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With an increasing number of children diagnosed with Autism-Spectrum-Disorder in Canada, this paper focuses on how their mothers, as Asian immigrant women, experience the process of diagnosis and learn to parent their children. By taking two Asian (Korean and Chinese) mothers' critical personal narratives as major data sources, this paper aims to explore the diagnosis process of Autism-Spectrum-Disorder through a sociocultural lens on the intersectionality of (im)migrants and their cultural competence, and argues that their identity (re)construction and learning for parenting take place at the intersectionality of race, gender, class, and disability. This paper highlights possible implications for everyone involved in this 'medical' process, in the context of Canadian or other similar multicultural societies. Asian immigrant mothers usually have to deal with children with Autism-Spectrum-Disorder (ASD) and they have bitter experience of mistreatment tied to race, gender and class. This study reveals how Asian immigrant mothers struggled in their integration to Canadian society as well as their experiences of denial into Canada's medical system. The stories of these two women shed lights on the social and cultural aspects of immigrant mothers' learning strategies, including how they utilize accessible resources and networks for their children's treatment and diagnosis. This paper suggests that policymakers need to consider the social and cultural aspects of diagnosis in immigrant families to better fit their needs and provide them appropriate medical and social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than racism targeted toward service users, this paper adds to the sparse corpus of articles that reports on racism and microaggressions experienced by racialized social work practitioners. Based on two qualitative exploratory research studies in Canada, the findings suggest that racism continues to be a significant problem for racialized social workers. In addition to the oft-mentioned category of individual racism, four other "modern" forms of racism are explored: cultural racism, institutional racism, epistemological racism, and aversive racism. The importance of broadening the categories of racism is that these other forms are less familiar and thus are more likely to be unnoticed yet have profound effects on practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the growing body of work on precarious labor, immigration, and social gerontology by examining the racialization of precarious employment across the life course. In particular, the authors examine the impact of precarious employment and discrimination among racialized older immigrants in Canada. Racialized older immigrants are more likely to be disadvantaged by the effects of lifelong intersections of economic and social discrimination rooted in racialization, gender, ageism, and socio-economic status. Drawing from a narrative-photovoice project that focused on the life stories of older immigrants living in Quebec and British Columbia, this paper presents the in-depth stories and photographs of four participants to highlight how intersections of race, gender, age, immigration status, and ability shape and structure experiences of aging, labor market participation and caregiving relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Differences in health among migrant groups are related to the length of stay in host countries. We examined the health of people reporting Caribbean ethnic origins within and outside of Canada; and the possible associations between length of stay and poorer physical and mental health outcomes. Method: Analyses were conducted on population data collected in Canada (2000/2001, 2003, 2005), Jamaica (2005) and Guyana (2005). Physician-diagnosed and self-rated health measures were used to assess physical and mental health statuses. Results: Rates of chronic conditions were generally higher among people reporting Caribbean ethnic origins in Canada compared to those living in the Caribbean region. Self-rated fair or poor general health rates, however, were higher among participants in the Caribbean region. Higher rates of any mood disorders were also found among Caribbean region participants in comparison to those in Canada. Logistic regression analyses revealed that new Caribbean immigrants (less than 10 years since immigration) in Canada had better physical health than those who were more established. Those who immigrated more than 20 years ago showed consistently better health conditions than those who had immigrated between 11 and 20 years ago. This healthy immigration effect, however, was not present for all chronic conditions among all Caribbean origin migrant groups. Moreover, mood disorders were highest among new immigrants compared to older immigrants. Conclusions: When and where ethnic Caribbeans migrate to and emigrate from matters in health statuses. These results have implications for policies related to health and well-being in support of ethnic Caribbean origin individuals who relocate to Canada. The paper concludes with suggestions for future studies regarding the health of ethnic origin Caribbeans living within and outside their regions of birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores early careers by drawing on nationally representative surveys of lawyers’ early careers in Canada and the United States. It will examine the sorting of lawyers in sectors and settings as well as the mechanisms that are key to understanding this process. Prior research has pointed to the importance of law school credentials, race, gender and social class, which continue to be important lines of demarcation. The comparative lens provides the opportunity to better understand the ways in which these factors are contingent on national context, which, in turn, shapes the symbolic and cultural value of the forms of capital that can provide access to more prestigious, powerful and remunerative positions in the legal profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from a 2.4-year ethnography with Korean Early Study Abroad (ESA, pre-college-aged study abroad) students in Toronto high schools, I examine the intersections among race, class, language, culture and citizenship (including immigrant status) in the identity construction and language learning of these students. Conceptualising race as a social construct and racism as systemic and institutionalised, I employ sociolinguistic analysis of the data to link issues of race and class together and point out how the ESA students adopt class-based consumption of Korean language and products as a strategy for dealing with the racial and linguistic marginalisation they experienced in Canadian contexts as well as its consequences in their language learning. The paper concludes with the story's implications for discussing race and alternative ways of talking about privilege among racial minorities regarding transformation of the value of the linguistic capital across different linguistic markets in today's world of globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hobbema, Alberta, Canada is a community comprised of four First Nations. As with many of Canada's Aboriginal communities, Hobbema's population is young. High rates of socio-economic disadvantage, violence, family dysfunction, and substance abuse are linked to colonization, residential school policies, and discrimination. Crime rates, including gang-related crime in the area, are disproportionately high. In 2005 two police officers created the Hobbema Community Cadet Corps, a program which offers youth a pro-social alternative to criminal activity and gang involvement. The program provides youth with the opportunity to learn the value of group identity, discipline, and camaraderie. It also provides opportunities for recreational activities and travel otherwise unavailable to many in this impoverished area. This paper provides a description of the HCCCP, an overview of its activities and structure, and situates it within the crime prevention through social development framework which emphasizes the importance of building protective factors and reducing risk factors surrounding youth. Finally, a preliminary evaluation which highlights some of the challenges faced by program instructors is offered. The authors caution against relying solely on individualizing imperatives in attempts to deal with social structural issues of the types faced by citizens in Hobbema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, through the theoretical lens of life-course research and reproduction theory, we employ 15 years of longitudinal data from the British Columbia, Canada Paths on Life's Way project to examine the extent to which educational and career pathways of this cohort of 1988 high school graduates are gendered, individualized, prolonged, diversified; to determine marriage and parenthood patterns in relation to educational and occupational participation and outcomes across time; and to assess the extent to which social class still matters. We employ a transition probabilities analysis to follow the journeys of over 730 individuals from high school through the post-secondary system and work by identifying a sequence of significant stages. We then correlate these transition rates with relevant factors that influenced respondents' lives. We demonstrate quantitatively that although the life courses of young women and men are experienced differently, there is an overall regularity in outcomes. Their 'choices' at key transition points are to large extent shaped by external structures and social class and gender differences are evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the influence of social class, occupational experiences, and a variety of stratification factors on the ranking of a set of important life goals. Based on a national sample of Canadians from 1977, the findings indicate modest class differences in the evaluation of four "self-actualization" values. Specifically, middle class respondents rank "self-development," "achievement," and "activism" as more important than do working class respondents. There are no significant differences on the fourth concern, "independence." Multi-variate analysis reveals that the class differences in values are wholly attributable to differences in occupational experiences and educational training in the two class groupings. These findings are consistent with Kohn's thesis of "class and conformity." Additional controls on a set of stratification factors—sex, income, age, and language group (English/French)—suggest almost no differences between dominant and subordinate groups in the ranking of the four values. Only age has a significant influence, with the young rating self-actualization as more important than the old. The implications of these results for the study of dominant values and ideology and for the relationship between social inequality and values are briefly considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bias pervades every aspect of healthcare including admissions, perpetuating the lack of diversity in the healthcare workforce. Admissions interviews may be a time when applicants to health profession education programs experience discrimination. Between January and June 2021 we invited US and Canadian applicants to health profession education programs to complete a survey including the Everyday Discrimination Scale, adapted to ascertain experiences of discrimination during admissions interviews. We used chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression to determine associations between identity factors and positive responses. Of 1115 respondents, 281 (25.2%) reported discrimination in the interview process. Individuals with lower socioeconomic status (OR: 1.78, 95% CI [1.26, 2.52], p = 0.001) and non-native English speakers (OR: 1.76, 95% CI [1.08, 2.87], p = 0.02) were significantly more likely to experience discrimination. Half of those experiencing discrimination (139, or 49.6%) did nothing in response, though 44 (15.7%) reported