest radon concentration was observed in the samples collected closest to the fault, while the lowest concentration was observed in the samples collected further away. The statistical analysis between the radon concentration and the distance from the fault showed a strong inverse relationship (R2=0.73). The study also found that 68% of the sampling sites had radon concentrations that exceeded the maximum contamination level (MCL) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The higher radon concentrations in the springs water suggest the probability of earthquake, which in turn poses potential health risks for the local population. The findings suggest that the measurement of radon concentration in water can be used as a tool for identifying seismically active faults in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a novel approach to fuzzy N-soft sets for handling cases where membership degree and grade are not related. In the standard model of fuzzy N-soft sets, membership degree and grade are assumed to be directly proportional. This assumption may not hold true in real-world situations, so a more flexible and nuanced approach is necessary. The proposed approach includes two novel algorithms for decision-making problems involving fuzzy N-soft sets. As a result, it is able to be adaptable and sensitive when addressing uncertainties in real-world scenarios, with a particular focus on identifying and sanctioning cyber harassment on social media platforms. Additionally, an innovative perspective and approach to decision-making problems involving fuzzy N-soft sets is introduced by extending an established selection process that prioritizes the dominant parameter, resulting in more precise and dependable outcomes. Our study offers an effective tool for decision-making in various fields, including e-commerce, social media, and product reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpha-cypermethrin interacts with the sodium channel and causes nerve blockage in insects. It is used to manage Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), a primary vector of dengue worldwide. It not only affects both target and non-target organisms, but overuse of this insecticide increases the chances of resistance development in insect pests. In this study, resistance development, biological parameters, and stability of alpha-cypermethrin resistance were studied in a laboratory-selected strain of Ae. aegypti. The alpha-cypermethrin selected strain (Alpha Sel) developed an 11.86-fold resistance level after 12 rounds of alpha-cypermethrin selection compared to the unselected strain (Unsel). In biological parameters, Alpha Sel and Cross1 (Unsel ♂ and Alpha Sel♀) had shorter larval durations compared to Unsel and Cross2 (Unsel ♀ and Alpha Sel ♂) populations. The pupal duration of Alpha Sel and both crosses was shorter than that in the Unsel strain. The relative fitness of Alpha Sel, Cross1, and Cross2 was significantly less than that of the Unsel strain. These results indicate that alpha-cypermethrin resistance comes with fitness costs. Moreover, the frequency of alpha-cypermethrin resistance decreased when the Alpha Sel population was reared without further selection pressure for four generations. So, resistance was unstable and reversed when insecticide pressure ceased. We concluded that the judicious and rotational use of different insecticides with different modes of action and the adoption of other IPM-recommended practices would suppress resistance development for more extended periods in Ae. aegypti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upland cotton (Gossypiumhirsutum L.) is an important crop in the world due to its natural fiber production. As a result of climate change, its production is affected due to frequent occurrence of water-deficit conditions during its growth period. Five cotton varieties, namely FH-114, FH-142, FH-152, CIM-473 and CIM-496 were evaluated under limited irrigation conditions to characterize water-deficit tolerance. The data were recorded for plant height, content of biochemical parameters (carotenoid, chlorophyll, wax, proline) and seed cotton yield per plant. The plant material was genotyped with 23 highly polymorphic simple sequence repeats markers. The cotton varieties, CIM-473 and FH-142, with higher content of carotenoid, chlorophyll, epicuticular wax, and proline maintained sustained vegetative growth and development due to osmoregulation; optimal photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency; and maintenance of balance in the C/N metabolism and energy homeostasis; which resulted in better seed cotton yield (> 30% than the drought susceptible varieties) under limited irrigation conditions. Significant associations of simple sequence repeat DNA markers with plant height, carotenoid content, chlorophyll content, wax content, and seed cotton yield were identified. Especially, the DNA markers BNL1153 (chromosome 25) and BNL3031 (chromosome 9) might be the markers flanking the genes involved in the biosynthesis of proteins/enzymes (such as Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins; chaperones; antioxidants; L-ascorbate peroxidase; enzymes in the ABA, proline, carotenoids and epicuticular wax biosynthesis) catalyzing the metabolic pathways leading to water-deficit tolerance in cotton and thus would be valuable resources for molecular breeding programs to develop water-deficit-tolerant cotton cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is the most consumed vegetable worldwide with the potential for diverse ecological adaptation. However, increasing salinization and changing climatic conditions are posing serious threats to the growth, yield, and quality of okra. Therefore, to mitigate increasing soil salinization and ensure sustainable okra production under rapidly changing climatic conditions, evaluation of new okra germplasm to develop salt tolerant cultivars is direly needed. The present study was designed to evaluate the genetic resources of okra genotypes for salt tolerance at growth and reproductive phases. Based on mophological and physio-biochemical responses of plants under stress condition, genotypes were divided into salt tolerant and succeptible groups. The experiment was comprised of 100 okra genotypes and each genotype was grown under control conditions and 6.5 dS m−1 NaCl concentration in a pot having 10 kg capacity. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. The results showed vast genetic variability among the evaluated okra germplasm traits like days to emergence, pod length, pod diameter, plant height, stem girth, and other yield-related parameters. Correlation analysis showed a highly significant positive association among the number of leaves at first flower and plant height at first flower.Likewise, pod weight also revealed a highly significant positive relationship for pod weight plant-1, pod length, and K+: Na+. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that out of 16 principal components (PCs), five components showed more than one eigenvalue and the first six PCs contributed 67.2% of the variation. Bi-plot analysis illustrated that genotypes 95, 111, 133, 99, and 128, under salt stress conditions, exhibited both high yield per plant and salt-tolerant behavior in other yield-related traits. On the basis of all studied traits, a salt susceptible group and a salt-tolerant group were formed. The salt tolerant group comprised of 97, 68, 95, 114, 64, 99, 111, 133, 128, and 109 genotypes, whereas, the salt susceptible group contained 137, 139, 130, 94, and 125 genotypes. Salt-tolerant okra genotypes were suggested to be used in further breeding programs aimed to develop salt tolerance in okra. These insights will empower precision breeding, underscore the importance of genetic diversity, and bear the potential to address the challenges of salt-affected soils while promoting broader agricultural resilience, economic prosperity, and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are producers of lignolytic extracellular enzymes which are used in industries like textile, detergents, biorefineries, and paper pulping. This study assessed for the production, purification, and characterization of novel p-diphenol oxidase (PDO; laccase) enzyme from lignolytic white-rot fungal isolate. Fungi samples collected from different areas of Pakistan were initially screened using guaiacol plate method. The maximum PDO producing fungal isolate was identified on the basis of ITS (internal transcribed spacer sequence of DNA of ribosomal RNA) sequencing. To get optimum enzyme yield, various growth and fermentation conditions were optimized. Later PDO was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, size exclusion, and anion exchange chromatography and characterized. It was observed that the maximum PDO producing fungal isolate was Schizophyllum commune (MF-O5). Characterization results showed that the purified PDO was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 68 kDa and showed stability at lower temperature (30 °C) for 1 h. The Km and Vmax values of the purified PDO recorded were 2.48 mM and 6.20 U/min. Thermal stability results showed that at 30 °C PDO had 119.17 kJ/K/mol Ea value and 33.64 min half-life. The PDO activity was stimulated by Cu2+ ion at 1.0 mM showing enhanced activity up to 111.04%. Strong inhibition effect was noted for Fe2+ ions at 1 mM showing 12.04% activity. The enzyme showed stability against 10 mM concentration oxidizing reducing agents like DMSO, EDTA, H2O2, NaOCl, and urea and retained more than 75% of relative activity. The characterization of purified PDO enzyme confirmed its tolerance against salt, metal ions, organic solvents, and surfactants indicating its ability to be used in the versatile commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to evaluate dichromatic light with different intensities during incubation on pre- and post-hatch performance of Japanese quail. In completely randomized design, 600 quail hatching eggs were evenly divided into 4 treatments, 3 replicates, and 50 eggs in each. These eggs were provided with lighted incubation [dichromatic light; green–red (GR) with three different intensities 150, 250, and 350 lx] with lighting schedule (12L: 12D), and one treatment was the complete dark period during incubation and considered as control group. After hatch, 300 quail chicks were equally divided into four treatments (3 replicates and 25 chicks in each). Effects of GR light with different intensities during incubation were evaluated on hatching traits and post-hatch performance of Japanese quails. Regarding hatching traits, hatchability was better in all the treated groups (150, 250, and 350 lx of GR light during incubation) compared to complete dark. In terms of embryonic mortality, early embryonic mortality was lower in the 250 lx group, mid embryonic mortality in dark, and late embryonic mortality in the 150 lx group. Furthermore, an ideal chick spread and growth performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and liveability) was reported in 250 lx group compared to other treated groups. Serum chemistry values were higher in dark group compared to 150, 250, and 350 lx groups. Pre-slaughter weight was higher in 250 and 350 lx group than 150 lx and dark group, whereas carcass weight was better in 350 lx group compared to dark. In conclusion, stimulation of dichromatic light (green + red) at 250 lx to Japanese quail eggs positively influenced hatching traits and post-hatch growth performance of Japanese quail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study evaluated the effect of lighted incubation on pre- and post-hatch performance of Japanese quail. In a completely randomized design, 1200 eggs were evenly divided into 4 treatments groups having six replicates (each tray was considered as replicate), 50 eggs each. Different dichromatic lights (Green + Red; GR, Green + Blue; GB, and Blue + Red; BR) of 250 lux were provided during incubation for 12 h daily and effects of these lights very evaluated on hatching results and post-hatch growth. After hatch, 600 quail chicks were divided into 4 treatments, 6 replicates, and 25 birds each. Regarding hatching traits, better hatchability was found in the GR group compared to GB, BR, and dark group; while early embryonic mortality was lower in BR, GB, and dark group than GR; mid embryonic mortality was lower in dark group and late embryonic mortality was noted in the GR group than those of other treatment groups. In addition, moisture loss during incubation was minimum in BR and dark groups; however, chick spread was better in the GR group. In terms of growth performance, weight gain was better in the GR group; feed intake in dark, feed conversion ratio in BR, and livability were better in BR and GR group. In morphometrics, keel and shank length were higher in all the colored groups (GB, BR, and GR) whereas body length, wing spread, shank circumference, drumstick length, and circumference were higher in the GR group. Regarding serum chemistry, glucose, albumin, and globulin levels were higher in the GR group. It was concluded that under the experimental conditions, GR light at the prenatal stage to Japanese quail eggs positively influenced hatching performance and post-hatch growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a new framework for five-dimensional spherical symmetry anisotropic stars that admits conformal motion. The behaviour of model characteristic pressure, stress, density profile and surface tension is investigated with the inclusion of a particular density profile for the higher dimensional Einstein's field equations. All the physical parameters are well-behaved for the presented solution in higher dimensions. The analysis predict the possible existence of compact stars in five dimensions, more likely strange quark star. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanolubricants fall among the newly evolved and emerged technologies used in lubrication and heat transfer systems due to their unique thermo-physical properties. They are crucial to the industry because they enhance surface performance, reduce maintenance and fuel costs and boost engine efficiency. They are also used in mechanical systems to efficiently minimize friction and surplus heat. The present investigation focuses to analyze Darcy–Forchheimer flow of magnetized ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant across Riga plate. Riga plate is poised of an electromagnetic equator that consists of an everlasting magnet and a span-wise collection of irregular electrodes mounted over a planner surface and is utilized in achieving proficient flow. The flow takes place in the presence of viscous dissipation, heat source–sink and chemical reaction of higher order. Newtonian heating and thermophoretic particle deposition effects are also investigated in this study. The role of viscosity is quite important and dynamical in various engineering and industrial fields. The viscosity variation highly fluctuates the thermal systems. The present work also highlights the role of variable viscosity, owing to its importance. A novel micro-nano-convection model called the Patel model is invoked in perspective of the enhancement in thermal conductivity of nanolubricant. The use of ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant (a brand-new form of nanolubricant) over Riga plate, variable viscosity effects and the application of Patel model are novel features of this study. The application of selected transformations causes the modeled PDEs to change into ODEs. The modeled problem is executed numerically with MATLAB bvp-4c solver. The alterations in the concerned profiles corresponding to various emerging parameters of interest are presented graphically in order to develop better understanding and make analysis. The outcomes reveal that larger modified Hartmann number significantly favors the velocity of nanolubricant ZnO-SAE50, while solid volume fraction, magnetic parameter and variable viscosity parameter halt it. The heat source–sink parameter, Eckert number and solid volume fraction are found to be helpful agents in improving temperature of nanolubricant ZnO-SAE50. In comparison with Newtonian heating (NH), common wall temperature condition (CWT) yields better thermal enhancement. The enhancing chemical reaction order ameliorates the concentration profile but it gets minified for chemical reaction parameter and thermophoresis parameter. The increasing values of magnetic parameter, variable viscosity parameter and inertial parameter tend to enhance the skin friction, while the modified Hartman number reduces it. The enhancing values of Eckert number, magnetic parameter and heat source–sink parameter increase the value of Nusselt number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy sets, soft sets and N-soft set are essential concepts for fuzzy modeling, decision making under uncertainty and computational intelligence. Nevertheless, all these models have some limitations imposed on the alternatives and attributes. These mathematical models were unable to handle the situations whenever decision makers need to assign non-binary evaluations to both attributes and alternatives. To overcome these problems, Riaz et al. (Symmetry 13(5):1–31, 2021) proposed the idea of M-parameterized N-soft set (MPNSS), through examining independent non-binary evaluations to both parameters and alternatives. MPNSSs are highly convenient in representation of ambiguous and uncertain data in decision analysis during ranking, rating and grading the objects. The proposed model has greater efficiency to handle the imprecision rather than existing mathematical models. Additionally, we develop multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) techniques on account of M-parameterized N-soft sets (MPNSSs), M-parameterized N-soft aggregation operators (MPNSAO) and M-parameterized N-soft weighted aggregation operators (MPNSWAO). For these objectives, we define fundamental operations on MPNSSs and their properties. Meanwhile, several related results are well proven and some algorithms for MADM are also developed. Moreover, the applications of MADM techniques corresponding to proposed algorithms are explained by illustrative material. To explain the presumption, authenticity and effectiveness of the suggested course of actions, we compared the techniques with few existing MADM methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depositional period of the early Miaolingian Maozhuang Formation in the North China Platform (NCP) is characterized by sediments of a restricted tidal-flat facies zone, i.e., transgressive red bed (sabkha facies) and highstand dolostone, and by sediments of an open tidal-flat facies zone, i.e., transgressive red bed and highstand limestone. The Maozhuang Formation at the Jinzhouwan section is composed of sediments of an open tidal-flat facies in which highstand limestone is marked by a set of bioherms that represent rare examples of microbial carbonates in the NCP. They consist of stromatolites and leiolites with intercalations of oolitic grainstones that can be categorized into four units: Unit [1] encompasses large-scale columnar stromatolites, small quartz grains and trilobite fragments; Unit [2] consists of structureless leiolites that contain trilobite fragments, quartz