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The higher prevalence of cancer and the unmet need for antioxidant/anti-inflammatory chemotherapeutic compounds with little side effect are of utmost importance. In addition, the increased likelihood of failure in clinical trials along with increasing development costs may have diminished the range of choices among newer drugs for clinical use. This has dictated the necessity to seek out novel medications by repurposing as it needs less time, effort, and resources to explore new uses of a current or unsuccessful medication. In this study, we examined the biological activity of 10 potential quinoline derivatives. Given the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 value) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation of RAW264.7 mouse macrophages, all commercial FQs and selected quinolines (quinoline-4-carboxlic and quinoline-3-carboxylic acids) exerted impressively appreciable anti-inflammation affinities versus classical NSAID indomethacin without related cytotoxicities in inflamed macrophages. Conversely, all 14 tested compounds lacked antioxidative DPPH radical scavenging capacities as compared to ascorbic acid. Gemifloxacin, considerably unlike markets FQs, indomethacin and quinoline derivatives, exerted exceptional and differential antiproliferation propensities in colorectum SW480, HCT116, and CACO2, pancreatic PANC1, prostate PC3, mammary T47D, lung A375, and melanoma A549 adherent monolayers using the sulforhodamine B colorimetric method versus antineoplastic cisplatin. All quinoline derivatives and gemifloxacin alike, but not levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or indomethacin, displayed substantially selective viability reduction affinities in prolonged tumor incubations of cervical HELA and mammary MCF7 cells. Specifically kynurenic acid (hydrate), quinoline-2-carboxylic acid, quinoline-4-carboxylic acid, quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, and 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-quinoline carboxylic acids possessed the most remarkable growth inhibition capacities against mammary MCF7 cell line, while quinoline-2-carboxylic acid was the only quinoline derivative with significant cytotoxicity on cervical HELA cancer cells. It is highly speculated that chelation with divalent metals via co-planarity with close proximity of the COOH and the N atom could have the potential molecular mechanism for optimally promising repurposed pharmacologies. Conclusively, this study revealed the considerably profound repurposed duality of cytotoxicity and anti-inflammation pharmacologies of quinoline derivatives. Activity-guided structural modifications of the present nuclear scaffolds can be inherently linked to the betterment and enhancement of their repurposed pharmacologies., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Objectives: To determine the potential of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, E-cadherin and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels to predict the outcomes of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) for periodontitis patients., Background: NSPT is the gold-standard treatment for periodontal pockets < 6 mm in depth, however, successful outcomes are not always guaranteed due to several factors. Periodontitis-associated tissue destruction is evidenced by the increased level of soluble E-cadherin and reduced antioxidants in oral fluids which could be used as predictors for success/failure of NSPT., Materials and Methods: Patients with periodontitis (n = 24) were included in this clinical trial and full-mouth periodontal charting was recorded for each patient. GCF samples from periodontal pockets with probing pocket depth (PPD) 4-6 mm from the interproximal surfaces of anterior and premolar teeth were obtained. These sites subsequently received NSPT and were clinically re-evaluated after 1 and 3 months. Levels of GCF E-cadherin and TAC levels were assayed using ELISA., Results: All clinical periodontal parameters were significantly improved 3 months after completion of NSPT. These outcomes were associated with a significant decrease in E-cadherin levels and GCF volume, while TAC levels were significantly increased in samples obtained in follow-up appointments. Binary regression model analysis showed that PPD, GCF volume, E-cadherin, and TAC levels could significantly (p < .05) predict the outcomes of NSPT. The cut-off points for PPD, GCF volume, E-cadherin and TAC were 5 mm, 4 × 10 -3 , 1267.97 pg/mL and 0.09 μmol/g, respectively., Conclusion: NSPT improved clinical parameters along with increased antioxidants capacity and epithelial pocket lining integrity. Discrimination of favorable/unfavorable responsiveness of periodontally diseased sites to NSPT could be possible by using GCF volume, PPD, E-cadherin and TAC level assessments., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

MXene‐based thermal camouflage materials have gained increasing attention due to their low emissivity, however, the poor anti‐oxidation restricts their potential applications under complex environments. Various modification methods and strategies, e.g., the addition of antioxidant molecules and fillers have been developed to overcome this, but the realization of long‐term, reliable thermal camouflage using MXene network (coating) with excellent comprehensive performance remains a great challenge. Here, a MXene‐based hybrid network comodified with hyaluronic acid (HA) and hyperbranched polysiloxane (HSi) molecules is designed and fabricated. Notably, the presence of appreciated HA molecules restricts the oxidation of MXene sheets without altering infrared stealth performance, superior to other water‐soluble polymers; while the HSi molecules can act as efficient cross‐linking agents to generate strong interactions between MXene sheets and HA molecules. The optimized MXene/HA/HSi composites exhibit excellent mechanical flexibility (folded into crane structure), good water/solvent resistance, and long‐term stable thermal camouflage capability (with low infrared emissivity of ≈0.29). The long‐term thermal camouflage reliability (≈8 months) under various outdoor weathers and the scalable coating capability of the MXene‐coated textile enable them to disguise the IR signal of various targets in complex environments, indicating the great promise of achieved material for thermal camouflage, IR stealth, and counter surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we synthesized a series of new 9,10-dihydro-2H,8H-chromeno[8,7e][1,3]oxazine-2-on derivatives which incorporate isobornylcoumarin and 1,3-oxazine moieties. A structure-antioxidant activity relationship was analyzed. A comparative evaluation of their radical scavenging activity, antioxidant and membrane-protective properties was carried out in test with DPPH, as well as on the models of Fe 2+ /ascorbate-initiated lipid peroxidation and oxidative hemolysis of mammalian red blood cells. The results suggest that all the obtained coumarin[1,3]oxazine derivatives of 7-hydroxy-6-isobornyl-4-methylcoumarin are capable of exhibiting antioxidant activity in various model systems. Compound 7 with a phenyl fragment, combining high radical scavenging activity and the ability to inhibit Fe 2+ /ascorbate-initiated peroxidation of animal lipids in a heterogeneous environment, also proved to be the most effective membrane protector and antioxidant in the model of H 2 O 2 -induced erythrocyte hemolysis., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: We aimed to define specific reference intervals (RIs) for 11 biomarkers including inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, liver, and renal function tests in a healthy Iranian adult population for the first time., Methods: CLSI Ep28-A3 guidelines were then used to calculate accurate age- and sex- as well as body mass index (BMI)-specific RIs., Results: RIs for studied biomarkers showed no significant age and sex-specific differences, except for uric acid, which had higher concentrations in men when compared to women. Additionally, after partitioning the participants based on the BMI with a cutoff point of 25 kg/m 2 , only the levels of hs-CRP were positively associated with higher BMI (RI for BMI>25: 0.51-7.85 mg/L and for BMI<25: 0.40-4.46 mg/L). RI for PAB and anti-hsp-27 were reported 4.69-155.36 HK and 0.01-0.70 OD in men and women aged 35-65 years old., Conclusion: Partitioning by sex and BMI was only required for uric acid and hs-CRP, respectively, while other biomarkers required no partitioning. These results can be expected to valuably contribute to improve laboratory test result interpretation in adults for improved monitoring of various diseases in the Iranian population., (© 2021 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Polysaccharide is an important macromolecule with biological activity, and its biological activity is closely related to its structure. The extraction methods and modification methods of polysaccharides directly affect the