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Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the potential to extend the storage time of raw milk, but its industrial application in this regard has not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to investigate the microflora of CO2‐treated and untreated raw milk from South China using Illumina sequencing. The sequencing results confirmed the presence of Delftia, Pseudomonas and Serratia as the main spoilage species in raw cow milk from South China. However, CO2 treatment was found to selectively inhibit the growth of these spoilage bacteria. Principal coordinate analysis revealed differences in the microbiota structures of samples collected from the Fuyi and Guanyuan sites. Additionally, a total of 119 and 120 bacterial species were identified in the Fuyi and Guanyuan samples, respectively. The spoilage of raw milk from the Fuyi and Guanyuan was delayed by 7 and 19 days, respectively, with the application of CO2 treatment. Conversely, the samples without CO2 treatment were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia. Moreover, the CO2‐treated samples from the Fuyi and Guanyuan ranches exhibited a different composition of spoilage bacteria, with a significant increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) compared to the control samples. This study suggests that LAB have a remarkable tolerance to CO2, which is consistent with their selection in fruit, vegetable and meat products stored in CO2‐enriched modified atmosphere packaging. The findings of this study provide a foundation for further exploration of the potential application of CO2 treatment in raw milk processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Icewine produced in China is becoming popular, but there is only limited knowledge available on the yeast population that occurs during fermentation and also on the selection of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for its production. In this work, we first investigated yeast species and the evolution of yeast population in spontaneous fermentations of icewine produced in the Qilian region of China and then analyzed the biodiversity and important enological properties of S. cerevisiae isolates. RESULTS: Seven species of five genera including S. cerevisiae, S. uvarum, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia aff. fructicola and H. osmophila were identified by the colony morphology on Wallerstein Laboratory Nutrient medium and sequence analysis of the 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, H. uvarum and L. thermotolerans were the dominant species, representing almost 87% of the total yeast isolates. Microvinification with seven preselected S. cerevisiae strains were performed on Vidal. All selected strains could complete fermentations, and the enochemical parameters were within the acceptable ranges of the wine industry. W5B3 produced higher amounts of ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate than other strains. R3A10 was a low volatile acid producer and the corresponding icewine presented the highest values on some odorants including β‐damascenone, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate, and isoamyl alcohol. Vidal icewines fermented with R3A10, R3A16 and W5B3 were well accepted by the judges because of superior sensory quality. CONCLUSION: Three indigenous strains (R3A10, R3A16 and W5B3) could be used as starters and could potentially improve the regional character of the icewine in Qilian. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mappings of the stimuli effects and the input and output estimates of artificial neural networks (ANN) are obtained via combinations of nonlinear functions. This approach offers the advantages of self-learning, self-organization, self-adaptation, and fault tolerance as well as the potential for use in flood forecasting applications. Furthermore, the ANN technology allows the use of multiple variables in both the input and output layers. This capability is very important for flood calculation because the stage, discharge, and other hydrological variables often are functions of many influential variables. Herein, we propose a flood forecasting system with related application, based on ANN. This method offers better performance and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) holds much promise for producing biodiesel; it is cultivated in many tropical countries. In the South China Botanical Garden, a germplasm collection of J. curcas has been assembled on the basis of geographic location. However, this collection has not been characterized using molecular techniques associated with germplasm management and utilization. In this study, the genetic relationships of 58 J. curcas accessions were assessed based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses. Seventeen microsatellite markers were developed using the FIASCO (Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats) protocol; only one SSR primer was polymorphic with two alleles. The seven AFLP primer combinations amplified 70 polymorphic loci in total, 14.3% of which were polymorphic. The clustering of genotypes based on the AFLP markers shows that the genetic diversity of J. curcas in Guizhou was notably different from the other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the prognosis of facial allergic contact dermatitis (FACD). The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence and 1-year outcome of FACD in patients patch tested. 655 consecutive patients patch tested with European standard series in Peking University Hospital in a 2-year period were studied. At 1 year after testing, all patients were asked a revisit and prognosis of FACD was assessed by the rates of clearance of dermatitis, relapse, and improvement at the final evaluation. Of 599 patients examined, 92 were affected by FACD. All their dermatitis improved. The clearance rate was 55.4%, which was much higher than that (23.1%) of other patients tested in the same period ( P < 0.05, chi-square test); however, the relapse rate was also high (42.4%). Concurrence of atopic diathesis, icthyosis, or drug allergy history had no influence on the clearance rates. The clearance rate was significantly lower (40.9%) in patients with disease duration over 3 months before testing. FACD is common among patients patch tested and has a better prognosis than other eczema. Patients with suspected FACD should be tested early and more work is needed to decrease the relapse rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a study which aims to examine the frequency of patch test reactions to common cosmetic allergens in Chinese patients with cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis (CACD). The study revealed that the contact points of contact dermatitis was commonly found in the face, scalp, neck and upper limbs. It was also found that the leading causative cosmetics for CACD were attributed to skin care products and color decorating products.

