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Parasitoids such as Ganaspis brasiliensis and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae are being researched for biological control of Drosophila suzukii, an important agricultural pest. Parasitoids can be monitored in the field by collecting infested fruit samples or using sentinel traps seeded with host larvae/pupae. Sentinel traps may be covered with a selective barrier to allow parasitoid movement, and prevent nontarget infestation and developing D. suzukii from exiting. In this study, two types of fabric mesh ('square' 1.1 × 1.1 mm2 and 'oval' 1.2 × 0.8 mm2) were assessed for restricting passage of D. suzukii, and enabling passage and parasitism by G. brasiliensis and P. vindemiae. Square wire meshes (1.04, 1.08, 1.11, 1.13, 1.18, and 1.53 mm2) were also tested as a durable alternative to the fabric mesh for G. brasiliensis sentinels. Both fabric meshes and the 1.08 and 1.13 mm2 square wire mesh prevented passage of D. suzukii. Passage was similar through fabric mesh for both parasitoids. For G. brasiliensis, parasitism was higher in open control sentinels than square mesh covered sentinels in one trial, but parasitism was similar at ∼40% in open and square mesh sentinels in another trial. The 1.04, 1.08 and 1.13 mm2 square wire mesh lowered G. brasiliensis parasitism. For P. vindemiae, parasitism was 2-fold higher in oval mesh than open sentinels which may be due to the mesh encouraging this wasp to forage longer. If a selective mesh must be used, the square fabric mesh prevented D. suzukii passage and resulted in the highest G. brasiliensis parasitism compared to wire meshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique has been used to detect corrosion under insulation (CUI) for decades, but whether and how the wire mesh laid in the insulation layer affects the detection remains ambiguous. This paper touches on this issue for the first time. The insulated structure was simplified to a carbon steel plate covered by a cladding with an air gap representing the insulation layer, in which the wire mesh was situated. Finite element simulations were performed on the simplified model and found that the aluminium or stainless steel wire mesh had little effect on eddy currents in the plate, while the mild steel wire mesh could cause a considerable increase in the probe footprint and a significant drop of the eddy current density. For the mild steel wire mesh, the magnetic permeability and wire diameter were the main factors affecting the probe footprint and eddy current density. Afterwards, simulations were conducted to analyse the effect of the mild steel wire mesh on the PEC probe performances for evaluating the CUI depth and found that the mild steel wire mesh led to decreases in both the PEC signal amplitude and decay rate. The simulation results were finally verified by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete RC is a versatile and durable building material widely used in construction. This study investigated the impact of PVC-coated steel wire mesh layers on the compressive strength of RC. Seven cube specimens (70 × 70×70 mm) with varying numbers of PVC-coated layers were tested after a 28-day curing period. Results showed that specimens with two layers of PVC coating exhibited the highest ultimate compression stress and breaking force, indicating a significant 38% increase in compressive strength compared to those without PVC coating. The findings suggest that PVC-coated steel wire mesh provides a sustainable and costeffective method for reinforcing RC structures. By mechanically enhancing these structures, their overall mechanical properties can be improved. This research highlights the potential of PVC-coated steel wire mesh as an effective reinforcement technique, offering practical solutions for strengthening concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulverized coal (PC) pyrolysis is an indispensable process for coal thermal conversion and utilization. The transformation of fuel-N into fast pyrolysis is a basis for the investigation of nitrogen migration in coal combustion. In this paper, a wire mesh reactor was used to study the initial decomposition processes and to reveal the final pyrolysis yield and composition distribution during the fast pyrolysis process. Furthermore, the initial pyrolysis characteristics of PC with different ash contents were presented and compared. The results showed that both Huangling coal (with higher volatile) and Wuhai coal (with higher ash content) showed a similar trend, and the pyrolysis ratio increased with the increased pyrolysis final temperature. The pyrolysis ratio at the high heating rate was estimated to exceed that at the low heating rate by 2%–10%. With the temperature increased, the char-N yield decreased first and then tended to be stable, and most of nitrogen remained in the char (more than 55%). An increase in heating rate made the pyrolysis zone to shift toward higher temperature, and it enhanced the yields of volatile and tar as well as the proportion of tar in volatile. Besides, the heating rate increased from 10°C·s−1 to 1500°C·s−1, the yield of tar-N increased from 4% to 14% and gas-N decreased from 28% to 19%. Overall, NH3 yielded was higher than HCN, which became more apparent at high heating rates. The content of the N-6 was positively related to the coal pyrolysis ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous earthquakes have proven that failure of framed structure particularly at joints of beam and column caused disastrous collapse in structures that are built without seismic codal provisions. Most of the traditionally built Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) framed structures existing are lacking adequate reinforcement at structural joints and these joints are shear