structure of polysaccharides and then affect the biological activities of polysaccharides. In this paper, the extraction, separation, and modification of polysaccharides and their advantages and disadvantages were reviewed, and the research methods of structure characterization and antioxidant activity were discussed. This not only provides ideas for optimizing the extraction, separation, and modification methods of plant polysaccharides, but also provides the basic theoretical basis for the structural analysis and antioxidant activity research of plant polysaccharides., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Macrophages play a crucial role in aiding all phases of the wound‐healing process and has garnered increasing attention recently. Although a substantial body of related studies has been published, there remains a lack of comprehensive bibliometric analysis. In this study, we collected 4296 papers from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Three tools including CiteSpace, VOSviewer and one online analytical platform were employed to conduct bibliometric analysis and data visualization. Our results revealed that the annual number of publications related to macrophage and wound healing has increased exponentially with the year. The United States and China stand as the primary driving forces within this field, collectively constituting 58.2% of the total publication output. The application of biomaterials was one of the most concerned research areas in this field. According to references analysis, the current research focus has shifted to diabetic wound healing and regulating macrophage polarization. Based on the keywords analysis, we identified the following research frontiers in the future: exosomes and other extracellular vesicles; bio‐derived materials and drug delivery methods such as nanoparticles, scaffolds and hydrogels; immunomodulation and macrophage polarization in the M2‐state; chronic wounds, particularly those associated with diabetes; antimicrobial peptides; and antioxidant. Additionally, TNF, IL‐6, IL‐10, TGF‐β1 and VEGF ranked as the five genes that have garnered the most research attention in the intersection of macrophage and wound healing. All in all, our findings offered researchers a holistic view of the ongoing progress in the field of macrophages and wound healing, serving as a valuable reference for scholars and policymakers in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern about environmental sustainability and increasing fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) generation have stimulated research into their potential valorization. This paper explores using this type of waste to obtain beneficial antioxidants in various fields of study. It is imperative to delve into the problems associated with FVW, shedding light on the staggering amounts generated and the environmental and economic challenges of waste disposal. The biochemical composition of FVW reveals the diverse array of components present, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and of course antioxidants, which can be obtained through different extraction methods, depending on the conditions, the efficiency and the purpose that is required during the process of separation of these compounds from the organic matter. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize free radicals, which contributes to combating various conditions and diseases to promote and preserve human health. Several groups of antioxidants have been described, such as polyphenolic compounds in significant amounts in plant biomass as FVW. These antioxidants demonstrate benefits, efficacy and potential applications in industries like medicine, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and functional foods. The valorization of FVW as a source of antioxidants presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management and the production of natural antioxidants. This approach contributes to environmental preservation and promotes circular economy principles by transforming waste into valuable resources. This paper provides valuable insights into the vast potential of FVW valorization for antioxidant production and its application across diverse industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the purification, structure, and antioxidant activity of Rehmannia Radix Praeparata polysaccharide (RRPP) were studied. The RRPP was separated using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100. The RRPP consisted of xylose, glucose, rhamnose, galactose, and mannose in ratios of 10.64:5.58:3.52:1.39:1.0. No protein was detected in the RRPP fraction, and the molecular weight of RRPP was about 1.75 × 10 6  Da. The basic skeleton information was obtained using periodic acid oxidation-Smith degradation, and RRPP contained 1→, 1 → 2, 1 → 3, 1 → 4, 1 → 2,6, 1 → 4,6 or 1 → 6, 1 → 2,3, 1 → 2,3,4, and other glycosidic bonds. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also showed that RRPP has both α- and β-glycosidic bonds. The in vitro antioxidant activity test showed that RRPP could potentialize scavenging effect on ABTS +· and its scavenging rate was 91.3%., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A new kind of antioxidant 4‐[(3‐(triethoxysilyl)propylimino)methyl]‐2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol consisting of an alkoxysilyl group and a 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol stabilizing moiety was synthesized and tested in isotactic poly(propylene). FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used for characterization of synthesized silane stabilizer. The derivative of 4‐[(3‐(triethoxysilyl)propylimino)methyl]‐2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol was also prepared by the condensation reaction using the sol‐gel process. Stabilizing activity of the new silane stabilizer and its condensed form was verified by chemiluminiscence and thermogravimetry measurements in oxygen atmosphere and compared with conventional 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐ phenol as well as with the conventional stabilizing system based on the mixture of Irganox 1010/Irgafos168 (weight ratio of 1:2). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of aging, and in turn, aging can also aggravate oxidative stress, which leads to a vicious cycle. In the process of the brain converting light into visual signals, the eye is stimulated by harmful blue‐light radiation directly. Thus, the eye is especially vulnerable to oxidative stress and becomes one of the organs most seriously involved during the aging process. Cataracts, age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and dry eye are inextricably linked to the aging process and oxidative stress. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities, and its validity has been established experimentally in numerous fields, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, cancers, and other chronic diseases. There has previously been evidence of CGA's therapeutic effect in the field of ophthalmopathy. Considering that many ophthalmic drugs lead to systemic side effects, CGA may act as a natural exogenous antioxidant for patients to take regularly, controlling their condition while minimizing side effects. In this paper, in vitro and in vivo studies of CGA in the treatment of age‐related eye diseases are reviewed, and the prospects of CGA's antioxidant application for the eye are discussed. The aim of this review is to summarize the relevant knowledge and provide theoretical support for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several cereal grains contain a mycotoxin food contaminant called deoxynivalenol (DON), which presents a significant health risk as it is one of the most commonly found mycotoxins. The current paper examines the ameliorative effect of mangiferin (MAN) in vascular endothelial cells induced through activating the Nrf2 signalling pathway on dietary DON‐induced oxidative changes. The study infers that the intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde decrease due to MAN. Other effects include in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the oxidative stress‐induced cell damage is reduced due to protective effects and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities also reveal an improvement. In HUVECs, the Nrf2‐regulated antioxidant enzyme genes' expression is activated by Nrf2 nuclear translocation induction and this activity suppresses the oxidative stress damage. The genes in HUVECs include HO‐1 and NQO1. Moreover, in HUVECs, the nucleus translocation of Nrf2 reduces the Nrf2, HO‐1, whereas NQO1 expression decreases the cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress reduce with the rejection of Nrf2 with siRNA. This paper pioneers in inferring that oxidative stress‐induced HUVECs' cell injury is suppressed by MAN through Nrf2, signalling pathway activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Spent grape pomace (SGP) obtained after the production of Grappa has been recognised as a source of antioxidant bioactive compounds. This paper aimed to assess the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on enzymes related to non‐communicable diseases of white and red SGP, as well as to monitor the impact of storage on these bioactivities. In both pomaces, distillation did not preserve some of the bioactivities; however, after 1 month of storage, there was an improvement. The phenolic profile remained relatively stable during storage while the inhibition of α‐glucosidase (AG) was improved. These results confirmed the remaining bioactivity of SGP, demonstrating its potential use in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene, a remarkable material known for its exceptional properties, can be efficiently produced through environmentally friendly methods using renewable resources and eco‐friendly solvents. