1. Seasonal variation in airborne infection risk in schools due to changes in ventilation inferred from monitored carbon dioxide
- Author
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Paul Linden, Carolanne V. M. Vouriot, Catherine J. Noakes, H. C. Burridge, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC, Burridge, Henry C. [0000-0002-0719-355X], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Burridge, Henry C [0000-0002-0719-355X]
- Subjects
Technology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,SARS‐CoV‐2 ,09 Engineering ,law.invention ,Social group ,Engineering ,law ,Pandemic ,11 Medical and Health Sciences ,Public, Environmental & Occupational Health ,Inhalation Exposure ,Schools ,Geography ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Ventilation (architecture) ,Construction & Building Technology ,airborne infection risk ,Seasons ,Risk assessment ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Algorithms ,Environmental Engineering ,TRANSMISSION ,Secondary infection ,school ,04 Earth Sciences ,education ,Risk Assessment ,infection modeling ,COVID‐19 ,medicine ,Humans ,ORIGINAL ARTICLE ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Building & Construction ,Science & Technology ,Academic year ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Engineering, Environmental ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,COVID-19 ,Building and Construction ,Seasonality ,Carbon Dioxide ,medicine.disease ,Ventilation ,ORIGINAL ARTICLES ,monitored CO2 ,Demography - Abstract
The year 2020 has seen the world gripped by the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. It is not the first time, nor will it be last, that our increasingly globalized world has been significantly affected by the emergence of a new disease. In much of the Northern Hemisphere, the academic year begins in September, and for many countries, September 2020 marked the return to full schooling after some period of enforced closure due to COVID‐19. In this paper, we focus on the airborne spread of disease and investigate the likelihood of transmission in school environments. It is crucial to understand the risk airborne infection from COVID‐19 might pose to pupils, teachers, and their wider social groups. We use monitored CO2 data from 45 classrooms in 11 different schools from within the UK to estimate the likelihood of infection occurring within classrooms regularly attended by the same staff and pupils. We determine estimates of the number of secondary infections arising via the airborne route over pre/asymptomatic periods on a rolling basis. Results show that, assuming relatively quiet desk‐based work, the number of secondary infections is likely to remain reassuringly below unity; however, it can vary widely between classrooms of the same school even when the same ventilation system is present. Crucially, the data highlight significant variation with the seasons with January being nearly twice as risky as July. We show that such seasonal variations in risk due to changes in ventilation rates are robust and our results hold for wide variations in disease parameterizations, suggesting our results may be applied to a number of different airborne diseases.
- Published
- 2021