the incident anonymously and 10 (3.6%) reported directly to the institution where it happened. Reports of discrimination are common among HPE applicants. Reforms at the interviewer- (e.g. avoiding questions about family planning) and institution-level (e.g. presenting institutional efforts to promote health equity) are needed to decrease the incidence and mitigate the impact of such events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a Bourdieusian theoretical framework to explore how thirty-nine Canadian families shop for food. Based on two qualitative interviews with at least two members of each family, in seven sites across Canada, we explore how high- and low-income families describe their food shopping practices and priorities. For low-income households, economic constraints were paramount, and shoppers displayed extensive cultural capital in the knowledge and skills required to purchase food at the lowest possible cost. They also displayed considerable agreement with the dominant discourses of healthy eating and ethical eating, though they typically lacked the economic capital to pursue these. High-income households were less constrained by finances in their food shopping, thus freeing them to focus on quality and authenticity. These priorities coexisted with or superseded emphases on healthy and ethical eating, suggesting the latter two may have diminished in their symbolic power to mark class distinctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every woman experiences the menopause transition period in a very individual way. Menopause symptoms and management are greatly influenced by socioeconomic status in addition to genetic background and medical history. Because of their very unique cultural heritage and often holistic view of health and well-being, menopause symptoms and management might differ greatly in aboriginals compared to non-aboriginals. Our aim was to investigate the extent and scope of the current literature in describing the menopause experience of aboriginal women. Our systematic literature review included nine health-related databases using the keywords ‘menopause’ and ‘climacteric symptoms’ in combination with various keywords describing aboriginal populations. Data were collected from selected articles and descriptive analysis was applied. Twenty-eight relevant articles were included in our analysis. These articles represent data from 12 countries and aboriginal groups from at least eight distinctive geographical regions. Knowledge of menopause and symptom experience vary greatly among study groups. The average age of menopause onset appears earlier in most aboriginal groups, often attributed to malnutrition and a harsher lifestyle. This literature review highlights a need for further research of the menopause transition period among aboriginal women to fully explore understanding and treatment of menopause symptoms and ultimately advance an important dialogue about women’s health care. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A Delphi exercise involving 17 senior national parks' biologists in the United States of America and Canada examined how evolving concepts of wildlife health resonated with Parks' needs. Participants examined wildlife health as a multi-factorial cumulative effect that provides capacity to cope with a changing world. They agreed that this concept of health was consistent with Parks' goals and provided insight on various aspects of wildlife health in national parks. Social and environmental determinants of health were perceived to be greater threats to wildlife health than etiological hazards such as pathogens, the more typical focus of wildlife health efforts. While social and anthropogenic factors are primary drivers of these threats, participants did not explicitly rank social variables as the more important drivers of wildlife health nor did the majority view health as a social construct. The results clearly show support for moving toward a contemporary approach of wildlife health management, as opposed to disease management, and for the need of collective, team-based approaches to protecting the suite of determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study of violence and masculinity in Canadian hockey examines newspaper reports of Stanley Cup matches involving the Ottawa Silver Seven between 1903 and 1906. It assesses media narratives of rough and aggressive hockey in relation to gender and class identities in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Canada. Sports like hockey played a significant role in the social construction of masculinity during this time period, helping to counter the fear that overcivilization was making men weak, effeminate, and over-sophisticated. Media coverage of Ottawa’s championship hockey team frequently made reference to violent incidents and rough tactics. Newspapers constructed cultural narratives of hockey that combined elements of ‘brutal butchery’ and ‘strenuous spectacle’. These narratives spoke to different ways of experiencing and enjoying hockey, and to various tensions within public perceptions of the sport. Depictions of ‘brutal butchery’ combined outrage and fascination; accounts of ‘strenuous spectacle’ portrayed violence as part of an absorbing, masculine display. Thus, descriptions of robust and hard-hitting hockey expressed both ideals of respectable, middle-class masculinity and characteristics of rough, working-class masculinity. In addition, the admiration of rugged and physical hockey articulated in early twentieth-century newspaper accounts is still prominent in the culture of hockey today. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