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of leaf extracts as effective reducing and stabilizing agents in converting graphene oxide (GO) to graphene. This paper presents a green and cost‐effective approach for the effective deposition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) onto the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets. The process involves the co‐reduction of GO and AgNO3 in water using Moringa olifera leaf extract, resulting in the formation of a nanocomposite termed reduced graphene oxide‐silver (Ag‐RGO). The formation of RGO and Ag NP is confirmed through UV‐visible spectroscopy, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. TEM images revealed the morphology of the nanocomposite, depicting 2‐dimensional graphene sheets adorned with Ag NPs. FT‐IR analysis confirmed the removal of oxygenated functional groups from GO, indicating graphene formation. The synthesized Ag‐RGO nanocomposite exhibited significant catalytic, antioxidant, and electrochemical properties. This study underscores the utilization of natural ingredients as sustainable alternatives for producing multifunctional graphene‐silver nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to summarize all available evidence from systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative nonrandomized studies (NRS) on the association between nutrition and antioxidant, vitamin, and mineral supplements and the development or progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane register CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase were searched and studies published between January 2015 and May 2021 were included. The certainty of evidence was assessed according to the GRADE methodology. The main outcome measures were development of AMD, progression of AMD, and side effects. We included 7 systematic reviews, 7 RCTs, and 13 NRS. A high consumption of specific nutrients, i.e. β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, copper, folate, magnesium, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, was associated with a lower risk of progression of early to late AMD (high certainty of evidence). Use of antioxidant supplements and adherence to a Mediterranean diet, characterized by a high consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and a low consumption of red meat, were associated with a decreased risk of progression of early to late AMD (moderate certainty of evidence). A high consumption of alcohol was associated with a higher risk of developing AMD (moderate certainty of evidence). Supplementary vitamin C, vitamin E, or β-carotene were not associated with the development of AMD, and supplementary omega-3 fatty acids were not associated with progression to late AMD (high certainty of evidence). Research in the last 35 years included in our overview supports that a high intake of specific nutrients, the use of antioxidant supplements and adherence to a Mediterranean diet decrease the risk of progression of early to late AMD., (© 2022 The Authors. Acta Ophthalmologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation.)

BACKGROUND: The uses of egg white powder (EWP) are restricted because of its odor. It is necessary to find a method to improve its flavor. In this paper, three different antioxidants -- green tea extract (GTE), sodium ascorbate (SA), and glutathione (GSH) -- were selected to modify the flavor. The physicochemical and structural properties of EWP were investigated to study the mechanism of the formation and release of volatile compounds. RESULTS: Antioxidants can modify the overall flavor of EWP significantly, inhibiting the generation or release of nonanal, 3-methylbutanal, heptanal, decanal, geranyl acetone, and 2-pemtylfuran. A SA-EWP combination showed the lowest concentration of 'off' flavor compounds; GTE-EWP and GSH-EWP could reduce several 'off' flavor compounds but increased the formation of geranyl acetone and furans. The changes in the carbonyl content and the amino acid composition confirmed the inhibition of antioxidants with the oxidative degradation of proteins or characteristic amino acids. The results of fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provided structural information regarding EWP, which showed the release of volatile compounds decreased due to structural changes. For example, the surface hydrophobicity increased and the protein aggregation state changed. CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidants reduce the 'off' flavor of EWP in two ways: they inhibit protein oxidation and Maillard reactions (they inhibit formation of 3-methylbutanal and 2-pemtylfuran) and they enhance the binding ability of heat-denatured proteins (reducing the release of nonanal, decanal, and similar compounds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bioactive ingredients can be extracted from surplus soft fruits to add value to them as a fortification ingredient in many new products. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction and spray drying have been heavily studied in the past, with evidence to suggest the positive uptake of these by the food industry. In this paper, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries were examined using a distilled water 'green' extraction method with assisted high‐frequency ultrasound and concentration through spray drying. The results showed that crop year and variety had more impact on bioactive concentration than extraction through high‐frequency ultrasound. Two different machines were examined for differences between a cold extraction of water, and a 700 and 2000 Hz industrially relevant probes. Typically, total phenolic content (TPC) was lower in strawberries and blackberries than the control for both methods, however raspberries had a higher GAE mg ml−1 for the 2000 Hz ultrasound than the control. For Radical scavenging (RS) percentage using DPPH Blackberries had higher RS % than the control, whereas strawberries and raspberries had less than the control. These results suggest that ultrasound as a singular method for extracting valuable bioactive ingredients is not suitable with water as the solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid, super antioxidant molecule. It has higher antioxidant activity than a range of carotenoids, thus has applications in cosmetics, aquaculture, nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and pharmaceuticals. Naturally, it is derived from Haematococcus pluvialis via a one‐stage process or two‐stage process. Natural astaxanthin significantly reduces oxidative and free‐radical stress as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. The present review summarizes all the aspects of astaxanthin, including its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and current production technology. Also, this paper gives a detailed mechanism for the potential role of astaxanthin as nutraceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention, skin protection, antidiabetic and anticancer, cosmetic ingredient, natural food colorant, and feed supplement in poultry and aquaculture. Astaxanthin is one of the high‐valued microalgae products of the future. However, due to some risks involved or not having adequate research in terms of long‐term consumption, it is still yet to be explored by food industries. Although the cost of naturally derived astaxanthin is high, it accounts for only a 1% share in total astaxanthin available in the global market. Therefore, scientists are looking for ways to cut down the cost of natural astaxanthin to be made available to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol S (BPS), a BPA analog and a safer alternative, is utilized in a diverse range of industrial applications, such as making polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, thermal receipt papers, and currency bills. Recently, the increased use of BPS in containers and packages for daily life has been interrogated due to its identical chemical structure and probable endocrine‐disrupting actions as BPA has. The present study aimed to evaluate the alterations in biochemical indices and antioxidant enzymes as certain indicators of the endocrine‐disrupting