Search

Keywords: decolonisation; indigenous and local knowledge; people's science; scientific knowledge; Western knowledge; hegemony; epistemology; culture; language; methodology; ethics; publishing; orientalism1 EN decolonisation indigenous and local knowledge people's science scientific knowledge Western knowledge hegemony epistemology culture language methodology ethics publishing orientalism1 1121 1126 6 09/14/22 20221001 NES 221001 Introduction Who defines the research objectives of studies on disasters? Decolonisation of knowledge is central to the entire decolonisation project as much as the colonisation of knowledge was the main instrument of colonisation. Knowledge production is no longer confined to hegemonic Western science: decolonisation has advanced to recognise and legitimise all other epistemologies, methodologies, or approaches, including those previously marginalised local, traditional, or indigenous forms of knowledge or knowledge systems. [Extracted from the article]

Based on recent reports on the global status quo of theological education, including a mapping of Danish organizations supporting theological education in a cross‐cultural setting, the paper asks how theological education is best supported. It argues that theological education, while referring to a historical heritage and sacred text, is also exposed to developments in church and society. Stretched between the historical and contemporary perspective, theological education includes a cultural component that we need to consider when discussing development and support. The paper argues further that support of theological education offered in a cross‐cultural setting is susceptible to failure if the cultural aspect is not considered, primarily through engaging in the cultural background of the supporting agencies. As a help to identifying the cultural element, the paper proposes four indicators, challenging agencies of the global North to face latent aspects of culture and secularization, presenting a global and social perspective of theological education. The cultural component visualized in cross‐cultural support reveals that we must complement the classical notion of theological education as Christian leadership training with an understanding of formation, where spiritual and cognitive aspects accompany social and cultural critique of totalitarian regimes both inside and outside churches. Critique in this setting is not a matter of giving in to secularization, but rather expresses an openness to historical and contemporary perspectives and a commitment to the sources of faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indeed, she argues that some of the most transformative ideas in cognitive science, ideas embodied by terms such as "distributed and embodied cognition", methods like cross-cultural studies, and research topics such as cultural evolution have been absorbed into the Cognitive Science mainstream from Anthropology. As Cognitive Science, "by its very nature" extends from "basic neuroscience ... up through human behavior, decision making, and belief systems", Norman concludes, "I cannot imagine a single coherent theoretical perspective that unites these very different levels of analysis". They conclude that the most important omission from the fields which grace the cover of the I Cognitive Science i journal is "Computation" and that "the notion of computation should be considered as definitional for the field of cognitive science.". [Extracted from the article]

The present study examined the influence of lay elitism on preference and choice inconsistency in consumer choices across cultures. Four studies were conducted to understand this phenomenon. In Study 1, we showed that Mainland Chinese high in the belief in lay elitism displays more preference and choice inconsistency across product categories. In Study 2, we found the reverse effect for Caucasian Americans. In Study 3, Mainland Chinese belief in lay elitism is associated with their preference and choice inconsistency over geometric patterns and, at the same time, increased the consistency between their choice and the anticipated elites' choice of these geometric patterns. Lastly, Study 4 showed that in a cross‐cultural study, Mainland Chinese participants' endorsement of lay elitism is associated with a higher level of preference and choice inconsistency, but the reverse pattern is observed for Caucasian Americans. Furthermore, cultural values (i.e., individualism and collectivism) fail to explain the differences in preference and choice consistency across cultures. The paper offers a new perspective in using lay elitism across cultures to understand preference and choice inconsistency in consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article challenges the observation that historians and the discipline of History have not been helpful in addressing some of the important challenges in the Study of Religion by concentrating on "the local" and on deconstruction rather than on construction and "the global." By undertaking a cross‐cultural case study — Medieval and Early Modern prophecies in the Muslim world and Europe — and focusing on the role and significance of the Granadan Sacromonte Lead Books (1588–1606) and the work of the radical Antitrinitarian Jacobus Paleologus (1520–1585), this paper argues that global and connected microhistorical approaches have been of great value to developing the promising trend of a relational approach in the Study of Religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finally, the fourteen articles accepted for this special issue exceeded in diversity and richness the topics previously proposed, being organized into seven categories: Social policies and community intervention, Innovation in community intervention, Community intervention at disasters, Community psychology in educational context, Interculturality and community psychology, Community psychology concepts update, and Training in community psychology. B Interculturality and community psychology b integrates an article from Zambrano, Garcés, Olate, Treumún and Román, entitled Construction of an Intercultural Preventive Strategy of Alcohol Use in Rural Mapuche Communities: A Community-based Participatory Research. B Training in community psychology b incorporates a manuscript from Fox and Nic Giolla Easpaig, entitled Engaging Community Critical Methodologies in Teaching with Undergraduate Psychology Students. [Extracted from the article]