Aims: This multicenter, open‐label, randomized study (Registration No. ChiCTR‐OCH‐14004528) aimed to compare the efficacy and effects of oxcarbazepine (OXC) with levetiracetam (LEV) as monotherapies on patient quality of life and mental health for patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy from China. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy who had experienced 2 or more unprovoked seizures at greater than a 24‐h interval during the previous year were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to the OXC group or LEV group. Efficacy, safety, quality of life, and mental health were evaluated over 12‐week and 24‐week periods. Results: In total, we recruited 271 newly diagnosed patients from 23 centers. Forty‐four patients were excluded before treatment for reasons. The rate of seizure freedom of OXC was significantly superior to that of LEV at 12 weeks and 24 weeks (p < 0.05). The quality of life (except for the seizure worry subsection) and anxiety scale scores also showed significant differences from before to after treatment in the OXC and LEV groups. Conclusions: OXC monotherapy may be more effective than LEV monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. Both OXC and LEV could improve the quality of life and anxiety state in adult patients with focal epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-te-fu (LTF) and Zhan-shan 97 (ZS) are two key female parents for the generation of indica hybrid rice, which have greatly contributed to the achievement of rice production in China. However, the high amylose content (AC) in the endosperm, controlled by the Waxy (Wx) gene encoded granule-bound starch synthase I, of both lines results in poor cooking and eating quality of the milled rice. Our previous studies have shown that AC was correlated with the ability to excise intron 1 from the leader sequence of the Wx transcript, and which is responsible by a single nucleotide polymorphism (G or T) located at the first nucleotide of the splice donor site of Wx intron 1. Thus, a CAPS marker was subsequently developed, and with this molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) we successfully introgressed the Wx-TT locus of rice cultivars with good quality intermediate AC into LTF-B and ZS-B. These were subsequently introduced into their relevant male-sterile lines (LTF-A and ZS-A) to generate improved indica hybrids. In the selected lines LTF(tt)-B and ZS(tt)-B, the AC was reduced to a relatively low level (15%). Consequently, the hybrids crossed from the selected lines had dramatically reduced amylose levels. In the field trials, the agronomic performance in the improved lines and their hybrids was examined and compared to the originals. The other key factors involved in rice cooking and eating quality were also improved in the selected lines and their hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) is an important medical and occupational health problem. If undiagnosed, the disease may persist and even spread widely, resulting in severe and permanent disability to the worker, who may be deprived of his legal right to compensation. OACD is not uncommon in China, although many dermatologists fail to establish the connection between disease and working conditions, because they think that the diagnosis of OACD is the work of occupational medicine and that special diagnostic methods are required. The Ministry of Health and Ministry of Labour and Social Security of China have issued a new law recently to emphasize the prevention and treatment of occupational disease. It requires physicians to make an accurate diagnosis and report of occupation-related diseases. In this study, we have successfully investigated 14 cases of OACD in our hospital by patch testing the patients with a standard series of allergens and investigating by questionnaire the suspected offending occupational allergens. During a 2-year period (2001–2003), 14 patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were investigated and confirmed as having OACD. OACD may develop in many different occupations. In this study, nickel, 4-phenylenediamine, fragrance mix, black rubber mix, colophonium, epoxy resin and thiuram mix were identified by patch testing as the main offending allergens in such patients. These results indicate that patch testing plays a vital role in the diagnosis and identification of occupational allergens, and our study shows that OACD can often be diagnosed by patch testing patients with a standard series. The clinician should be alert to recognize the offending allergens of OACD by referring to patch testing all patients with clinically suspected contact dermatitis, and then educating the sensitized worker in how to avoid further exposure to the causative allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex pheromones serve a critical role in Lepidopterans finding mates. Male