effect of BPS in Channa striatus, a freshwater fish. BPS‐exposed fish species were subjected to three sub‐lethal concentrations of BPS (1, 4, and 12 ppm) and observed after an interval of 7 and 21 days. Exposure to BPS caused a reduction in the level of protein in muscle, gonads and the liver due to an impairment of protein synthesis. Levels of cholesterol in the muscle, gonads, and liver of BPS‐exposed fish were found to be decreased after treatment, indicating either an inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver or reduced absorption of dietary cholesterol. The levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase showed remarkable increases, while the activity of glutathione S‐transferase decreased considerably, indicating the antioxidant defense mechanism to counteract the oxidative stress induced by BPS. Moreover, a significant increase was noted in the level of lipid peroxidation products, like malondialdehyde and conjugate diene, which represent biomarkers of oxidative stress. The histoarchitecture changes were also observed in the liver, muscle and gonads of BPS‐treated fish species. The present study showed that sub‐lethal exposure to BPS significantly influenced the activities of these enzymes and peroxidation byproducts. From this study, it is concluded that BPS‐caused toxic effects in fish species lead to an imbalance in the antioxidant defense system. It is clearly indicated that BPS toxicity could lead to susceptible oxidative stress in various tissues and could damage vital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provides the first review of alizarin, a natural dye, in terms of its historical aspects and its potential for functional applications in textiles. The review begins with a brief overview of natural alizarin and its occurrence in Rubiaceae family plants, followed by a discussion of alizarin acquisition from its botanical sources through conventional and advanced extraction methods. A special emphasis of this study is on the identification of natural alizarin colourants in archaeological and cultural textiles by using analytical methods based on reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chromatographic profiles. In addition, the functional properties of natural alizarin, including its antimicrobial activity, anti‐oxidant activity, insect repellence and ultraviolet protection, are analysed. This paper summarises the methods for obtaining alizarin for coloration, as well as advanced techniques for detecting alizarin in historical textiles, and potential applications of natural alizarin as a functional textile dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mannich bases are interesting class of molecules thanks to their various pharmacological properties. This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of eugenol derivatives following Mannich condensation. The in vitro antituberculosis activity of the synthesized derivatives was evaluated by the Resazurin microtiter assay (REMA). The 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferrous cation (FeCl2) chelating tests were used to estimate the antioxidant capacity. All eugenol Mannich bases inhibited the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv growing. Those of 2‐dimethylaminomethyl‐6‐methoxy‐4‐propenylphenol (1) and 2‐methoxy‐4‐propenyl‐6‐pyrrolidinylmethylphenol (4) were the most active at 10 μg/mL. Additionally, significant antioxidant profile was exhibited by the synthesized derivatives, especially for 2‐dicyclohexylaminomethyl‐6‐methoxy‐4‐propenylphenol (5) that showed an antiradical activity of EC50=20 μg/mL, twice as strong as that of eugenol precursor, and for 2‐methoxy‐6‐methylpiperazinylmethyl‐4‐propenylphenol (3) and compound 4, which were promising iron chelators with EC50 of 0.016 and 0.018 mg/mL, respectively, better than EDTA standard. The molecular docking experiments on two different antituberculosis receptors showed excellent binding affinity of compounds 4 and 5 into the active site of pantothenate kinase (PanK, type I), suggesting PanK as potential molecular target. These encouraging findings showed the importance of Mannich reaction for the development of antitubercular candidates and the improvement of natural products bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indole and pyrazole are two important scaffolds in the field of medicinal chemistry. Compounds bearing indole and/or pyrazole moiety have been extensively investigated for a wide range of biological applications. Of them, compounds containing both indole and pyrazole moieties (also termed as indole‐pyrazole hybrids) are of particular interest since synergistic pharmacological activities may be gained comparing to those with each individual pharmacophore. Indole‐pyrazole hybrids can be classified into two general classes of direct‐linked hybrids and spacer‐linked hybrids. For each class, it can be sub‐divided into indole‐C2 pyrazole hybrids, indole‐C3 pyrazole hybrids and indole‐C4/5/6/7 pyrazole hybrids based on the substitution position of pyrazole on the indole moiety. Many types of indole‐pyrazole hybrids have been reported with good antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant activities etc. However, no papers have been noted to comprehensively summarize the chemical synthesis of these important indole‐pyrazole hybrids as bioactive compounds except for a few reviews focusing on the synthesis of each individual indole‐ and pyrazole‐containing derivatives. Thus, we here present a comprehensive and updated review focusing on the progress of chemical synthesis of all types of indole‐pyrazole hybrids in order to provide a better understanding of the indole‐pyrazole hybrids to researchers in the fields of synthetic chemistry and to facilitating drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic, the definition of health continuity, well‐being, and well‐dying is also evolving. Objectives: This review is about the utilization of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) for customized inner beauty products and customized cosmetics through Direct‐To‐Consumer (DTC) genetic testing in the non‐face‐to‐face era that is evolving after the global pandemic. Methods: In May 2021, we proposed a narrative review as a new report and commentary. It was written with reference to keywords such as "Covid DTC Genetic Test," "Covid 4th industrial revolution," "Covid NRF2," and "Antioxidants." This study was performed by searching on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate. A total of 432 papers were retrieved, of which 40 were successfully included in this study. Results: With the rapid transition to a non‐face‐to‐face society after COVID‐19, the concept of DTC was born, which allows consumers to receive genetic testing directly without visiting a medical institution. Based on the 4th industrial revolution, a convergence medical device is needed to secure the function as an NRF2 regulator of antioxidants in customized inner beauty products and customized cosmetics. Conclusion: Therefore, let us look at the fact that a fusion medical device based on the 4th industrial revolution has emerged in the global DTC genetic test market, which is still insufficient to summarize important research results. This study is expected to be an important data for the development of antioxidants as NRF2 regulators in customized inner beauty products and customized cosmetics. As mobile use increases in the future, additional research focusing on app development is needed, and various follow‐up studies are also needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of using propolis collected from Thailand as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for food applications was investigated. The propolis extract was prepared by using different ethanol aqueous solutions, including 30%, 40%, 50% and 70%. Total phenolic content ( TPC), phenolic compound and antioxidant activity of the propolis were determined using Folin- Ciocalteau method, high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH) radical scavenging activity, respectively. The antimicrobial ability was tested against Staphylococcus aureus ( TISTR 118), Salmonella enteritidis ( DMST 17368), Escherichia coli ( TISTR 780) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( ATCC 27853) using disc diffusion technique. The major phenolic compounds found in Thai propolis were rutin, quercetin and naringin. The TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased with increasing ethanol concentration in the solvent. Propolis extract showed antimicrobial activity, in terms of inhibitory zone for S. aureus and limited growth underneath paper discs, against all tested bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a prototype preservation process based on antioxidants and alkali in solution developed by scientists at InkCor aimed at stabilizing documents containing iron-gall inks in Europe. Information on iron-gall inks; Ways to apply the solution in manuscripts; Chemicals in iron-gall ink that cause paper decay.