The culture of silence surrounding the nuanced challenges of fieldwork is being broken but there is still a long way to go. In the last two decades or so, an interesting discourse has developed on experiences of "betweenness" in the field. However, a glaring issue is the underrepresentation of the experiences of Global South researchers and doctoral students returning to their homelands to conduct fieldwork. Much has been written about cross‐cultural fieldwork and its associated challenges, yet the "betweenness" experienced during intracultural research on the impacts of large‐scale tourism is scantly studied. This paper begins with an overview of producing knowledge through qualitative means, followed by an account of the insider/outsider debate that informs this paper. It sheds light on the intracultural dimensions of "betweenness," which are framed within my experience of being an outsider and an insider during my return to my home country, Jamaica, for doctoral fieldwork. The nuanced challenges and negotiations that came with my "betweenness," concerning phenomena such as "gazing back," are at the centre of my discussion. My conclusion is that "betweenness" is not limited to those conducting cross‐cultural studies but also affects those conducting intracultural studies. Therefore, researchers returning home for fieldwork should be on their guard for the implications of "betweenness" for the success of the research process. The paper sheds light on the intracultural dimensions of "betweenness." These are framed within my experience of being an Outsider and an Insider as I returned to my home country, Jamaica, for doctoral fieldwork. The underlined conclusion is that "betweenness" is not limited to those conducting cross‐cultural studies but also affects those conducting intracultural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kemmerer's paper convincingly claims that the grounded cognition model (GCM) entails linguistic relativity. Here, we underline that tackling linguistic relativity and cultural differences is vital for GCM. First, it allows GCM to focus more on flexible rather than stable aspects of cognition. Second, it highlights the centrality of linguistic experience for human cognition. While GCM‐inspired research underscored the similarity between linguistic and nonlinguistic concepts, it is now paramount to understand when and how language(s) influence knowledge. To this aim, we argue that linguistic variation might be particularly relevant for more abstract concepts—which are more debatable and open to revisions. Kemmerer argues that the grounded cognition model entails linguistic relativity. We agree with his position and suggest that this claim is particularly relevant for studying abstract concepts as they rely on language and culture more than concrete concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a viewpoint paper that compares the psychological and behavioral characteristics of electric vehicle (EV) owners in the United States and China. EV is viewed as the dominant next wave of automotive technology and this research is a cross‐cultural study of the two most important automotive markets in the world. In particular, this study surveyed actual EV users in the United States and China, and compared their psychological and behavioral characteristics. The study also shows that motivation for EV usage, reasons for purchase, and satisfaction are different across the two countries. US owners showed a higher propensity to innovate and greater knowledge of EVs than Chinese owners. Even though there was no difference between the two groups in terms of environmental concern, Chinese owners cited reputation and signaling social responsibility as being important considerations in their purchase of an EV, while US owners cited technological innovativeness, driving pleasure, and lower maintenance cost. Satisfaction with EV ownership was affected by economic benefit and environmental concern in China and innovation in the United States. This study shows how culture and stage of motorization are reflected in consumer behavior and satisfaction regarding EVs. EV manufacturers need to be aware of these differences when targeting the two markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since at least Hume and Kant, philosophers working on the nature of aesthetic judgment have generally agreed that common sense does not treat aesthetic judgments in the same way as typical expressions of subjective preferences—rather, it endows them with intersubjective validity, the property of being right or wrong regardless of disagreement. Moreover, this apparent intersubjective validity has been taken to constitute one of the main explananda for philosophical accounts of aesthetic judgment. But is it really the case that most people spontaneously treat aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity? In this paper, we report the results of a cross‐cultural study with over 2,000 respondents spanning 19 countries. Despite significant geographical variations, these results suggest that most people do not treat their own aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories of aesthetic judgment and the purpose of aesthetics in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examined the psychometric properties of cross‐cultural validation and replicability (i.e. measurement invariance) of the Belief in a Zero‐Sum Game (BZSG) scale, measuring antagonistic belief about interpersonal relations over scarce resources. The factorial structure of the BZSG scale was investigated in student samples from 36 countries (N = 9907), using separate confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) for each country. The cross‐cultural validation of the scale was based on multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA). The results confirmed that the scale had a one‐factor structure in all countries, in which configural and metric invariance between countries was confirmed. As a zero‐sum belief about social relations perceived as antagonistic, BZSG is an important factor related to, for example, social and international relations, attitudes toward immigrants, or well‐being. The paper proposes different uses of the BZSG scale for cross‐cultural studies in different fields of psychology: social, political, or economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to present an empirical analysis of the sequence relating the performance of the firm to its behavior, which in turn depends upon the origin and personal characteristics of the entrepreneurs. The data are drawn from new