TheCuéntame!study interviewed 25 Spanish-speaking gay and bisexual men in Toronto. Their migration experiences are traversed by economic rationales, security concerns and the embodied experiences of race, gender, culture and sexuality. Most express narratives of empowered opportunity in distancing themselves from restrictive sexual regimes of their place of origin, but at the same time, many migrants trade a new sense of social acceptance as gay for marginalized statuses defined by diminished social and economic capital. The social participatory rights of citizenship are particularly affected by sexuality and social class. The need and desire to establish social and sexual connections in a new environment often characterized by economic vulnerability shape experiences of social capital and citizenship rights. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Family therapy has recently begun to pay attention to the effects of structural oppression on immigrant lives. However, the research on this topic is scarce, especially in the case of immigrants privileged in terms of race, professionalism and legal status. The reported study explored the effect of macro factors—barriers to labor market and shift to nuclear family organization—on relational dynamics in 10 white professional heterosexual Jewish couples from the former Soviet Union in Toronto. The findings demonstrate the participants’ adoption of white, neoliberal, heteronormative, and patriarchal notions to describe their relational experiences. Couples’ resistance strategies to deal with immigration challenges are presented. The importance of family therapists’ focus on social location and historical and structural context in understanding immigrant couples’ experiences is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this study was to systematically examine predominant themes within mainstream media reporting about marijuana use in Canada. To ascertain the themes present in major Canadian newspaper reports, a sample (N = 1999) of articles published between 1997 and 2007 was analyzed. Drawing from Manning’s theory of the symbolic framing of drug use within media, it is argued that a discourse of ‘privileged normalization’ informs portrayals of marijuana use and descriptions of the drug’s users. Privileged normalization implies that marijuana use can be acceptable for some people at particular times and places, while its use by those without power and status is routinely vilified and linked to deviant behavior. The privileged normalization of marijuana by the media has important health policy implications in light of continued debate regarding the merits of decriminalization or legalization and the need for public health and harm reduction approaches to illicit drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Following work by Richard Florida and Jane Jacobs, tolerance along with talent and technology are purported to attract the 'creative class', seen as key in spurring economic dynamism in the knowledge economy. Representing both tolerance and diversity, we test an index of community-level ethnic diversity against the location decisions of workers in the culture occupations, a key component of the creative class, in the recently defined Canadian Framework for Cultural Statistics. Supporting past studies, we find that greater ethnic diversity is consistent with a higher cultural occupations share in urban communities (though not rural). However, even for urban areas, growth in cultural occupation workers over the past 15 years is not affected by prior ethnic diversity. The culture workers' share in an urban community, once established, appears highly persistent, suggesting that policy aimed at enhancing the livability of a community through increasing its cultural footprint appears to be misguided. Creation de la communaute culturelle: diversite ethnique ou agglomeration Resume Dans le sillage des travaux menes par Richard Florida et Jane Jacobs, la tolerance, ainsi que le talent et la technologie, sont supposes attirer la «classe creative», consideree comme la cheville ouvriere de l'animation d'un dynamisme economique dans l'economie du savoir. En representant tant la tolerance que la diversite, nous testons un index de diversite ethnique a l'echelon communautaire en fonction des decisions de localisation des travailleurs dans les activites culturelles, element cle de la classe creative, dans le Cadre des Statistiques culturelles au Canada, defini recemment. A l'appui d'etudes precedentes, il nous semble qu'une diversite technique majeure va de pair avec un role superieur des activites culturelles dans les communautes urbaines (et non rurales). Toutefois, meme dans les zones urbaines, l'expansion des travailleurs dans le secteur des activites culturelles au cours des 15 dernieres annees n'est pas affectee par une diversite ethnique precedente. Une fois qu'elle a ete etablie, la part des travailleurs du secteur culturel dans la communaute urbaine semble extremement persistante, en indiquant ainsi qu'une politique visant a renforcer la qualite de vie d'une communaute par le biais de l'augmentation de sa presence culturelle serait erronee. Creacion de la comunidad cultural: diversidad etnica frente a aglomeracion Extracto Siguiendo el trabajo de Richard Florida y Jane Jacobs, la tolerancia junto con el talento y la tecnologia se dan a entender para atraer a la 'clase creativa', percibida como clave para estimular el dinamismo economico en la economia del conocimiento. Representando tanto a la tolerancia como a la diversidad, ensayamos un indice de diversidad etnica a nivel de comunidad frente a las decisiones de emplazamiento de trabajadores en las Ocupaciones de Cultura, un componente clave de la clase creativa, en el recientemente definido Marco Canadiense de Estadisticas Culturales. Apoyando estudios pasados, descubrimos que una mayor diversidad etnica es consistente con un reparto mas alto de ocupaciones culturales en comunidades urbanas (aunque no rurales). No obstante, incluso en las areas urbanas, el crecimiento de los trabajadores de ocupacion cultural durante los ultimos 15 anos no se ha visto afectado por diversidad etnica previa. Una vez establecido, el reparto de trabajadores de cultura en una comunidad parece ser muy persistente, lo que sugiere que las politicas dirigidas a mejorar los medios de vida de una comunidad a traves de aumentar su huella cultural parecen ser erroneas. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the distribution of home workers across the three largest urban regions in Canada and shows how they differ across sex of home worker, household type, income level, occupation and industry. The highest proportion of home workers is in art, culture and recreation occupations followed by management, the field dominated by men. Women home workers make the financial, secretarial and administrative occupations the third-largest group of home workers. The spatial distribution of home workers follows a sectoral form. While the characteristics of inner-city and suburban home workers differ, the differences are the same as for commuters. Rather than creating a completely new locational pattern, home work appears to reinforce existing urban forces of centralisation by professionals and continued decentralisation by the middle classes and those seeking larger estates, such as those in management occupations. The study suggests that the increasing trend towards home work is not dispersing cities, but allows greater locational flexibility within already-existing urban spatial patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I would like pay personal tribute to Professor J.A. Mangan, who was the supervisor of my Ph.D. His constant encouragement and support while I was completing my thesis is gratefully acknowledged. He also showed great generosity to the extent of inviting me to stay at his house on my visits to Strathclyde University. He is a truly wonderful mentor and I am proud to call him a friend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the nature of Aboriginal demands for a citizenship regime grounded in a substantive recognition of cultural difference and inherent rights in Mexico and Canada. It provides an overview of the different evolution of Aboriginal citizenship in each country but focuses on two recent development projects, the Puebla Panama Plan in Mexico and the Mackenzie Valley pipeline in Canada. These cases demonstrate the ways in which neo-liberal globalism is reshaping the substantive recognition of Aboriginal cultural difference and inherent rights. While contemporary neo-liberal rhetoric recognizes cultural difference, the models of development employed effectively separate territory from the ideas of self-government, culture and identity. The article concludes that the neo-liberal turn in the construction of Aboriginal citizenship undercuts potentially much richer conceptions of Indigenous citizenship offered by the First Peoples of North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing forms and processes of social reproduction undertaken by Canada's elite independent schools are examined. Ideology, values, recruitment, and socialization processes and mechanisms in the member schools of the Canadian Association of Independent Schools are analysed. The focus is on reproduction theory (both the reproduction of the structure of classes and the intergenerational reproduction of families). The various forms of reproduction are examined in relation to class, ethnicity and gender. All have undergone considerable change; while the schools have remained critical agents for the reproduction of elites in Canadian society, the rise of meritocratic ideology and recruitment have had a paradoxical effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

he article discusses the concept of nationalism from the perspective of the theory of group solidarity. The theory proposes that groups will form when individuals desire to attain jointly-produced private goods that cannot be obtained by following individual strategies. Groups supplying joint goods can be established when obstacles like interest articulation, constitutional choice, and of production and allocation is overcome. The theory predicts that any factor that reduces members' dependence on the group, or the group's control capacity, will lower its solidarity. The less the importance of extra territorial ties to the inhabitants' welfare, the greater is the potential nationalist support. Linguistic and religious homogeneity of a territory is directly related to the establishment of a national party. The size of nationalist party membership will increase when the party is able to provide more patronage resources to its members. Sovereignty is only likely to occur in territories where upward mobility is blocked due to the impermeability of a cultural division of labor. A brief overview of nationalist movements with special reference to Quebec City supports the theory.

This article focuses on class base of the Quebec independence movement. The Quebec referendum took place under the aegis of the independentist Parti Québécois (P.Q.) government. Quebec would have become an independent country which would maintain an economic association with the rest of Canada. However, the Quebec electorate defeated the P.Q. proposal. Intellectuals were the social stratum most likely to intend to vote for the proposal. Two-thirds of them supported that option, while only 20 percent intended to vote against the proposal. Intellectuals from lower stratum were more likely to vote for the proposal. Among the intellectuals of the upper middle class, 61 percent intended to vote for the proposal, only 30 percent intended to vote against the proposal. Among liberal professionals of the upper middle class, 56 percent voted for and 22 percent voted against the proposal. The strongest support for the P.Q. proposal was not so much found in the middle class or even in the upper-middle class as a whole, but only in segments of those classes, the intellectual proper first, then in other groups which could be considered as constituting various layers of a larger intelligentsia. Within the latter, professionals, semi-professionals and technicians proved more favorable to the proposal than clerical workers. The strongest support against the proposal was not only located within the less privileged classes, but also within upper middle class managers and businessmen as well as small, lower middle class ones.