grains, and few dark and dense clumps of micrite dominated by calcified sheaths of filamentous cyanobacteria which probably grew in relatively thick cyanobacterial mats; Unit [3] comprises radial ooids that contain abundant fossils of calcified sheaths of filamentous cyanobacteria that might be genetically involved in the formation of ooids; Unit [4] contains small columnar stromatolites and small-scale micritic clumps dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria. The filamentous fossils in units [3] and [4] provide useful information regarding the origin of radial ooids and stromatolites in normal marine environment. Further, the large and small columnar stromatolites of early Miaolingian age in units [1] and [4] represent a unique example because they belong to the first episode of cyanbacterial calcification at the base of Phanerozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the traditional black soil growing area of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in northern China, the occurrence of soil barriers due to multiple planting of sugar beet limited it's yield improvement. Zinc (Zn) fertilization can promote sugar beet growth,; however, the regulatory mechanism of Zn on sugar beet roots and soil ecology in the long-term cultivated black soil area is still unclear. In this study, the effects of zinc application on the growth of sugar beet roots and their rhizosphere soil chemical properties and microbial characteristics were investigated in the field of black soil at harvest time. The results showed that exogenous Zn application increased the content of available Zn (DTPA-Zn), increased the microbial biomass C and N, and species diversity of bacterial communities and decreased the species diversity of fungi and the abundance of bacterial and fungal species; In particular, the bacterial abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria increased after Zn application, while Actinobacteriota and Chloroflexi decreased; the relative abundance of Basidiomycota increased and Mortierellomycota decreased. Ultimately, the incidence of sugar beet root rot was reduced by exogenous Zn application, which significantly increased the root yield and sugar content of sugar beet. Conclusively, Zn application improved the species composition and functional structure of the rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal microbial communities, suppressed the incidence of root rot in long-term cultivated sugar beet black soils, and promoted sugar beet growth. Zinc addition was an effective means of improving the soil ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid depletion of natural sand resources due to extensive usage in construction demands the need for an alternative and economical fine aggregate. The present study evaluates the physico-mechanical and petrographic properties of stone dust and concrete using stone dust as a fine aggregate replacement for natural sand. A comparative analysis of sand (conventional) and stone dust (alternative) as a fine aggregate was carried out through several tests for physical characteristics, petrographic and geochemical analysis (X-ray fluorescence) along with physico-mechanical tests on the concrete. Different trial mixes of M25 grade concrete were prepared as per American Concrete Institute (ACI) standards with various replacement percentages of stone dust with natural sand. These trail mixes were then subjected to the slump test of fresh concrete and other physico-mechanical tests were performed as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards on 7 and 28 days hardened concrete cylinders and slabs. The physical and chemical properties of stone dust are within the ASTM standard limits for fine aggregate used in cement concrete. The slump values of fresh concrete range between 27 and 74 mm for all mix designs. The replacement of sand with stone dust at various ratios in medium-grade concrete showed an increase of up to 40 and 29% in compressive and up to 53 and 32% in flexural strengths for 7- and 28-day curing periods, respectively, in comparison to concrete mix using 100% natural sand. The strength values of all concrete samples using stone dust surpass the minimum strength requirements of the M25 concrete mix design. The most favourable replacement combination of natural sand with stone dust is 40–60% depending upon the type and application of the mix design. The present study suggests the reuse of quarry waste as an economical replacement for depleting resources of natural sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleotides are fundamental units that make up nucleic acids and can be utilized to create functional materials with specific structures. The Jahn–Teller distortions provide information about the orientation of ligands that are coordinated with copper(II) in coordination materials. Herein, we are going to report two coordination polymers [Cu(AMP)(bpe)(H2O)3]·11H2O (1) and [Cu(AMP)(bpe)(H2O)3]·8H2O constructed by combining bipyridyl ethylene (bpe), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and copper(II) ions, which were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, TGA, and chiral dichroism spectroscopy. The coordination polymers were examined to study their structural details related to hairpin-like structure and Jahn–Teller distortions. It was observed that the AMP's chirality, or the way it twists, is maintained when AMP is combined with copper through noncovalent interactions. Our results indicate that the chirality of AMP with copper can be well preserved and delivered to its supramolecular architecture through noncovalent interactions. This research work sheds light on the self-assembly of purine nucleotide hairpins in coordination polymers and their characterization. To the best of our knowledge, Jahn–Teller distortion and hairpin-like structures in nucleotide coordination polymers have been discussed rarely. Nucleotide coordination polymers can be used for potential applications in the fields such as fluorescent detection, medicine, artificial data storage, and energy devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southwestern foothills of the Himalayan Mountain range have been experiencing a surge of catastrophic landslides in the last two decades, as a tragic result of the adverse effects of climate change. This research is about the landslide risk assessment (LRA) which has not been explored yet in the landslide-prone district Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. Landslide susceptibility (spatial probability) was analyzed using random forest model while landslide hazard (temporal probability) was analyzed using Poisson probability model. A random forest-based landslide susceptibility map depicts an accuracy of 0.90. A landslide hazard map was generated by multiplying the temporal probability with the spatial probability and classified as well. Semi-quantitative danger pixels and a fuzzy set theory approach for LRA have been adopted to estimate future landslide risks in the region. The pixel-based LRA approach indicates that 14, 18 and 20 km2 area of settlement while, the fuzzy set theory-based approach depicts that 15, 19 and 21 km2 area of the settlement are under very high landslide risk for 1-, 3-, and 5- year return period respectively. Both approaches produced risk maps that designated various risk zones with almost the same area coverage and results. The LRA maps were classified into five classes including very high (1.99%, 2.33%, 2.80%), high (2.16%, 2.53%, 3.04%), moderate (8.02%, 9.79%, 11.22%), low (17.76%, 22.94%, 23.20%), and very low (70.08%, 62.40%, 59.74%) risk zones for 1, 3 and 5 years return period respectively. This research will assist planners and scientists in developing high-precision management strategies for landslide-affected natural resources, especially in the context of the increasing impact of geomorphic hazards on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid red soils are widely widespread in south China. The strong acidity and aluminum toxicity inhibit plant growth by decreasing soil fertility. Herein, we studied the potential effects of biochar on nitrogen absorption, photosynthesis, and plant-related enzyme activities in maize under different nitrogen fertilizer levels. We carried out a pot experiment with different peanut shell biochar levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3%) and two nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 0.2 g kg−1) in the acid red soil. The results indicated that the application of biochar significantly improved the soil environment (pH, soil organic matter) and increased crop growth. Moreover, N accumulation was increased by 98–166% with biochar treatments. The application of 3% biochar to the soil under different N levels significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). In addition, the functional components (amino acid, cellulose, and protein content) were significantly changed under nitrogen fertilizer treatment according to the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In particular, the treatments of 0.2 g kg−1 and 3% biochar had the highest photosynthesis parameters of maize. From the results of path analysis, maize growth and development were closely related to the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The study results revealed that biochar could be a green development way to reduce the input of chemical N fertilizer and effective use of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A linear Diophantine fuzzy number (LDFN), by incorporating reference parameters (RPs), provides freedom to the decision makers in evaluating and analyzing the objects initially by membership and non-membership grades. The RPs provide an additional evaluation to these grades. LDFNs can express uncertain cognitive information in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. To examine the uncertain cognition in MCDM and to improve interrelationship among criterion, we introduce aggregation operators named as linear Diophantine fuzzy Choquet integral aggregation (LDFCIA) operator and generalized linear Diophantine fuzzy Choquet integral aggregation (GLDFCIA) operators. Additionally, we associate the notion of L p -spaces to GLDFCIA operators and extend them towards project management and risk analysis. A pre-chart based on the fuzzy interval [0, 1] to classify the types and stages of risk factors in project management is developed. To distinguish the most exquisite and successful project as well as to reduce the risk factors emerging in the project management, an innovative algorithm based on LDFNs, GLDFCIA operators, score functions LDFNs and max–min composition is constructed. Moreover, we examine the role of parameter “p” in GLDFCIA operators to facilitate decision-makers (DMs) to classify the symmetry of optimal decision, identification of risk factors, and reduction of risk factors in the project development schemes. The study reveals that by chosen a suitable AO as per the choice of the expert, it will provide a wide range of compromise solutions for the decision-maker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the biosynthetic pathway and regulation of flavonoids through forward genetic approaches. However, there remains a notable gap in knowledge regarding the functional characterization and underlying processes of the transport framework responsible for flavonoid transport. This aspect requires further investigation and clarification to achieve a comprehensive understanding. Presently, there are a total of four proposed transport models associated with flavonoids, namely glutathione S-transferase (GST), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRPs), and bilitranslocase-homolog (BTL). Extensive research has been conducted on the proteins and genes related to these transport models. However, despite these efforts, numerous challenges still exist, leaving much to be explored in the future. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these transport models holds immense potential for various fields such as metabolic engineering, biotechnological approaches, plant protection, and human health. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the understanding of flavonoid transport mechanisms. By doing so, we aim to paint a clear and coherent picture of the dynamic trafficking of flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented stride of urbanization and industrialization has given rise to anthropogenic input of tiny particulates into the air. Urban particulate matter (PM) armored with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) could be lethal to the environment and human health. Therefore, the present study was planned to investigate the spectroscopic fingerprinting, pollution status and health risk of PM-associated PTMs collected from ten functional areas of Lahore, Pakistan. The diverged results of studied qualitative and quantitative analyses showed distinct compositional and pollution characteristics of PTMs in urban PM with respect to selected functional areas. The XRD results evident the fractional presence of metal-containing minerals, i.e., pyrite (FeS2), calcite (CaCO3), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), and chalcostibite (CuSbS2). Several chemical species of Zn, Pb, and As were found in PM of various functional areas. However, morphologies of PM showed anthropogenic influence with slight quantitative support of PTMs presence. The cumulative representation of PTMs pollution of all selected areas depicted that Cd was heavily polluted (Igeo=3.21) while Cr (Igeo=1.82) and Ni (Igeo=2.11) were moderately polluted PTMs. The industrial area having high pollution status of Cd (Igeo=5.54 and EF=18.07), Cu (Igeo=6.4 and EF=32.61), Cr (Igeo=4.03 and EF=6.53), Ni (Igeo=5.7 and EF=20.17), and Zn (Igeo=4.87 and EF=11.27) was prominent among other studied areas. The PTMs were likely to pose a high non-cancerous risk in IndAr (HI = 7.48E+00) and HTV (HI = 1.22E +00) areas predominantly due to Zn with HQ > 1. However, Cr was prominent to cause cancerous risks with values beyond the tolerable range (1.00E-04 to 1.00E-06). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new spatio-temporal model is formulated to study the spread of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in a spatially heterogeneous environment with the impact of vaccination. Initially, a detailed qualitative analysis of the spatio-temporal model is presented. The existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of the model solution are investigated. Local asymptotical stability of the diffusive COVID-19 model at steady state is carried out using well-known criteria. Moreover, a suitable nonlinear Lyapunov functional is constructed for the global asymptotical stability of the spatio-temporal model. Further, the model is solved numerically based on uniform and non-uniform initial conditions. Two different numerical schemes named: finite difference operator-splitting and mesh-free operator-splitting based on multi-quadratic radial basis functions are implemented in the numerical study. The impact of diffusion as well as some pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical control measures, i.e., reducing an effective contact causing infection transmission, vaccination rate and vaccine waning rate on the disease dynamics is presented in a spatially heterogeneous environment. Furthermore, the impact of the aforementioned interventions is investigated with and without diffusion on the incidence of disease. The simulation results conclude that the random motion of individuals has a significant impact on the disease dynamics and helps in setting a better control strategy for disease eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intuitionistic fuzzy set (InFS) theory represents a paradigm change in handling strategic planning challenges, one of the most important issues in the physical realm. Aggregation operators (AOs) have a big part to play in making decisions, especially when there are many things to think about. When there isn't enough information, it's hard to come up with good accretion solutions. This article aims to establish innovative operational rules and AOs in an intuitionistic fuzzy enviroment. To accomplish this aim, we establish novel operational laws that utilize the notion of proportional distribution to provide a neutral or fairly remedy for InFSs. Furthermore, using suggested fairly AOs with evaluations from multiple "decision-makers" (DMs) and partial weight details under InFS, a fairly "multi-criteria decision-makin" (MCDM) method is constructed. A linear programming model is used to figure out the weights of criteria when only some of the information is known. In addition, a rigorous implementation of the proposed method is provided to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed AOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of olive fruit (OF) is widely affected due to geographical variation, affecting OF's chemical composition and biological properties. It is a novel and first-time study to evaluate the quality variation of 42 olive samples from different geographical origins based on phytochemical profile and their biological activities. The study reports the presence of unique chemical markers responsible for the difference in quality and biological activity of the olive samples. Biological activity (cytotoxic and antimicrobial) with GCMS phytochemical profile was evaluated. GCMS analysis confirmed the presence of 111 volatile compounds from various chemical classes with range (%) and average (%): esters (21.61–60.49) and 44.62, alcohols (20.73–49.2) and 38.06, hydrocarbons (3–38.88) and 15.39, ketones (0.16–3.87) and 0.75, acids (0.07–2.62) and 0.27, and aldehydes (0.12–1.47) and 0.45. The predominant ester was 13-methyl-pentadecanoic acid methyl ester, a differentiation marker between these samples. Cytotoxicity assay showed a significant inhibitory effect against MCF7 (8–64%) and HCT116 (0.11–44%) cell lines, whereas the extracts with the highest cytotoxicity observed were O17 (52.00 ± 2.00) and O25 (64.00 ± 4.88). The antimicrobial activity exhibited a range of zones of inhibition (mm) against P. aeruginosa (0.00–17.00), E. coli (0.00–15.00), S. aureus (0.00–13), and resistant S. aureus, i.e., MRSA (0.00–12.00). The extracts with the highest antimicrobial activity, i.e., O8 and O39 had identical MIC and MBC of 12.5 and 25 µg/ml against P. aeruginosa. In contrast, an MIC (50 and 25) and MBC (100 and 50) against E. coli were determined for O39 and O8. The statistical PCA and K-mean cluster analysis (P < 0.05) confirmed the presence of a high number of esters, alcohols, and hydrocarbons in GCMS data. Moreover, O8, O23, O25, and O39 were suggested as comparatively better varieties than those OF samples (P = 0.001). The presence of distinct volatile markers in these 42 OF samples may be further studied as a potential source of antimicrobials, food preservatives and therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes vector many infectious diseases and pose a serious threat to public health in developing countries. A wide array of synthetic insecticides is employed against these vectors. As the mosquitoes have got resistance to most of these chemical insecticides, there is a dire