Spanish firms. A typology of new entrepreneurs is constructed, based on their basic work aspirations. Each type of entrepreneur is then examined, in terms of the origin and personal characteristics of the members of the class. The results of the study show that significant differences exist among the entrepreneurs and firms of each type, especially in terms of the size of the firm (number of employees) and its evolution over time. The implications of these results, for the theory of entrepreneurship and for the design of policies towards the creation of new firms, are then derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the horizons of scholarly work within the bounds of translation theory by moving away from the tradition of presenting descriptive and historical accounts of translation. It departs from this tradition by offering a guide for intentional or rationally calculated translation applied to cross-cultural management learning. It synthesizes key issues from translation theory with management learning literature, which calls for more critically oriented and more cross-culturally sensitive pedagogy. It then outlines a five-stage pedagogic translation process, termed 'Pedagogy as Translation' (PaT), which is designed to create the necessary space for students to develop and extend their translation capacity. The paper also opens up scope for further exploration into the conditions and scope of intentional and rationally calculated translation as a pedagogic innovation within management learning, and more generally with respect to knowledge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan and New Zealand are both located in the Pacific Rim where 81 per cent of the world's largest earthquakes occur. Effective programmes for increasing people's preparedness for these hazards are essential. This paper tests the applicability of the community engagement theory of hazard preparedness in two distinct cultural contexts. Structural equation modelling analysis provides support for this theory. The paper suggests that the close fit between theory and data that is achieved by excluding trust supports the theoretical prediction that familiarity with a hazard negates the need to trust external sources. The results demonstrate that the hazard preparedness theory is applicable to communities that have previously experienced earthquakes and are therefore familiar with the associated hazards and the need for earthquake preparedness. The paper also argues that cross-cultural comparisons provide opportunities for collaborative research and learning as well as access to a wider range of potential earthquake risk management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Research on fathering and the father-child relationship has made substantial progress in the most recent 15 years since the last special issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal on fathers and young children. This special issue on fathers and young children contains a series of papers exemplifying this progress, including advances in methodology-more direct assessment and more observational measures-in addition to the increasing dynamic complexity of the conceptual models used to study fathers, the diversity of fathers studied, and the growth of programs to support early father involvement. In assessing the current state of the field, special attention is given to contributions made by the papers contained in this special issue, and two critical areas for continued progress are addressed: (1) methodological and measurement development that specifically address fathers and fathering relationships and (2) cross-cultural and ecologically valid research examining the diversity of models of fathering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is a large and growing literature on the impact of institutional quality on economic performance and the broad consensus is that “good” institutions facilitate better economic performance. The literature that provides micro‐level support for the policy discourse about institutional quality does not, however, account for significant intra‐country variation in reactions of firms to changes in business environments, even within the same industry, and it generally ignores the possibility that the impact of institutional quality on firm performance may not be neutral. In this paper, we analyze the impact of institutions on firm performance using an approach that enables us to overcome these problems with the stylized approach. Using cross‐country firm‐level data, we demonstrate that not only does the marginal impact of institutional quality vary significantly within countries, but also that the impact is economically significant only at the two extremes of the distribution. We view this as prima facie evidence that policies that tinker with institutional quality on the basis of the popular wisdom about the impact of these institutions on the average firm may not have the desired or expected impact, at least at the micro level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecologists and conservation scientists use social science research methods to carry out studies around the world. The language and cultural context in which study instruments are applied often differ from the context in which they were originally developed. Study instruments used in cross‐cultural research need to maintain equivalency in order to ensure that the results and conclusions are not affected. Translation is a crucial part of research design, so a carefully planned methodological approach needs to be taken to adapt existing tools.We present a clear, concise and easy‐to‐use procedure for researchers in conservation and ecology to translate study instruments. This five‐step guide first requires researchers to recruit a diverse and balanced team of translators, who are tasked with performing a series of forward and back‐translations. A committee approach is used to resolve differences in format, wording, grammar, sentence structure, item meanings, relevance and culturally specific references to reach a consensus on the best possible translation, which can then be pilot tested and validated.As a case study to demonstrate how our method works, we adapted the 'connectedness to nature' scale into Chinese. Originally created in English by Mayer and Frantz, the 'connectedness to nature' scale measures an individual's emotional connection to nature, which is an important predictor of environmental behaviour. It is theorized that reconnecting humans to the natural