The paper presents a new variant of non‐invasive potentiometric method for determination of human skin antioxidant activity (AOA). The use of a porous cellulose acetate membrane as the carrier for reagent solution (potassium hexacyanoferrate (III)) is presented. The increase of reagent shelf life, improvement the reproducibility of the results (during the day Sr≤0.08, interday Sr≤0.13) in comparison with previously described variant is demonstrated. It was shown that the components of the skin hydrolipid mantle and pH do not affect the potentiometric signal. The values of skin AOA determined by the developed method lie in the range 20–4000 μM‐eq. Recovery is Raverage=99 %. The skin of healthy people was studied by the developed method. The obtained results indicate the prospects of using a new non‐invasive approach in the study of the oxidation‐reduction balance of human skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol S (BPS) is an organic chemical that has been used as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) in making polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, thermal receipt papers, and currency bills, as BPA has been reported to have dreadful effects on the living system. From this view point, the present study investigates whether BPS has the same or rather more toxic effects like BPA or not. Limited studies were carried out on the effect of BPS on fish. The hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S‐transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), along with the nonenzymatic antioxidant, glutathione, in a freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, were selected as biomarkers. The results revealed that the sublethal exposure of BPS significantly influenced the activities of these biomarkers. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) products such as malondialdehyde and conjugate diene levels were also altered by the exposure. The alteration in the levels of antioxidants and LPO products after BPS exposure clearly showed that the fish experienced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the current study showed that BPS is a pollutant with oxidative potential by disrupting the antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of lipids is presently in the spotlight of food industry as they are one of novel renewable and sustainable raw materials. Lipids derived materials are considered as a promising alternate to petro‐based polymers as they are sustainable, biorenewable, biodegradable, and environmentally benign. These unique attributes draw the attention of scientific community for the use of lipids in food packaging applications with a potential to compete with fossil fuel derived polymers. This paper reviews recent advances in the use of lipids and their effect on the barrier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and mechanical properties of films, coating and nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Modification of lipids and its chemical interactions with other biopolymers during processing for the synthesis of different materials are also discussed. Global patents and research trend in use of lipids for the preparation of biocomposites are also described. The role of lipids in the circular economy is highlighted and life cycle assessment of lipids derived products is outlined with examples. The review is concluded with synoptic view of existing and forthcoming potential use of lipids in various food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently a novel chronopotentiometric method has been introduced that was found useful for assessing antioxidant activity. In our experiments, the performance of chemically modified working electrodes made of different pencil materials were tested in the novel method. Redox mediator film of Meldola Blue was formed on electrode surfaces. The stability of the film, the number of molecules structuring it has been studied. In antioxidant measurements, controlled potential oxidation of the mediator was made followed by recording the open cell potential in time. The initial slope of this was used as analytical signal. Results proved applicability of the pencil probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Acorn fruit and its components and by‐products are receiving renewed interest due to their nutritional and phytochemical features. In particular, the oil extracted from acorns is recognized for having high nutritional quality and for being rich in bioactive compounds. Despite the growing interest, few papers are available that consider the evolution of acorn‐oil characteristics during storage. Our aim was to investigate the storage‐related changes in acorn oils extracted from three Quercus species grown in Algeria (Q. ilex, Q. suber, and Q. coccifera) 180 days after production, with a focus on polar and volatile compounds, not yet investigated. Basic quality parameters, phenolic content, antioxidant activity and induction time were also monitored. RESULTS: The oxidation markers (peroxide value and UV absorptions) increased during storage, whereas antioxidants decreased. A distinctive volatile profile was observed at the time of production, which underwent changes during storage. Polar compounds increased, whereas induction time decreased. The oil extracted from Quercus suber L. was the most affected by storage time. CONCLUSION: Floral and fruity volatile compounds detected in the oils' headspace could explain the pleasant flavor of acorn oils reported by other authors. As with other vegetable oils, storage depletes both volatiles and antioxidants and produces oxidation compounds, such as oxidized triacylglycerols. However, the acorn oils that were studied were quite stable under storage in the dark at room temperature for 6 months. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extra virgin olive oil is widely consumed because of its nutritional benefits and sensory properties which are very important to be preserved in the product. Therefore, chemically synthesised compounds, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), are widely used as antioxidants in oil products. It is well known that the activity of some micro-organisms able to oxidise free fatty acids can lead to the loss of the stability of the final product. Nevertheless, several researchers have been recently motivated to evaluate the potential of micro-organisms on the production of bioactive compounds. In this paper, headspace solid micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for the characterization and investigation of Fungal Organic Volatile Metabolites (FOVCs) emitted by 14 fungal strains isolated from olives during their pre-processing storage. A wide range of volatile compounds were detected among them, BHT was produced at levels ranging between 0.3 and 13.1%. This compound could be considered for the industry as natural antioxidant to substitute the synthetic ones used for ameliorating the stability of olive oil and other fatty food products. Practical applications: As the pre-processing storage step is inevitable for several practical reasons, inducing the outgrowth of olive microflora (mainly fungi), which critically affect the physiological state of the fruit and thus the quality of the correspondent oil, this paper try to elucidate the potential of these naturally developing strains and their metabolites (FVOCs) of producing bioactive compounds mainly the BHT which could be considered by the industry in order to substitute the synthetic one largely used to improve the stability of olive oil and other food products. Volatiles, when coupled with the power 'omics' technologies represent a new frontier in bio-prospecting. FOVCs profile of 14 fungi strains isolated from olives stored during 2, 5, and 7 days in plastic bags is determinate by HS-SPME-GC-MS. 87 FVOCs are detected representing six groups dominated by the non-terpene derivatives. Interestingly, a compound with particular interest is detected; the Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) is naturally emitted by 11 strains from the 14 isolated fungi at levels ranging between 0.3 and 13.1% (for Aspergillus conicus). A result which could be considered by the industry in order to substitute the synthetic antioxidants largely used to improve the stability of olive oil and other food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the post-testicular maturation that occurs in the epididymis, spermatozoa need to face biochemical and morphological changes that may make them vulnerable to oxidative damage. During spermatogenesis and the epididymal maturation, the spermatozoon acquires antioxidant enzymes needed to face possible increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by its own aerobic metabolism but also due to ROS produced in high quantities by abnormal spermatozoa., Objectives: Provide an up-to-date review of the enzymatic antioxidant system in the epididymis., Material and Methods: A thorough literature review was performed for papers concerning the players of the antioxidant defenses in the epididymis., Results: The antioxidant system in the epididymis is composed by superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, glutathione-S-transferases, thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase. They work together to maintain low levels of ROS during the epididymal maturation. Knockout models revealed that the absence of one of the enzyme impact sperm quality affecting a variety of proteins involved in motility, the ability to fertilize oocyte, and promotes oxidative damage to the sperm DNA., Discussion and Conclusions: These findings suggest that each enzyme is playing a specific role, and in most of the cases, no compensatory mechanisms are put in place when one enzyme is absent. This review highlights the different antioxidant enzymes in the epididymis and their role during maturation of the spermatozoon., (© 2019 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.)