deficient. The main objective of the research studies was to enhance behaviour and performances of exterior structural joints by retrofitting and testing for displacement-controlled reversed cyclic loading. The joints retrofitted exhibits higher levels of ultimate displacements, higher levels of ultimate capacity previous to failure and the joints failed prior to failure of column. The variable novelty in research were size and shape of mesh, woven mesh, mesh orientation and wrapping in all direction around joints, cementitious matrix laminates with aggregate chips less than 5 mm, epoxy resin to increase bond between old and new concreting and chicken wire mesh near to cover and displacement controlled reversed cyclic loading was applied to column. The experimental research work indicated that, retrofitting with woven wire mesh strengthening technique will enhance the displacement ductility, stiffness, energy dissipation and strain. Thus the proposed retrofitted method anticipated in predicting the shear strength of joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents experimental and numerical study of strengthening brick masonry walls loaded with service loads where openings are required to be made, the studied strengthening is made using steel wire mesh or near-surface mounted steel bars. The experimental program consisted of twelve unreinforced brick masonry walls loaded vertically by the service loads; six control walls were not strengthened, three walls were strengthened by steel wire mesh on both faces and steel bars were inserted around the required opening for the last three walls. Three control unstrengthened walls were not opened while openings were made in nine loaded walls; then the load was increased for all walls until failure. The experimental results showed that the applied strengthening methods managed to compensate the decrease of wall capacity due to opening. Numerical modelling and nonlinear analysis were made using finite element analysis software ANSYS v.15; the numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Further, a parametric study was performed to explore the effect of several variables concerning aspects of the wall and strengthening materials. The obtained results demonstrate that the numerical approach can be used to study and design strengthening for load-bearing masonry walls in existing buildings in case it is required to make openings in the walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzed the mechanical and vibration characteristic of the banana fiber sandwich layer with core AISI 304 steel wire mesh (WM). The following specimen configurations were prepared by hand lay-up method by varying fiber orientation in the skin layer: S = 0/0/0/0, S1 = 0/0/WM/0/0, S2 = 0/90/WM/90/0, S3 = 0/45/WM/-45/0 and S4 = 0/30/WM/60/0. The primary mechanical properties of the sandwich composite specimens were obtained by conducting Tensile, Flexural, and Impact strengths as per ASTM standards, whereas secondary vibration characteristics by experimental modal analysis. The presence of core WM enhances the primary properties especially in S1 attributed to the 0° fiber orientation with high load carrying capacity, natural frequency (Mode I, II), and stiffness. Whereas the specimen with angular fiber orientation (S2, S3, S4) in the skin layer exhibits higher damping showcasing their ability to dissipate energy. Specimen 'S3ʹ acts as a performance change over with 45/-45 fiber in the skin layer. Morphology study of a test of a specimen with 'WM' shows the participation of matrix, banana fiber, and WM in load transfer mechanism with varied failure pattern. Hence, this type of composite structure can be preferred to use in structural and automobile applications by properly orienting the fiber in the skin layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These articles presents an experimental investigation on mechanical, vibration, and wear behavior of (aloevera/flax/hemp/wire mesh/BaSO4) laminated composite. The mechanical characterization was performed with ASTM standard specimens. The free vibration performance was analyzed under two clamping conditions and boundary conditions (clamp-clamp & clamp-free). The wear test trails were accomplished using a pin on disc at different process parameters like sliding speed (3–5 m/s), sliding distance (1000 m) and applied load (10–30 N) under sliding dry environment at room temperature of 28 ± 5◦C. The scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the interaction between the matrix and reinforcement interface after the failure. The experimental results revealed that the addition of wire mesh and BaSO4 filler in the fabricated composite Aleovera+Hemp+Wiremesh+Flax+Aleovera+BaSO4 composite (C4) increased the tensile strength by 8.68% compared to Aleovera+Hemp+Wire mesh+Flax+ Aleovera (C3) composite and it also depicts that the addition of wire mesh and BaSO4 as reinforcement has improved 5.42% of flexural strength compare to Aleovera+Hemp+Flax+Aleovera+BaSO4 composite (C2). The addition of BaSO4 improved the hardness in both C2 and C4 composites. The 5% addition of BaSO4 enhanced the natural frequency of the composites. Among the composites, the C4 has shown the highest coefficient of friction during the experimental trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study on mixed convection is carried out through a partially filled brass wire mesh in a vertical channel. A heater embedded with aluminum plates is placed at the center of the vertical channel. The aluminum heater assembly is wrapped with brass wire mesh to facilitate more heat transfer. The vertical channel that consists of aluminum heater assembly with the brass wire mesh is considered as the numerical model. Local thermal non-equilibrium and Darcy extended Forchheimer models are used to accomplish the