world can help mitigate environmental crises.Although no method is fail‐safe, by following the structured, five‐step method we present in this paper, ecologists and conservationists can employ a more thorough and rigorous approach to translating their study instruments for cross‐cultural research than commonly used methods like direct translation. Ultimately, researchers must decide on what translation procedures are appropriate for their work given constraints on time and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro‐Environmental Behavior (PEB) of residents can greatly alleviate the threat of environmental pollution to human living environment and promote sustainable development of the society. Cross‐cultural studies show that there are significant differences in PEB among countries with different cultural backgrounds. Even within the same country or region, individual cultural values are not identical. So, can various individual cultural values impact PEB differently? To answer this question, this paper investigates the mechanism on how cultural value differences affect residents' PEB, based on Hofstede's cultural model. Following an analysis of 475 questionnaires from residents, the results show that Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural value can significantly impact public‐ and/or private‐sphere PEB. Among them, collectivism and long‐term orientation of residents have positive effects on both public‐ and private‐sphere PEB and uncertainty avoidance has a negative impact. Besides, masculinity only affects the public‐sphere PEB, and power distance affects neither private‐ nor public‐sphere PEB. In addition, three social‐demographic characteristics including gender, age, and educational level have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between cultural values and PEB. These findings can provide useful recommendations for policy makers to draft PEB guidelines and incentive policies based on the differences in cultural values of their residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically reviews existing contributions from the field of cultural leadership studies with a view to highlighting the conceptual and methodological limitations of the dominant etic, cross-cultural approach in leadership studies and illuminating implications of the relative dominance and unreflective use of the English language as the academic and business lingua franca within this field. It subsequently outlines the negative implications of overlooking cultural and linguistic multiplicity for an understanding of culturally sensitive leadership practices. In drawing on lessons from this critical review and the emergent fields of emic, non-positivist cultural leadership studies, this analysis argues that the field of cultural leadership studies requires an alternative research agenda focused on language multiplicity, which enables the field to move towards emic, qualitative research that helps to empower individual cultural voices and explore cultural intra- and interrelationships, tensions and paradoxes embedded in leadership processes. The paper concludes by offering suggestions on methodological approaches for emic cultural leadership studies that are centred on the exploration of language as a cultural voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is one of the key drivers of success that a firm must utilize to develop a competitive advantage. The ability to innovate is especially important for a firm's survival in dynamic, changing environments. Customer demands are constantly changing, and more purchases are made when a firm's product design incorporates what customers perceive as cutting-edge innovations. Satisfying customer demands is a distinct challenge for product designers because firms must develop a clear understanding of what aspects of design the customer wants. Although the importance of design has increased, very little research has been done to explain the relationship between product innovation and product design. Studies indicate that design innovation may create greater customer value through improvements in design value. Previous research has been limited and has not provided a clear concept of design innovation or defined the relationship between design innovation and marketing competencies. This paper seeks to offer a conceptual definition of design innovation, and to define the link between design innovation and marketing competencies. This paper utilizes cross-cultural research to discover how these concepts differ due to cultural differences between the United States and Korea. This research contributes substantially to our understanding of the relationship between design innovation and customer value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the GLOBE project, a comprehensive study of leadership and culture in 62 societies and discusses the practical implications of the study for managers and leaders. The GLOBE study identifies nine cultural and six leadership dimensions and was designed to examine a number of theoretical propositions and research questions. This paper, while emphasizing aspects of the study from the Asia Pacific region, highlights six major managerial implications of the GLOBE project ranging from more static information on the cultural attributes and leadership dimensions of specific countries or groups of countries (clusters) to more dynamic implications such as relationships between culture and leadership, and relationships between culture and societal phenomena. The paper concludes by emphasizing the significance of the GLOBE study's practical implications for global managers (including HR practitioners) in today's global business world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bosmina longirostris is a polymorphic cladoceran, widely distributed throughout the world in temperate and tropical climates, where it colonises all kinds of freshwater bodies regardless of their trophy, acidification, or salinity. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that the ability of B. longirostris to colonise new freshwater bodies results from their maintenance of morphotypes with different life histories. To test the above hypothesis, the life histories of four morphotypes of B. longirostris were analysed through daily observations of individuals cultured separately under uniform optimal conditions. We demonstrated that these morphotypes differed in somatic growth, reproductive effort, lifespan, and fitness, and differences in life histories among morphotypes resulted from the trade‐offs between these parameters. Next, we examined the role of distinct morphotypes (each with specific life‐history) in populations subjected to stress: we maintained two populations of B. longirostris under biotic stress (the presence of invertebrate predators) or abiotic stress (elevated salinity). At the end of the experiment these populations differed from one another in the relative density of morphotypes in comparison with the population cultured in the optimal environment. In populations that suffered from predatory pressure we found an increase in the relative density of morphotypes that grew considerably quicker, had a shorter lifespan, reproduced infrequently but delivered many offspring at each reproductive event. In populations that suffered from elevated salinity, we observed an increase in morphotypes that exhibited low reproductive effort but had the highest survival. Simultaneously, with phenotypic regrouping of populations, morphotypes adapted to novel conditions by altering the expression of life‐history traits. The observed switches in the phenotypic structure of B. longirostris suggest that the persistence of morphotypes with different life histories is beneficial to populations colonising varying environments and their relative abundances in a population are conditioned by the diverseness of local stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental differences among countries are often assumed away in strategy research. In particular, the unique contexts of the emerging economies have not been considered adequately in extant research. I bring country environmental contexts to the foreground and conceptualize various types of economies (developed economies, emerging economies, institution-driven high growth emerging economies, and factor-driven high growth emerging economies) as dissimilar types of country resource environments that provide firms with country resources: factors and institutions. To compete successfully, firms will find it more optimal to emphasize appropriate firm capabilities (market capabilities and non-market capabilities) and corporate diversification strategy (product and international diversification). By integrating insights from institutional economics and resource-based view, this paper offers a conceptual framework to examine the multifaceted relationships linking firm capabilities and corporate diversification across dissimilar country resource environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the transcultural relations between researchers and research subjects in a postcolonial research setting. I draw from my experience doing dissertation research in northern Pakistan to discuss how my research subjects’ effectively constructed me as a sahib, or what I saw as a colonial subject position. I examine the ways that my research subjects and I co-constructed, although unequally, my position and location as a researcher. The asymmetries of power relations in research are exacerbated by postcolonial relations in this contact zone. The contribution of those I researched is significant towards understanding our locations as postcolonial subjects in this research setting, and the location from which I produced the research. While it was difficult to do research as anyone other than a sahib during my research, the stories I tell and metaphors I employ in this paper attempt to destabilize my location as a colonial sahib, an authority. The scatological references that run throughout this paper are an attempt to write against the inherently colonial epistemologies that underpin geographic research more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a survey of the anthropological literature pertaining to the term 'supernatural'. It considers a number of questions: Is the distinction between natural and supernatural universal? Can the distinction be applied to non-western cultures? What does the term mean as a cultural construction and as a response to reality? Finally, it examines the use of the term supernatural in the contemporary cognitive science of religion. The inspiration for the paper arose from the way that anthropologists often fail to problematise the uses and cross-cultural applicability of the term supernatural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on exploring the factors influencing why companies engage in greenhushing decisions in the cultural backgrounds of China and Republic of Korea. Structural equation modeling analysis indicates that in these two countries, reputational risk not only directly leads to corporate greenhushing behavior, but also exerts its influence through conservatism as a mediating factor. Reputational risk causes companies to exhibit conservatism, which in turn leads to the adoption of greenhushing behavior. Furthermore, tests for moderation effects revealed that, in the Chinese sample data, a transparent information disclosure mechanism has the ability to mitigate the impact of reputational risk on corporate greenhushing behavior, as well as to alleviate the influence of conservatism on corporate greenhushing behavior. In the South Korean sample data, a transparent information disclosure mechanism can moderate the impact of reputational risk on conservatism and corporate greenhushing behavior. Finally, the fsQCA method is tested to derive the different configurations and pathways that lead to the strong emergence of greenhushing behavior in companies in China and Republic of Korea, as well as to identify the most influential pathways. This study provides substantial theoretical support for further exploration of the causal mechanisms of corporate greenhushing behavior and promotion of cross‐cultural comparisons and learning in the international environmental management field. In addition, provides rich empirical support and theoretical guidance for corporate environmental management decision‐making and policy formulation. The findings highlight the further standardization and strengthening of transparent information disclosure mechanisms will be an important direction for future environmental policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article calls for the submission of papers that can stimulate debate regarding how the relationships between brain and the culture may offer challenges to Asian social psychology. The bicultural and crosscultural empirical studies that contain Asian element are likewise recognized. It suggests that papers should be prepared according to the Author Guidelines and should be submitted.