moths perceive and react to sex pheromones emitted by conspecific females through a delicate pheromone communication system. Pheromone receptors (PRs) are the key sensory elements at the beginning of that process. The codling moth (Cydia pomnonella) is an important pome fruit pest globally and a serious invasive species in China. Pheromone‐based techniques have been used successfully in monitoring and controlling this species. We conducted ribonucleic acid sequencing analysis of the codling moth antennal transcriptome and identified 66 odorant receptors (ORs) in a population from Xinjiang province, China, of which 14 were PRs, including two novel PRs (CpomOR2e and CpomOR73). Four PRs that contain full‐length open reading frames (CpomOR1, OR2a, OR5, OR7) and four PRs with ligands that have not been reported previously (CpomOR1, OR2a, OR5, OR7) were selected to deorphanize in the heterologous Xenopus oocyte expression system. Specifically, we found that CpomOR2a and CpomOR5 responded to (E,E)‐8, 10‐dodecadien‐1‐yl acetate (codlemone acetate). Furthermore, CpomOR5 (EC50 = 1.379 × 10−8 mol/L) was much more sensitive to codlemone acetate than CpomOR2a (EC50 = 1.663 × 10−6 mol/L). Since codlemone acetate is an important component of C. pomonella sex pheromone, our results improve the current understanding of pheromone communication in codling moths and will be helpful for the development of pest management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an 8‐week electronic couple‐based psychosocial support platform (WeChat) for gynaecological cancer. Design: Randomised controlled trial. Setting: Oncology hospital in Shaanxi Province, China. Participants: A total of 98 dyads of women with gynaecological cancer and their intimate male partners were included. Methods: Couple dyads were randomly allocated to either the WeChat couple‐based psychosocial support or to a control group receiving eight WeChat articles on general education content related to diet and exercise. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was sexual function assessed with the Female Sexual Function Index. The secondary outcomes of relationship satisfaction and quality of life were assessed with the Chinese version of Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General and The World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF. These outcomes were assessed before randomisation, and immediately and 3 months after the intervention. Results: The study showed that the sexual function of women participants in the intervention group did not reach a significant level compared with the control group. Relationship satisfaction in the intervention programme improved significantly (adjusted mean difference 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0–7.4; p = 0.001) and quality of life (QoL 6.9, 95% CI 0.5–13.3; p = 0.035) 3 months after the intervention in women with gynaecological cancer. The intervention programme also showed significant positive effects on optimising relationship satisfaction (adjuste mean difference 3.0, 95% CI 0.3–5.7; p = 0.027) of male partners. Conclusions: The results provided additional knowledge and an evidence base for the application of the support programme to improve relationship satisfaction and QoL among couples living with gynaecological cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that determines the prevalence of contact sensitization to textile dyes in a non-patient population and in eczema patients patch tested in a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China. The study shows lower total positivity rate for patch testing with the baseline series of allergens in volunteers than that for patients. It found no significant difference in the prevalence of contact sensitization to any allergens between volunters and patients.

The article presents a study to find the pervasiveness of contact sensitization in university students in Beijing and to find the link in the prevalence of delayed hypersensitivity between eczema patients and a non-patient population. Volunteers from Peking University were recruited by stating that healthy volunteers were needed to test for the frequency of allergic reactions to common environmental allergens. Two hundred and five volunteers were patch tested.

The article presents a report on exanthematous drug eruption due to Chinese herbal medicines sanjieling capsule and huoxuexiaoyan pill. Hypersensivity to herbal medicine is not rare in China, but the causative allergen is seldom detected because most herbal medicines arc such complex preparations. Some Chinese researchers still think that reactions are induced by impurities or additives in the preparations. Little is known about the allergenicity of the herbs themselves. Sanjieling capsule and Huoxuexiaoyan pill are Chinese herbal medicines claimed to invigorate blood circulation, resolve hard lumps.