numerical simulations for thermal and flow characteristics of the considered domain. The aim of the study is to find out the optimum filling of the brass wire mesh in the channel which gives a higher heat transfer rate with low pumping power of the fluid. In the present analysis, three different filling conditions of wire mesh are considered: (i) fully filled channel, (ii) 70% filled channel, and (iii) 40% filled channel. From the results, it is inferred that the vertical channel partially filled with 70% of wire mesh porous medium predicts 89% of heat transfer of the completely filled channel with 41% reduced pressure loss. As a result, the proposed parametric study is good enough to prove that the partly filled wire mesh can be used in the thermal applications where augmentation of heat transfer is required with less pressure drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the heat transfer performance, the screen mesh wick and the inside wall of the container of a heat pipe were pre-coated with a silica nanoparticle layer. When the screen mesh was coated, the thermal resistance decreased by 47% on average. This would be attributed to enhanced wicking performance of screen mesh by the nanoparticle layer. When the container inside wall was coated, reduction of the thermal resistance was less significant but the heat pipe worked well even when the wire mesh was eliminated. This demonstrates that the nanoparticle layer on the wall acted as a very thin wick. It is expected that nanoparticle coating on the screen mesh contributes to the improvement of heat transfer performance of the heat pipe and that on the container inner wall contributes to the downsizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe the development of a shell model-based macro-scale approach for a stainless steel 304 wire mesh using Hill's yield criterion and elasto-plastic material behaviors. The constants for orthotropic elastic-material response and the parameters for non-linear behavior were determined from experimental tests. For validation and comparison, the results obtained using this macro-scale model were compared with the experimental data obtained from drop-tower impact tests and the simulation results from a meso-scale model. The comparison highlighted that the macro-scale model of the wire mesh is more suitable for large-size simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tensile behavior of hybrid composites made with carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polymer and stainless steel wire mesh (SM) was investigated through tensile tests using three different types of SM and two different CF orientations. Also, four different layers of CF and three different layers of SM were used as an auxiliary parameter. The use of SM could increase the initial stiffness, peak load, and ultimate strain. These were also increased by increasing the number of CF layers. Finally, an analytical model for predicting the load–strain curves of the hybrid composites was proposed and showed good agreement with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the mass transfer efficiency of ozone in water, stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) corrugated structure was packed into a microbubble ozone reactor to enhance the mass transfer efficiency. The results showed that the SSWM/O3 system could effectively improve the mass transfer efficiency. When the concentration of ozone in the liquid phase reached a stable state, it was about 21 mg/L, which was about 14% higher than that of ozone alone; the apparent mass transfer coefficient (KLa) was 0.7255 min−1, which was about 51% higher than that by ozone alone systems. The hydroxyl radicals in the SSWM/O3 system were more generated than that of ozone alone. After 6 min of operation, the concentration of hydroxyl radicals increased by 60 µmol/L compared with that in ozone alone system. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency of biologically treated leachate by SSWM/O3 system was about 10% higher than that of ozone alone system after 120 min of reaction. The effects of pressure, temperature, ozone inlet concentration, and flow rates on the ozone concentration in the liquid phase and the generation of hydroxyl radicals were also investigated. The results indicated that reactor pressure has little effect on ozone concentration in liquid phase, but increasing pressure helps to generate ·OH; ozone concentration and ·OH generation in liquid phase increase with the increase of inlet ozone concentration and flow rate; ozone concentration in the liquid phase decreases with the increase of temperature, but ·OH generation increases with the increase of temperature. Our results indicate that the system consisting of SSWM and microbubble column reactor is an efficient process for the intensification of ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the research on the air–water system flowing in a pipe section with electrical heating with a wire-mesh bed inside it. The heat flux was determined and so was the convective heat transfer coefficient for the two-phase flow through a pipe length that had been completely or partially filled with the wire-mesh packing. The packing level was found to strongly affect the heat transfer potential. Also, the dominant role was identified for a liquid in the heat exchange process under two-phase gas–liquid flow through the wire-mesh packing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the use of a wire mesh in optimising the performance of two volumetric solar receivers that use oil as a heat transfer fluid. Computational fluid dynamics models have been used to optimise the receivers. Varied parameters (including the use of a wire mesh) of the receiver models were changed in the optimisation process. Based on the models, prototype receivers were developed and tested. After that, the models were validated against experiments and the results compare well. The results indicate that the use of a wire mesh placed inside a receiver improves its performance. An optimal wire mesh porosity was found as ≈0.95 mainly because the efficiency is increased without inducing an adverse pressure drop inside the receiver. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The particle size distribution and packing (loose bulk and tapped density) of a mixture of ground biomass from Douglas fir wood particles was characterized by different practical methods: sieving, digital imaging and scanning electron microscopy. The ground mixture was analyzed using a set of 14 wire mesh sieves. The calculated mean diameter of mixture was 251 µm. The mixture was divided into four size fractions of mean size ranging from 74 to 781 µm. Particle length measured by imaging technique were 3–4 times larger than the mean diameter determined by sieve analysis. Similarly, particle width was 1.0–2.5 times larger than mean particle diameter. The sphericity of particles in each of the four fractions increased with decreasing size of the sieve indicating that smaller particles also have a smaller aspect ratio. Empirical power law equations were developed to correlate the packing and flow ability of ground particles (HR) to the mean diameter, with R2values of 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. The HR values indicated good flow ability for the large particles and poor flow ability for the smallest particles and the entire mixture. HR and porosity ratio reached an asymptote for particles larger than 400 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Theoretical and experimental work has been conducted to develop a calibration reference device that could be used in test facilities that conform to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2 2007. After exploring alternative concepts, including electrostatic precipitators, cyclones, and wire mesh screens, a three-stage parallel flow inertial impactor using round orifices as flow nozzles was selected. Small-scale versions were fabricated and tested for flow rate versus pressure drop and particle capture efficiency versus size. The full-scale prototype was fabricated from aluminum and stainless steel and tested in a wind tunnel configured according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2 2007. Oleic acid and potassium chloride aerosols were introduced, and the upstream and downstream particle concentrations were measured with optical particle counters with the channels as required in the standard. Results show a pressure drop of 950 Pa (3.8 in. water) at 0.944 m3/s (2000 cfm) rather than the 750 Pa (3.0 in. water) used in the design. Particle collection efficiency for liquid oleic acid particles nearly agrees with the design theory and provides a minimum efficiency reporting value value of 9. However, solid KCl particles larger than about 3 microns are not captured well, perhaps caused by particle bounce from the porous, oil-impregnated impaction plates. Additional theoretical work is required on pressure drop and solid particle capture for impactors of this design before theoretical predictions agree well with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An approach for predicting the spatial variation of the energy dissipation rate downstream of a screen is proposed in this article. It is based on extending the use of the homogeneous and isotropic turbulence decay equation to the very thin anisotropic region adjacent to the screen. Whereas the decay exponent and origin were kept constant in conformity with other previous investigations, the decay coefficient was slightly altered. This approach was found to be capable of predicting the experimental energy dissipation data obtained using liquid flow through screens and screen-type static mixers reasonably well over a wide range of design and operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wire-mesh netting used as the floor material in cages is often claimed to cause walking problems for foxes. The validity of this claim was tested in 96 15-year-old secondary school pupils. They were shown five separate 2 min fragments of videotapes showing the cage pairs with randomized floor material (solid or wire mesh) but with an obstructed view of the floor. The pupils were asked to evaluate the flooring material based on what they actually saw. The mean proportion of correct answers out of 5 for individuals were slightly more than half correct (0.54), but this did not differ significantly from the random value (0.5). When the pairs of foxes had different flooring material, the pupils answered correctly (0.58, P <0.05). Thus, the pupils were not able to identify a specific floor type (wire-mesh or solid floor) but were able to differentiate between two different types of floor based solely on the behaviour of the foxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new method for determining the length distribution of fibrous aerosols based on the theoretical finding that penetration of fibrous particles through a set of wire mesh screens depends only on the ratio between fiber length and the opening size of the mesh. The validity of the method is supported by both Monte Carlo simulation of particle motion through a set of mesh screens and experimental results. When a log-normal distribution is assumed for the fiber length of a fibrous aerosol, this method is capable of indicating a count median length (CML) range of 5-80 mu m using data on penetration through each set of 4 wire mesh screens: 100, 200, 325, 500, 635 mesh and 10 mu m screen. The method is less sensitive for the geometric standard deviation sigma g of fiber length distribution than for CML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]