If someone unintentionally breaks the rules, do they break the rules? In the abstract, the answer is obviously "yes." But, surprisingly, when considering specific examples of unintentional, blameless rule-breaking, approximately half of people judge that no rule was broken. This effect, known as excuse validation, has previously been observed in American adults. Outstanding questions concern what causes excuse validation, and whether it is peculiar to American moral psychology or cross-culturally robust. The present paper studies the phenomenon cross-culturally, focusing on Korean and American adults, and proposes a new explanation of why people engage in excuse validation, in terms of competing forces in human norm-psychology. The principal findings are that Americans and Koreans engaged in excuse validation at similar levels, and older adults were more likely to engage in excuse validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary economic and business settings have brought people of different cultures at the common workplace. This directs business researchers to study cross‐cultural similarities, differences, and management of employees, customers, and other stakeholders. This theoretical review is aimed to explore the variation in religion, practices, and their effects on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and practices. With an unfathomable analysis of relevant literature, this paper has highlighted the knowledge gap in the relationship of cross‐cultural differences and CSR. Subsequently, it presents three propositions in connection of religious variation and CSR disclosure and practice. Underpinning the practical difference in lifestyle of people having the same religious beliefs in different geographical areas, this article reflects that an extension in stakeholder theory may be suggested with the support of postempirical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers regularly track their expenses and assign them to categories like food, entertainment, and clothing, which is popularly known as mental accounting. In this paper, we show that consumption biases that result from mental accounting—underconsumption or overconsumption—are not prevalent in Easterners due to their holistic thinking style, whereas Westerners exhibit such biases due to their analytic thinking style. In Study 1, we collected data with Easterners (students from the eastern part of India) and show that they do not exhibit mental accounting biases as is seen in Westerners. In Study 2, we show that such differences in mental accounting across cultures result from their thinking styles by manipulating thinking styles within a Western population (American students from the Midwest). We also show that the differences in styles of thinking across cultures motivate two different types of accounting processes—a piecemeal accounting process in the Westerners and a comprehensive accounting process in the Easterners—which in turn influence the differences in mental accounting biases across cultures. This finding adds to the growing literature in cross‐cultural differences in consumer decision making and explores how and why a well‐documented robust effect, mental accounting, varies with the cultural background of the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction It has been hypothesized that two distinctive forms of Internet addiction exist. Here, generalized Internet addiction refers to the problematic use of the Internet covering a broad range of Internet-related activities. In contrast, specific forms of Internet addiction target the problematic use of distinct online activities such as excessive online video gaming or activities in social networks. Methods The present study investigates the relationship between generalized and specific Internet addiction in a cross-cultural study encompassing data from China, Taiwan, Sweden and Germany in n = 636 participants. In this study, we assessed - besides generalized Internet addiction - addictive behavior in the domains of online video gaming, online shopping, online social networks and online pornography. Results The results confirm the existence of distinct forms of specific Internet addiction. One exception, however, was established in five of the six samples under investigation: online social network addiction correlates in large amounts with generalized Internet addiction. Discussion In general, it is of importance to distinguish between generalized and specific Internet addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human breastfeeding is a biocultural process shaped by the interaction of numerous biological, cultural, economic, and social factors. Although previous studies have found that a society's subsistence economy alone does not determine weaning timing, subsistence may still have a profound effect on weaning food choices. This paper analyses nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes in bone collagen and apatite of individuals from six precolonial Caribbean sites grouped into four subsistence categories: Hunter‐Fisher‐Gatherers (Cueva del Perico I and Cueva Calero, Cuba), Horticulturalists (Canímar Abajo, Cuba), Agriculturalists from the Antilles (Paso del Indio, Puerto Rico), and Agriculturalists of Mesoamerica (Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro, Belize) in order to explore how subsistence economy affected the different groups' breastfeeding and weaning practices. Ages for the start and the end of weaning, and the isotopic characteristics of possible food sources used as supplements during the weaning process, were assessed using the Bayesian probability model "Weaning Age Reconstruction with Nitrogen isotopes." Model results indicate (a) a major dietary change around 2 years of age for most of the study populations, (b) that supplements seem to have been introduced into nonadults diet at earlier ages than has been observed in ethnographic populations of the area, (c) no direct correlation between the start of weaning and the availability of cultigens, but (d) that groups that had access to cultigens would appear to have weaned their children using foods with lower nitrogen isotope values, suggesting that plants (likely domesticates) may have had an important role as weaning foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts empirical tests of the equality of real