In this research, we focus on enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken feathers, after chemical or chemical and ultrasound pretreatment. Our result illustrated that ultrasound pretreatment preserved the main structure and amino acid composition of extracted keratin as confirmed by the Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gel‐electrophoresis analysis. In addition, investigation showed that ultrasound‐assisted chemical treatment was more effective on enzymatic hydrolysis and bioactivity as compared to only the chemical treatment. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) characterization of hydrolyzed products, using Alcalase enzyme at different times, showed that decomposition temperature was decreased during enzymatic hydrolysis and the best antioxidant activity was achieved after 30 min of hydrolysis with the value of 90.43±4.03 % (5 mg/ml concentration). Also, it was found that hydrolyzed product indicated no cytotoxicity to SK‐N‐MC cells when the concentration is less than 0.312 mg/ml. In this paper, the results demonstrated that the ultrasonic‐assisted enzymolysis processing seems to be effective for producing keratin antioxidant hydrolysate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of antioxidants (AOXs) has been proposed in various protocols to conserve the normal physiology of spermatozoa during (cryo) preservation. The main aim of this review was to understand the necessity of AOXs inclusion in semen extenders of caprine and ovine semen samples and to decipher physico‐chemical space of AOXs used in semen extenders till now. A total 27 full‐text relevant articles were finally discussed here. This systematic review showed that the inclusion of AOXs may improve the success of semen cryopreservation although at least three studies could not support this finding. AOXs have been not added after assaying total antioxidant capacity of the sample of interest, and this is principal measurement bias of all papers. Furthermore, no rational dose–response curve and precise posology have been considered in comparable studies. Furthermore, new methodologies are requested to detect the oxidative status of semen specimens before AXOs fortification and new methodologies like imaging are also needed to detect various injuries of sperms during semen (cryo)preservation. Defining computational chemical and physical spaces of AOXs which used in semen (cryo)preservation would be an interdisciplinary effort to hasten deciphering epoch‐making compounds. In conclusion, more in‐depth analytical, toxicological and pharmacological methodologies should be pursued in supplementation or addition of AOXs during caprine and ovine semen (cryo)preservation after determining the oxidative status of semen samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carvacrol is a monoterpene present in the essential oil of a number of plants and has been widely used in traditional medicine because it is considered to have a range of therapeutic effects including in relation to respiratory disease. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of carvacrol when used in the treatment of respiratory disorders. A comprehensive literature search using Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science was undertaken. Papers related to the anti-inflammatory or antioxidant properties of carvacrol in the treatment of an injury in the respiratory system in in vivo studies and published in the period up to and including August 2019. A total of 152 studies were initially identified, with only 17 meeting the inclusion criteria. Five of the studies were performed in humans, and 12 were performed in rodents. Among the 17 studies included in the systematic review, we performed the meta-analysis with nine of the studies with animals. Carvacrol had a positive effect on the reduction of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-8 and malondialdehyde (MDA); however, the analysis indicated that carvacrol had no effect on IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), probably due to the methodological quality of the studies and their heterogeneity. Current evidence supports the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of carvacrol, but its relationship with the reduction of some inflammatory mediators in animals with lung injury needs further elucidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes an analysis of keywords which was aimed at revealing publication patterns in the field of Food Science (FS) during the last decade, including the temporal evolution of its different research lines. To this end, the records of the specific subject area of FS were 1st retrieved from Scopus, and then their keywords were processed to resolve the obvious problems of synonymy and to limit the study to those most frequently used. These keywords were grouped into thematic clusters based on a scientometric technique known as co-word analysis. The structure of the clusters, their scientific impact, and their temporal evolution were then analyzed. This type of analysis is of great interest for all researchers in FS-for new researchers because they can form an objective vision of the subject based on the data from papers that have been published in the last decade, and for experienced researchers because they can contrast their own vision of the field with this objective overview. The results showed there to has been a clear increase in scientific production related to FS. This production had a structure corresponding to 5 major clusters which were themselves disaggregated into 18 2nd-level clusters. The cluster that had received most attention was that corresponding to antioxidants in food, being the cluster with the greatest scientific impact and the greatest growth in the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of silky hairs of corn (Zea mays L.) which is a waste material of the crop, as both a reducing and stabilising/capping agent. The AgNPs were characterised by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The average size of AgNPs was found to be 249.12 nm. The AgNPs displayed strong antibacterial activity against five different foodborne pathogenic bacteria with diameter of inhibition zones ranged between (9.23 - 12.81 mm). It also exhibited potent synergistic antibacterial activity together with standard antibiotics, kanamycin (10.6 - 13.65 mm inhibition zones) and rifampicin (10.02 - 12.86 mm inhibition zones) and anticandidal activity with amphotericin b (10.57 - 13.63 mm inhibition zones). The AgNPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity in terms of nitric oxide scavenging (IC50 91.56 µg/mL), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging (IC50 115.75 µg/mL), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging (IC50 385.87 µg/mL), and reducing power (IC0.5 23.14 µg/mL). This study demonstrated the synthesis of spherical AgNPs with strong antibacterial, anticandidal and antioxidant properties that could potentially be utilised in the biomedical, cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Several studies have highlighted the potent antioxidant properties of N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC). This review aimed to assess the impact of NAC on oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with β‐thalassemia. Methods: The review included articles published before 2024 that investigated the effects of NAC on oxidative stress in individuals with β‐thalassemia. A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Trip, and CENTRAL. Only English‐language clinical trials were considered for inclusion in this review. Besides, the number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated based on the included studies. Results: Ninety‐nine articles were retrieved from electronic databases, and after a thorough review, eight articles were selected for comprehensive text analysis. The highest dose of NAC administered was 10 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 600 mg/day) over a period of 3–6 months. All the studies assessing the impact of NAC on oxidative stress indicators in β‐thalassemia patients demonstrated positive effects during the 3‐month follow‐up period. Most estimated NNTs fell into 1–5, suggesting significant clinical therapeutic value in this context. Conclusion: The current potency of NAC alone appears to be effective in ameliorating oxidative stress in patients with β‐thalassemia major. While a 3‐month duration seems adequate to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of NAC in this population, larger and well‐designed clinical trials are warranted. Current clinical evidence possesses a high risk of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Antitumor agents; Antioxidant activity; Domino reactions; Naphthoquinone; Synthetic methods EN Antitumor agents Antioxidant activity Domino reactions Naphthoquinone Synthetic methods 1 1 1 11/01/22 20221020 NES 221020 B The Cover Feature b represents the Antioxidant - "Antiox" - like an eccentric figure, because of its quality of donating what is yours, and personifies the naphthoquinone polyphenols in the paper. Antitumor agents, Antioxidant activity, Domino reactions, Naphthoquinone, Synthetic methods Cover Feature: A Green Multicomponent Domino Mannich-Michael Reaction to Synthesize Novel Naphthoquinone-Polyphenols with Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities (Eur. J. Org. [Extracted from the article]

