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This paper assesses the relationship between gender and HIV-related stigma experiences among people living with HIV (PLHIV) – enacted and anticipated stigma – and PLHIV caregivers – courtesy stigma – in Northern Thailand, along with the underlying reasons for stigmatising attitudes towards PLHIV – instrumental and symbolic stigma – expressed in the general population. We used data from the Living With Antiretrovirals (LIWA) study conducted on all PLHIV receiving antiretroviral treatment in four district hospitals in Northern Thailand (n = 513) and on a community sample of adults from the general population (n = 500). Women living with HIV and female caregivers of PLHIV reported higher rates of HIV-related stigma experiences than men. Gender interacted with other predictors – the period of HIV diagnosis and age – to increase the level of stigma experienced. Among the general population, attitudes of contact avoidance were infrequent. However, stereotypes depicting PLHIV as blameworthy were highly pervasive, with women perceived as the “victims” of their spouse's irresponsible sexual behaviours. In this context, women were yet more often subjected to HIV-related stigma than men, in particular women diagnosed in the pre-antiretroviral therapy era and younger female caregivers. The role of gender in shaping disparities in HIV-related stigma experiences is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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With the increase in separations, family recomposition, and new modes of cohabitation, the contours of the family have become less clearly defined. It has become important to separate the family group from its statistical framework – the household – while taking account, in both time and space, of the interpersonal relationships built up over the life-course. In response to these objectives, the French National Institute of Demographic Studies (INED) conducted two surveys,Proches et Parentsin 1990 andBiographies et Entouragein 2001, which use new concepts to address these new family realities: the local family circle which, for an individual, includes family members living in the same municipality, with whom he/she has a close and strong relationship in terms of mutual support and regular contact, and the concept of entourage (contact circle), which includes close relatives, all co-resident persons, whether relatives or not, but also significant others who have marked the individual's life. Far from being limited to the immediate family, the universe of familial and elective relationships covers a much more complex reality whose contours may be limited to the family or extended to a wider circle of relatives and friends. It describes an affective and residential proximity that reveals a mutual support network of varying strength, which may or may not be solicited, which may be avoided or, on the contrary, revived in response to events affecting its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]