interest rates across countries. The empirical evidence strongly rejects the hypothesis of real rate equality and the joint hypotheses of uncovered interest parity and ex ante relative PPP, or the unbiasedness of forward rate forecasts and ex ante relative PPP. The evidence suggests that it is worth studying open economy macroeconomic models which allow: 1) domestic real rates to differ from world rates, 2) time varying risk premiums in the forward market, or 3) deviations from ex ante relative PPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As this special issue demonstrates, evidence on culture and health is emerging in a variety of new frameworks, including international comparisons, national analyses, individual health, and population health. In the opening invited article, Miyamoto and Ryff (2022), two leading researchers in the field of culture and health, showed the theoretical and empirical relationships between culture and health. With a growing body of evidence for cultural influences on health, the pandemic will hasten progress toward health research taking insights from a cultural psychological approach. The ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which presents a worldwide threat to humans, has focused people's attention on health and prompted the adoption of new behaviors to decrease infection risks. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: In May 2013 one of the most profoundly influential books of the late twentieth and early twenty‐first century was released in its fifth edition. Yet, it is not unreasonable to speculate that this newest edition will pass largely unnoticed, even as new diagnoses (and the loss of current ones) seep into the everyday. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) will undoubtedly be influential in education – defining and re‐defining student maladies. Its list of extensive categories provides, so it is argued, a means to uniformly identify mental disorders. Applied in educational contexts, children and young people can thus be categorized by clinical experts and teachers able to identify an individual's problems, and in theory, respond appropriately. Criticism of the DSM includes debate over its application in cross‐cultural contexts as well as the ways that socio‐economic differences are, to put it bluntly, diagnosed differently. Although these issues of diagnosis do get attention, historical contexts can remain bereft in commentary. In this paper we consider the value that historical perspectives can bring to an analysis of the contemporary effects of DSM‐inspired readings of education and disadvantage. The paper also draws on two projects, one with young people, the other with parents of young children, both of whom experienced disadvantage and precarious relationships with education. In these excluded contexts, people are more likely to come into contact with diagnostic repertoires that originate from the DSM. Drawing on Georges Canguilhem's analysis the ‘concept' as well as Michel Foucault's discussion of Canguilhem's work, this paper considers how attention to school problems is important for disengaging with education's appetite for psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers in many countries are grappling with ways to address the persistent problem of inequitable educational outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged students. This paper reports the results of a unique cross-country, cross-cultural analysis undertaken to provide insights into teaching practices that promote equity, drawing on programmes of empirical research or syntheses of major programmes of research that worked from a complex, non-linear view of teaching and its outcomes. We analysed international evidence about teaching practices that have a positive influence on diverse students’ learning outcomes and opportunities and then compared and contrasted the results of these analyses. From the commonalities we identified, we derived six interconnectedfacets of practice for equity, which are general principles of practice rather than specific teaching strategies or behaviours. Building on these facets, we developed a conceptual framework that can inform an equity-centred teacher education curriculum that specifically addresses the task of preparing teachers who can make a positive difference to the learning opportunities and outcomes of diverse students, particularly those historically disadvantaged by the education system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Developing a questionnaire for conducting cross-national studies –‘Self-reported health and needs among elderly Iranians and Swedes’ Purpose: This paper describes the process of developing and validating a questionnaire to investigate self-reported health and care needs of elders in Iran and Sweden. Background: Both developing and developed countries face dilemmas under the current condition of increasing mental and physical health morbidity globally. In order to fully assess and understand the extent of these dilemmas and the global and local factors that alleviate or worsen them, a comparison of the self-reported health and care needs in a developed and a developing country is required. To these ends, two research teams within a joint international project worked together to construct a questionnaire to measure self-reported health in elders in Sweden and Iran. Methods: The questionnaire was developed according to a multiphase process, during which the researchers tested the validity and reliability of the questionnaire using various methods and modified it based on the test results. First, the concepts to be used were agreed upon and a literature review was conducted. Thereafter, face and content validity was measured in Iran, looking at the initial items that were developed. The questionnaire was then translated and back-translated. Finally, both teams conducted a test of content validity using target groups in Iran and Sweden, respectively. Results: Validity was established by testing face and content validity with the use of expert groups. Reliability was also determined according to two different dimensions, stability and internal consistency. Both methods gave satisfactory results, indicating that the instrument was reliable. Conclusion: The questionnaire was thereby developed and titled, ‘Self-reported health and health-care