Examines erythematous skin reaction to subcutaneous injection of ribonucleic acid in China. Pathophysiology of the complication; Conduction of iRNA injection solution patch test; Involvement of IgE-mediated reaction and T-lymphocyte-mediated reaction.

Background Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) are drug-induced diseases with no well-established treatments. The application of corticosteroid therapy is controversial. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy is emerging as a promising new method for the treatment of these two diseases. The efficacy of combination therapy of IVIG and corticosteroid in the treatment of TEN/SJS has seldom been reported. Methods Sixty-five consecutive patients with either TEN or SJS, admitted over a 14-year period from January 1993 to October 2007, were treated with corticosteroid and analyzed retrospectively using SCORTEN, a severity-of-illness scoring system for TEN/SJS prognosis, to evaluate efficacy. For patients admitted after January 2001, additional therapy with a dose of 0.4 g/kg/day of IVIG for 5 days was applied. Results In the 45 patients with TEN treated without IVIG, 8.63 patients were expected to die based on the SCORTEN system, but 10 deaths were observed. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis [(Σobserved deaths/Σexpected deaths) × 100] suggested that patients with TEN treated with systemic corticosteroid were 16% more likely to die than those treated with routine therapy (SMR = 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.56–2.13). In the further study of combination therapy, 12 patients with TEN and eight patients with SJS were admitted. There were two deaths in the TEN group and one death in the SJS group, with 3.51 deaths expected on the basis of the SCORTEN system. SMR analysis showed that combination therapy had a tendency to reduce the mortality rate of TEN (SMR = 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.18–2.50). Nevertheless, in both the TEN and SJS groups, the difference in mortality rate between the two therapies was not statistically significant ( P = 0.651 and P = 1, respectively). In patients with TEN, combination therapy also reduced significantly the time of arrested progression ( P = 0.019) and the total hospitalization time ( P = 0.043), but could not reduce the time to the tapering of corticosteroid ( P = 0.96). In SJS patients, the times of arrested progression and hospitalization were also reduced significantly ( P = 0.019 and P = 0.0475, respectively). Likewise, the time to the tapering of corticosteroid was not reduced ( P = 0.122). Conclusion Combination therapy with corticosteroid and IVIG exhibited a tendency to reduce the mortality rate in comparison with the solo administration of corticosteroid. The decrease in the mortality rate, however, was not statistically significant. Combination therapy also arrested progression earlier and decreased the hospitalization time, meaning that the total dose of corticosteroid may be reduced. Combination therapy, however, did not lead to earlier tapering of corticosteroid. No severe adverse effects of IVIG were found during treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynostemma pentaphyllum, a member of family Cucurbitaceae, is a perennial creeping herb used as a traditional medicinal plant in China. In this study, six polymorphic nSSR and four EST‐SSR primers were used to genotype 1,020 individuals in 72 wild populations of G. pentaphyllum. The genetic diversity and population structure were investigated, and ecological niche modeling was performed to reveal the evolution and demographic history of its natural populations. The results show that G. pentaphyllum has a low level of genetic diversity and high level of variation among populations because of pervasive asexual propagation, genetic drift, and long‐term habitat isolation. Results of the Mantel test demonstrate that the genetic distance and geographic distance are significantly correlated among G. pentaphyllum natural populations. The populations can be divided into two clusters on the basis of genetic structure. Asymmetrical patterns of historical gene flow were observed among the clusters. For the contemporary, almost all the bidirectional gene flow of the related pairs was symmetrical with slight differences. Recent bottlenecks were experienced by 34.72% of the studied populations. The geographic range of G. pentaphyllum continues to expand northward and eastward from Hengduan Mountains. The present distribution of G. pentaphyllum is a consequence of its complex evolution. Polyploidy in G. pentaphyllum is inferred to be polygenetic. Finally, G. pentaphyllum is a species in need of protection, so in situ and ex situ measures should be considered in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycas debaoensis is one of the critically endangered cycad species endemic to China. In this study, we described the development of six microsatellite markers from the genome of C. debaoensis using the protocol of fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) and two microsatellite markers derived from the database of expressed sequence tags (dbEST). Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 60 adult individuals of the cycad. The average allele number of the microsatellites was 2.6 per locus, ranging from two to five. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.0833 to 0.7333 and from 0.0805 to 0.7188, respectively. Despite its rarity, only one locus (Y177) deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium due to the excessive homozygosity. The marker transferability of the eight primer pairs was tested on other four congeneric species that also occur in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Research into the variability of fine‐root decomposition and nutrient cycling processes in arid and semiarid ecosystems is highly significant not only for investigations of regional and global carbon and nitrogen cycling but also for offering a theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and reconstruction. In particular, information is limited on fine‐root decomposition processes and nutrient releasing characteristics in the high‐altitude Qinghai Gonghe basin, which has different tree species and variable fine‐root diameters. Materials and methods: Four types of Salicaceae and Caragana shrubs were selected at the Qinghai Gonghe desert ecosystem research station. The litterbag method was adopted to measure decomposition rates of fine‐roots with three diameter classes (1–2 mm, 0.5–1 mm, and 0–0.5 mm). Chemical analysis was performed to determine nutrient (C, N, P, and K) concentrations of fine‐root, and nutrient release rates were compared among fine‐roots with different diameters during different decomposition periods. The differences in mass residual ratio and nutrient release rate among different diameter classes were studied with one‐way ANOVA. Results: Fine‐root decomposition rates were in the order Caragana intermedia > Caragana korshinskii > Salix psammophila > Salix cheilophila. Fine‐root decomposition showed a trend of "fast‐slow‐fast" variation, and decomposition rate increased as the diameter of fine‐roots increased, irrespective of tree species. During the decomposition process, the nutrients C, N, and P of fine‐root were in a release state for the four shrubs with different fine‐root diameters, and the corresponding release rates of Caragana shrubs were higher than those of Salicaceae shrubs. Release rates of nutrients C and N accelerated as fine‐root diameter increased, whereas release rates of nutrients P and K had no observed relation with fine‐root diameter. Fine‐root decomposition ratio was significantly correlated with initial values of N, P, C/N, C/P, and N/P of fine‐root. Fine‐root mass loss ratio was significantly correlated with initial concentration of soil nutrient K, and the correlation was positive for fine‐roots with diameters of 0–0.5 mm and 0.5–1 mm; however, no other significant correlation was observed between fine‐root mass loss ratio and initial soil environmental factors within this study. Conclusions: Our study showed that tree species and fine‐root diameter strongly affected decomposition rates, whereas diameter class exerted little effect on nutrient release rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-induced nitrogen (N) enrichment is impacting the structure and function of grassland ecosystems, although few studies have been conducted in arid and semi-arid ecosystems under field conditions. Here, a 4-year multi-level N addition experiment under ambient precipitation in a typical temperate desert steppe in arid regions of China was designed to evaluate the impact of N enrichment on the herbaceous vegetation community in desert ecosystems. The results showed that species richness declined in response to N addition during all 4 years, while aboveground biomass increased in the relatively wet year (2007) and decreased in the relatively dry years (2008-2010) according to N addition level, as compared to the control. Plant community composition differed among plant functional groups (PFGs) based on added N. Perennial grasses (PG) benefited more compared with annuals and perennial forbs (PF) from N enrichment in terms of biomass production under conditions of high precipitation in 2007. In relatively dry years, biomass production of all PFGs was strictly dependent on inter- and intra-annual precipitation, which led PG to dominate in 2008 (with a dry spring) and PF to dominate in 2009 and 2010. Our results demonstrate that the impact of N enrichment on the herbaceous vegetation community in desert steppes may be strongly dependent on natural precipitation patterns characterized by shifts in plant community composition, particularly in terms of biomass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China and Thailand produce large amounts of jewellery that are sold domestically and abroad. Objective: To identify nickel release and metal content in earrings purchased in China and Thailand. Methods: A total of 557 earrings were randomly purchased from vendors in 11 markets located in Beijing, Chengdu, Bangkok, Patong