Clitocybin A, isolated from the culture broth of mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca, showed various biological activities such as cell death inhibition effects, anti‐wrinkle effects, aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition effects. In an effort to further develop this promising compound toward a potent antioxidant, we have modified the structure of clitocybin A by changing the number of free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety. In this paper, clitocybin A and its analogues, clitocybin B and C were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens in isoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues showed more potent radical scavenging activity than clitocybin B possessing one phenolic hydrogen. In inhibition of cellular DNA damage in H2O2treated cells, clitocybin C lacking free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety showed more potent activity than clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens.Among the tested compounds, clitocybin A only showed dose‐dependently HNE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 78.8 uM. The presence of free phenolic hydrogens inisoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues plays an important role in antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a perspective literature review of the antioxidant properties in fruit-based juices. The total antioxidant properties due to compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins as well as the assessment of interactions between natural active compounds and other food matrix components can be seen as the first step in the study of potential health benefits of fruit-based juices. A brief summary is given on the significance of antioxidant properties of fruit juices, the conventional methods for antioxidant activity evaluation, and on the newly emerged sample analysis and data interpretation strategies, that is, chemometric analysis based on spectroscopic data. The effect of fruit processing techniques and the addition of ingredients on the antioxidant properties of fruit-based juices are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms that underpin the evolution of ageing and life histories remain elusive. Oxidative stress, which results in accumulated cellular damages, is one of the mechanisms suggested to play a role.In this paper, we set out to test the "oxidative stress theory of ageing" and the "oxidative stress hypothesis of life histories" using a comprehensive phylogenetic comparison based on an unprecedented dataset of oxidative physiology in 88 free‐living bird species.We show for the first time that bird species with longer lifespan have higher non‐enzymatic antioxidant capacity and suffer less oxidative damage to their lipids. We also found that bird species featuring a faster pace‐of‐life either have lower non‐enzymatic antioxidant capacity or are exposed to higher levels of oxidative damage, while adult annual mortality does not relate to oxidative state.These results reinforce the role of oxidative stress in the evolution of lifespan and also corroborate the role of oxidative state in the evolution of life histories among free‐living birds. A plain language summary is available for this article. Plain Language Summary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a method based on square wave voltammetry to evaluate either the electron transfer or the hydrogen atom transfer of lipid soluble antioxidants such as dl-mix-tocopherol, BHT, ethoxyquin and retynil acetate. The electron transfer (ET) capacity was evaluated by the peak current, peak potential and the area under the anodic wave, whereas the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) capacity by the kinetic rate of the reaction between antioxidants and 2,2-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The results indicate that ethoxyquin and tocopherol have the highest ET and HAT capacity. However, HAT capacity of tocopherol, BHT and retinyl acetate depend on the concentration. The approach has the advantage to assess HAT and ET capacity of lipid soluble antioxidant in a single concerted protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many papers have recently discussed the value of a free sorting method as a rapid and simple alternative to quantitative descriptive analysis, considered the reference tool for food sensorial characterization. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate whether this method of free sorting can also be used to investigate the influence of processing parameters. An experimental design was applied to production conditions of enzymatic hydrolysates from salmon by-products. The effect of four processing parameters (time and temperature of hydrolysis, sugar and antioxidant addition) on the odor of the hydrolysates was studied using a sorting task with 45 untrained panelists and a quantitative descriptive analysis carried out with 11 trained panelists. This study on 21 enzymatic hydrolysates confirms the similarity of the two sensory maps and shows the value of free sorting in the sensory characteristic description step, especially to avoid missing some descriptors. It also highlights in this example that a holistic approach as sorting can reveal more easily than profiling the significant effects of process parameters on sensory characteristics and the relationships between sensory dimensions and instrumental measurements of volatile compounds. Practical Applications Having a rapid and simple method to evaluate the sensory properties of food products and to investigate the effect of processing parameters could be useful during product development steps. Results from the present case study showed that compared with quantitative and descriptive analysis, the holistic approach of sorting task could clearly relate sensory characteristics to processing parameters and seemed efficient for industrial applications and product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spices and herbs are traditionally added to olive oil in Mediterranean gastronomy to enhance its aroma and taste. This paper aims to characterize olive oil aromatized by addition of dried chili pepper ( Capsicum annum) (DCP) at different concentrations (10% and 20% by weight) up to 30 days of infusion. Capsaicinoids quantification by HPLC-DAD, volatile compounds analysis by SPME-GC-MS and antioxidant activity by ABTS method were performed on chili pepper flavored olive oil (CPOO) in comparison to whole olive oil. At day 7 of infusion, the maximum capsaicinoids content was reached for both the concentrations used and no significant increase was observed for longer infusion times. The volatile headspace composition of CPOOs was influenced by the concentration of DCP added. The addition of DCP caused a significant increase in hexanal, related to oxidation processes. 