need to explore alternative control strategies such as entomopathogens. This laboratory study was aimed at isolating, purifying and evaluating the insecticidal proteins from indigenous strains of soil-inhabiting pathogenic bacteria against the larvae of southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) and to identify the larval midgut receptor of bacterial toxin. One hundred bacterial isolates were isolated and screened. Only two isolates (AA-11 and AA-19) exhibited considerable larval mortality (> 80%) and were further identified by sequencing and blasting their 16 S rDNA gene fragments. Isolate AA-11 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. with 96% similarity, while AA-19 as Lysinibacillus sphaericus with 98% similarity. Microscopic analysis and gram staining of AA-19 confirmed its rod-shape structure and gram positive nature, respectively. It is likely that the bacterial isolate AA-19 was L. sphaericus. Furthermore, protein purification of this bacterial isolate revealed two proteins of approximately 51 and 43 kDa which reduced to 43 and 39 kDa respectively after digestion with trypsin indicating that these were Bin B and Bin A toxin proteins respectively of L. sphaericus. Results of toxicity bioassay revealed that the purified and activated toxin was highly toxic to C. quinquefasciatus larvae with a LC50 value of 191 ppb. Pull-down assays demonstrated that one protein of 66.5 kDa was pulled down by CNBr-beads conjugated with insecticidal proteins (Bin B and A). The pulled down protein was considered as C. quinquefasciatus maltase 1 (Cqm1), a receptor of Bin toxin in the midgut of mosquito larvae. After binding with its receptor, it is probable that Bin toxin induced vaculation, pore formation, autophagy and apoptosis in the midgut cells of C. quinquefasciatus larvae to cause septicemia. Conclusively, the purified and activated insecticidal protein (Bin toxin) can be a key part of integrated vector management and has potential to be developed as commercial microbial formulation against mosquito larvae with a low risk to environment and non-target insects. The present study can be helpful to control the vectors of important diseases by understanding the interaction and binding of toxin and receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabric defect detection is a very crucial and challenging problem. A novel saliency-based fabric defect detection via bag-of-words model framework is suggested to solve this problem. First, the suggested saliency technique is used to get saliency maps from training images. The bag-of-words model is then developed using the K-means algorithm. Following that, the histogram of the visual vector is used to represent the image. Finally, these feature vectors are utilized to train a K-nearest neighbor method classifier to differentiate images with defected regions from those without. Images of defected and non-defected fabrics are stored in a database. The saliency maps are extracted using suggested and cutting-edge techniques. The proposed framework is trained and tested on the 70% and 30% rule. According to simulation results, the suggested framework using the suggested saliency detection technique achieves promising results on our current data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study scrutinizes heat and mass transfer features of magnetized flow of ZnO - S A E 50 nanolubricant over Riga plate in a Darcy Forchheimer medium. The effects of variable viscosity, thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity, viscous dissipation and uniform heat source/sink are examined in this study. The diffusion model presented by Cattaneo–Christov is incorporated in this study to enclose heat and mass transport phenomenon. Additionally, the mass transfer rate is inspected subjected to the effects of variable solutal diffusivity and higher order chemical reaction. Heat and mass transfer phenomena have significant applications in the disciplines of science and technology that can be seen everywhere in nature. This simultaneous transportation phenomenon indicates a variety of applications in manufacturing processes, aerodynamics, cooling systems, environmental sciences, oceanography, food industries, biological disciplines, and energy transport systems etc. The modeled system of PDEs is metamorphosed to nonlinear ODEs with the introduction of appropriate transformations. An eminent bvp4c method in MATLAB has been incorporated to execute the resulting system of ODEs numerically. The outcomes of velocity, temperature and concentration profiles corresponding to various emerging parameters have been exposed graphically. The motion of ZnO - S A E 50 nanolubricant tends to enhance significantly with larger modified Hartmann number, whereas converse behavior is reported by increasing porosity parameter and variable viscosity parameter. The greater heat transfer rate is observed for variable thermal conductivity parameter. The rates of heat and mass transfer slow down for thermal and solutal time relaxation parameters respectively. The concentration profile gets enriched by growing the order of the chemical reaction and variable mass diffusivity parameter. It is concluded that by increasing solid volume fraction up to 1.5 % , the viscosity of the nanolubricant enhances up to 12 % which consequently slows down motion of the nanolubricant but increases temperature and concentration profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Heavy metal, particularly cadmium (Cd) is toxic to rice growth. Studies showed that nano-silicon particles (SiNPs) can alleviate Cd toxicity. However, underlying mechanisms especially cell wall adsorption and different forms of pectin are rarely investigated. Methods: In this experiment, the impacts of foliar application of SiNPs (2.5 mM) were investigated to alleviate Cd stress (50 μM) in rice and to study the role of SiNPs in reducing Cd-induced inhibition of plant growth, antioxidant defense systems, Cd translocation, and cell wall adsorption. Results: The results exhibited that Cd toxicity inhibited rice growth and biomass accumulation, meanwhile leaves had high concentrations of Cd. However, foliar application of SiNPs improved root and shoot growth. Moreover, Cd concentration was reduced in the leaves of rice seedlings. The results of Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that SiNPs enhanced peak values of polysaccharides. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed high Cd contents in the roots of rice seedlings. Cell wall showed high concentrations of Cd, moreover, enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanism and the alleviation of oxidative stress symptoms in leaves by SiNPs may be directly related to the decrease of Cd concentration in leaves. Conclusion: Altogether, our study results show that SiNPs can alleviate Cd toxicity in rice seedlings by reducing Cd uptake and enhancing cell wall Cd adsorption and antioxidant defense system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare an oblique bikini-incision via direct anterior approach (BI-DAA) to a conventional posterolateral approach (PLA) during simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasty (simBTHA) in terms of early patient outcomes, postoperative functional recovery, and complications. From January 2017 to January 2020, 106 patients receiving simBTHA were enrolled and randomly allocated to the BI-DAA or PLA group. Primary outcomes were measured using hemoglobin (HGB) drop, transfusion rate, the length of stay (LOS), the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the Harris hip score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and the scar cosmesis assessment and rating scale. Secondary outcomes were the operative time, radiographic measurements, including femoral offset, femoral anteversion, stem varus/valgus angle, and leg length discrepancy (LLD). The occurrence of postoperative complications was also recorded. There were no differences in demographic or clinical characteristics before surgery. Compared to the PLA, the patients in the BI-DAA group had lower HGB drop (24.7 ± 13.3 g/L vs. 34.7 ± 16.7, P <.01) and transfusion rates (9/50 vs. 18/50, P =.04) and a shorter LOS (5.12 ± 1.5 vs. 6.40 ± 2.0 days, P <.01) without increasing the operative time (169.7 ± 17.3 vs. 167.5 ± 21.8 min, P =.58). The BI-DAA group yielded a smaller LLD (2.1 ± 2.3 vs. 3.8 ± 3.0 mm, P <.01) and less variability in component orientation than the PLA group (100% vs. 93%, P =.01). As for the scar, the BI-DAA group produced a shorter incision length (9.7 ± 1.6 vs. 10.8 ± 2.0 mm, P <.01) and higher postoperative recovery satisfaction than the PLA group. Furthermore, the BI-DAA group had a reduced VAS score one week after surgery and had better functional recovery in three months postoperatively. The BI-DAA group had a higher incidence of LFCN dysesthesia (12/100 vs. 0/100 thighs, P <.01), while other complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. For simBTHA, the bikini incision offers early recovery, less variance in components orientation, better postoperative outcomes, and scar healing than the PLA. Therefore, the bikini incision could be a safe and feasible option for simBTHA recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In natural free surface flows, sediment particles in the surface layer of a sediment bed are moved and entrained by the fluctuating hydrodynamic forces, such as lift and drag, exerted by the overlying flow. Accurate prediction of near-bed hydrodynamic forces in rapidly varied flows is vital for coastal sediment transport and morphodynamics. Directly measured hydrodynamic forces within the rapidly varied flows over rough bed layer have been limited by previous spatial averaging shear force studies. Therefore, the direct measurements were designed and adapted to estimate tidal bore forces, including longitudinal (drag) and vertical (lift) force on near-bed sediment particle. Specially designed experiments were conducted to measure the instantaneous forces using a highly sensitive force sensor assembled with a target sphere. A novel 1D-CNN model (i.e. SedimentNet) has been developed for the prediction of hydrodynamic forces and compared with existing machine learning models (i.e. Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Regressor (SVR), XGBoost, k -Nearest Neighbour (k -NN)). The parameters affecting near-bed hydrodynamic forces are also analysed. In the context of machine learning, both conventional dataset split and fivefold cross-validation approaches were implemented. The results indicated that the proposed SedimentNet was able to achieve marginally better cross-validation performance (i.e. R 2 score of 0.77 for drag force, R 2 score of 0.96 for lift force) for the prediction of drag and lift forces. RF and XGBoost were the second best models with R 2 score of 0.73 and 0.95 for drag and lift force prediction, respectively. Results also showed the potential of machine learning models for the efficient prediction of complex hydrodynamic forces in a coastal environment. A use-case edge computing solution for the reported machine learning-based prediction of hydrodynamic forces has also been proposed and discussed to demonstrate the practical implementability of the presented research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family of halide perovskite materials is extremely large and has gained huge attention because of their low manufacturing cost and extraordinary structural, optical, electrical, and optoelectronic properties. These materials also deliver a pattern for designing new materials for energy conversion and energy storage applications. Here, we synthesized potassium cadmium chloride KCdCl3-based halide perovskite nanocomposites with rGO and fullerene-C60 by facile solvothermal method and studied their physical and electrochemical properties. The orthorhombic phase of KCdCl3 was confirmed from XRD spectra, and the existence of constituent elements (K, Cd, Cl, and C) was confirmed from EDX analysis. SEM images evident the successful anchoring of KCdCl3 particles over rGO and C60. BET results revealed the high surface area, pore radius, and pore volume of the KCdCl3/C60 electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical measurements demonstrated that KCdCl3/C60-based electrodes have a higher specific capacitance of 1135 F/g at 5 mV/s and cyclic stability (97.6% retention over 3000th cycles) than other grown electrodes. Also, GCD measurement results revealed that KCdCl3/C60 electrode has a high specific capacitance of 1420 F/g, an energy density of 2052 Wh/kg, and a power density of 4.19 W/kg at 1.0 A/g than other electrodes. Finally, intensive discussion proposed that halide perovskite nanocomposite electrodes can be used efficiently as supercapacitors electrode materials for future development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]