Beach, and Hat Yai. Earrings were subjected to dimethylglyoxime (DMG) tests and 26 of the DMG negative earrings were further evaluated qualitatively for major and minor metal content using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results: A total of 314 Chinese earrings (31.5%) and 243 Thai earrings (29.2%) were DMG test positive. Three (11.5%) of 29 DMG negative earrings contained nickel as a major component; 7 (26.9%) of 29 DMG negative earrings contained nickel as a minor component. Discussion: Excessive nickel release was frequent. This may contribute to the high prevalence of nickel allergy in both countries. Increased public education together with the adoption of a regulatory intervention in Thailand may be warranted. In China, enforcement of the 2002 Chinese National Standard GB 11887 may assist in reducing sensitization. These initiatives may eventually result in decreased morbidity among the Chinese and Thai citizens, but can potentially benefit recipient countries of these important earring producing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: To explore the relationship between fatty liver and the metabolic syndrome in the adults of Shanghai and evaluate the value of fatty liver as a marker for risk factor clustering. Methods: Questionnaires, physical examinations, laboratory tests (blood lipid and glucose) and real-time liver ultrasonographies were performed in Shanghai adults and analyzed using randomized, multistage, stratified cluster sampling. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) criteria with the exception of abdominal obesity (waist circumference > 90 cm in men and > 80 cm in women); fatty liver was diagnosed in accordance with the presence of an ultrasonographic pattern consistent with ‘bright’ liver (brightness and posterior attenuation of liver). Results: The study population consisted of 3175 subjects (1218 men) with a mean (± SD) age of 52.4 ± 15.1 years. Metabolic syndrome and fatty liver were found in 726 (22.87%) and 661 (20.82%) of sampled cases, respectively. After adjustment by age and sex, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver in the general population of Shanghai were 15.30 and 17.29%, respectively. The risk for fatty liver in subjects with abdominal obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension increased 32.78-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.85–72.35), 31.58-fold (95% CI 14.18–70.35), 22.64-fold (95% CI 10.26–49.99) and 23.25-fold (95% CI 10.54–51.30), respectively, compared with controls, whereas the risk for fatty liver in subjects with metabolic syndrome was increased by 39.33-fold (95% CI 17.77–87.05). After the 661 patients with fatty liver had been stratified by body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertension and the metabolic syndrome were increased from 25.0, 47.2 and 36.1%, respectively, in people with normal BMI to 81.0, 73.8 and 55.4%, respectively, in obese persons. However, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia, high fasting glucose and low high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol showed no significant changes with increased BMI. Moreover, among fatty liver patients with normal BMI, the detection rate for one or more features of metabolic disorders was as high as 83.3% and that for five features was 2.8%. Compared with obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity, fatty liver had the highest clustering rate, specificity, positive predictive value and attributable risk percentage in detecting risk factor clustering in both sexes. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and fatty liver among Shanghai adults. Metabolic disorders are closely related to fatty liver; moreover, fatty liver appears to be a good predictor for the clustering of risk factors for metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Chinese patients with mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC) or cervical cancer (CC). Methods: In total, 191 cases of CC (n=66), acute MPC (n=84), and healthy cervix controls (n=41) were initially included; samples were collected between May 21, 2008, and October 9, 2011. Cervical specimens were screened for HPV using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay and DNA sequencing. Results: Overall prevalence of HPV infection was 20.0% in the control group, 53.3% in the MPC group, and 93.8% in the CC group. The predominant genotype detected in all 3 groups was the oncogenic variant HPV 16 (87.7%, 18.7%, and 10.0% in the CC, MPC and control specimens, respectively). The second most frequent genotype among patients with MPC was HPV 58. This variant is also oncogenic and was detected at a higher rate in the MPC group (9.3%) than in the control (2.5%) and CC (1.5%) groups. Conclusion: Infection with HPV was prevalent among Chinese women with MPC or CC. Furthermore, the high prevalence of oncogenic genotypes observed among HPV-positive patients with MPC suggests that this group is at increased risk of developing CC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]