2-Methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were also detected in CPOO and derived from chili as degradation products of the drying process. DCP infusion significantly enriched olive oil with antioxidant compounds and also modified its volatile profile. Capsaicinoids and aroma compounds were rapidly released within the first week of chili infusion in CPOOs, thus suggesting reducing infusion time by optimizing DCP concentration in order to improve CPOO quality and shelf life. Practical applications: The present research is relevant at industrial level for the optimization of olive oil flavoring and the aromatization process. In particular, we defined that the common infusion times of chili, used at industry production for flavoring olive oil, is longer than needed and we suggest reducing infusion time thus also avoiding problems of free acidity and PV increase. Also, we highlighted the importance of quality control for the chili pepper drying procedure and storage time before use, due to the possible formation of off-flavors in the final product. Moreover, in the present paper a quantification method of the pungent molecules capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin directly from flavored olive oil was applied. This method could be applied instead of empirical techniques such as Scoville units, for the definition and standardization of the capsaicinoids content in flavored oils and their pungency levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs), a ubiquitous family of redox-regulating proteins, are reported of potential to eliminate various reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a major member of the antioxidant enzymes, PRDX1 can become easily over-oxidized on its catalytically active cysteine induced by a variety of stimuli in vitro and in vivo. In nucleus, oligomeric PRDX1 directly associates with p53 or transcription factors such as c-Myc, NF-κB and AR, and thus affects their bioactivities upon gene regulation, which in turn induces or suppresses cell death. Additionally, PRDX1 in cytoplasm has anti-apoptotic potential through direct or indirect interactions with several ROS-dependent (redox regulation) effectors, including ASK1, p66 Shc , GSTpi/JNK and c-Abl kinase. PRDX1 is proven to be a versatile molecule regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent studies have found that PRDX1 and/or PRDX1-regulated ROS-dependent signalling pathways play an important role in the progression and metastasis of human tumours, particularly in breast, oesophageal and lung cancers. In this paper, we review the structure, effector functions of PRDX1, its role in cancer and the pivotal role of ROS in anticancer treatment., (© 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.)

Objectives: The present work evaluated preventive effect of curcumin on cisplatin‐induced bladder cystopathy. Methods: Fifteen female rats were divided into (i) Control group administered with physiological saline solution for 5 days; (ii) Cis‐P group injected with cisplatin (6 mg/kg); and (iii) Cis‐Cur group given cisplatin (6 mg/kg) with curcumin for 5 consecutive days. The function of bladder was measured by means of urodynamic analysis. Furthermore, hematoxylin‐eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining were performed for morphological analysis. The cell apoptosis was evaluated through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and flow cytometry. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), NF‐E2‐related factor 2, and hemeoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) levels were measured through Western blotting. Results: Urodynamic assay and histopathological manifestations revealed that curcumin ameliorated the bladder dysfunction induced by cisplatin. The level of cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in the bladder decreased following curcumin treatment. Also, the increased protein expression of NGF indicated that the curcumin could offer neuroprotection for bladder against cisplatin. Curcumin also activated NRF2, and elevated the expression of HO‐1, but curcumin could not rescue cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in the cell lines with knockdown of NRF2. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of this paper showed that curcumin could ameliorate cisplatin‐induced cystopathy and inhibit the apoptosis of bladder cell in cisplatin‐treated rats. This may be attributed to curcumin's broad biological functions, particularly antioxidant effect, and to its ability to activate the NRF2 protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short‐term photoeffects like photograying, photobluing, and photopinking are well‐known in the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) industry. While photobluing and photograying are well understood regarding their mechanisms of occurrences there are still some missing facts. Furthermore, there are three different types of pinking effects with three different mechanisms and consequently three different ways to avoid this discoloration of mainly white PVC products. The recent paper is focusing on one hand of the photopinking of PVC products, which are stabilized with nitrogen‐containing, organic stabilizer whose mechanism was not explained until today. In the past there was neither a method to analyze nor to simulate this type of photopinking. However, the discovery of a charge transfer complex between the nitrogen‐containing substance and nitric acid gave the basic idea to investigate this phenomenon by photo‐electromotive force investigations of titanium dioxide and the nitrogen‐containing substance and by cyclo voltammetry. On the other hand, the authors are attempting to supplement the findings regarding the mechanism of the photopinking of white window profiles which are lead stabilized and which were installed north‐facing in cooler areas with high humidity. Again, a simulation and the analysis of the color‐giving substance of the north‐faced photopinking were impossible in the past. The authors assumed that antioxidants might play an important rule for this type of discoloration. They supported their hypothesis by synthesis of quinoid structures based on antioxidants, spectroscopic investigations, artificial weathering, and electrochemical calculations. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:195–207, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: Calciphylaxis is a severe complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sodium thiosulphate (STS), an antioxidant and calcium chelating agent, has been used for the treatment of calciphylaxis. However, its efficacy and safety have not been systematically analysed and evaluated. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database were systematically searched for case report or cases series on use of STS for calciphylaxis published between July 1974 and October 2016. We extracted data on clinical characteristics, laboratory tests result and medication use. The effective treatment was defined as improvement in skin lesion cicatrisation or pain relief without death. Non‐responding effects were defined as stable skin lesions without remission or exacerbation of the disease in patients who remained alive. All‐cause mortality after STS treatment was defined as death due to exacerbations of calciphylaxis or other complications of advanced CKD. We compared the baseline parameters of the patients as well as the efficacy and mortality of the STS therapy between case report and multi‐case reports. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19. Results: A total of 83 papers were screened, 45 of them (n = 358) met the inclusion criteria, including 36 case reports (n = 64) and nine multi‐case reports (n = 294). The mean age of the patients with calciphylaxis was 58 ± 14 years (range 26–91 years). They were female predominant, accounting for 74.1%. Among the patients with calciphylaxis, 96.1% patients were on dialysis with median dialysis vintage of 44.5 months (range 24–84 months). STS was effective in 70.1% of patients, 37.6% patients died. The proportion of patients with sepsis was higher among those who received intravenous STS. There was no significant difference in efficacy between the different STS administration methods (P = 0.19). Conclusion: Although the study was unable to assess the efficacy of sodium thiosulphate alone in the treatment of calciphylaxis, it still reveals a promising role of STS as an effective therapy for calciphylaxis. Further prospective studies to define the optimal therapy for calciphylaxis are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]