needs’. The results confirm validity and reliability of the final version of the questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to further articulate multicultural science education scholarship. In particular, it explores the notions of borders and border epistemologies as intellectual resources to think again about the challenges of science education in the global world that demand more sophisticated concepts to unravel some of its complexities. It responds in part to Osborne's (2007) call for more “armchair science education” to “develop better theories about our goals and values” (p. 11). Borders and border spaces reconceptualize and extend the view of borders typically presented within the literature as unproblematic lines between cultures and knowledges that need to be crossed. The constructs of border epistemologies introduce to science education the work of cultural theorists, Boaventura de Sousa Santos and Walter Mignolo. Collectively, their scholarship helps to theorize alternative epistemologies from the Global South that argue social and political justice must be premised within epistemological justice. I finish by problematizing some of these ideas for ongoing thinking around multicultural approaches to science education. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:428–447, 2010 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses recent debates on the need for greater collaboration across the physical and human geography divide. We discuss some of the problems of producing work that can be considered genuinely interdisciplinary. The paper reflects on a project examining the use of sustainable drainage systems in Glasgow and how we unwittingly produced a piece of social science research looking at a physical science topic. We suggest that more than simply the need for ‘trust’ between researchers, the actual practice of working together in the field – and, indeed, having the opportunity to make mistakes and learn from them – is essential. In working together, academics have a better opportunity to understand each other's intellectual and epistemological framework and develop projects where researchers can move beyond their disciplinary boundaries and weave their expertise into a coherent research output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown and Kobayashi provide some evidence that Japanese enhance themselves and group members in the self–other paradigm, especially for important traits. However, their conclusions are drawn from a highly selective review of the literature. In their paper they raise four distinct hypotheses: Japanese self–enhance, Japanese self–enhance as much as North Americans, Japanese self–enhance more for important traits, and Japanese enhance their groups. An evaluation of each of these four hypotheses with respect to all of the relevant empirical evidence reveals that they are all poorly supported and, in some cases, are directly contradicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between the performance of equity and the length of the investment horizon used by investors. We examine optimal portfolio time diversification and two definitions of ex ante time diversification. Using almost two centuries of US and UK data we find some support for the hypothesis that equity represents a significantly better investment over long investment horizons than over short investment horizons. Where this result holds, the likely explanation is mean-aversion in fixed-income asset returns. However, these results are sensitive to changes in investor risk preference, changes in utility function specification, changes in the sample period used, changes in investor constraints, and the definition of time diversification adopted. They also differ between the US and UK markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shown that the relationship between rewards and creative performance is complex: while rewards increase creativity in some situations, they are detrimental to creative performance in others. The present paper explores the role of cross-cultural differences in moderating some effects of rewards on creativity and innovation. I focus on individualism-collectivism and its related differences in motivation, cognition and emotion. I then propose five ways in which differences in I-C between Japan and the US moderate the effects of incentives on creative performance and innovation in these nations. Specifically, I claim that organizations in individualistic and collectivist cultures differ on: Effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation, effects of in-group versus out-group controlled rewards, effects of group vs. individual based incentives, reactions to in-group and out-group competition, and the effects of members' identification with the organization on their innovation efforts. The notion of 'congruence' is offered as a theoretical framework for explaining the proposed ideas. Recommendations and implications of these prepositions for management of creativity in a cross-cultural work force are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critically examines the research paper "A Cross-Cultural Study of Cognitive Development," published in the September 1, 1979 issue of the journal Monographs of the Society for Research in the Child Development. The author claims that the paper represents an interesting turning point in a controversial research program. However, the research is said to lack in drawing conclusions. For example, it did not elaborate on deprivation of infants since there were only limited systematic observations of mother-infant interaction. Moreover, the manuscript did not fully explain models of early influence of environment on cognitive development of children.

Presents an introductory statement to the July 1963 issue of "The Journal of Social Issues."

Intercultural competence is defined as an ability to act appropriately in situations where multiple cultures are represented. Few studies have examined the impact that intercultural development activities and reflections have on preservice career and technical education teachers. Grounded in the theory of continual improvement, this study investigated how middle and high school career and technical education teacher candidates grew in their own intercultural competency throughout a four‐month teaching internship. Ten participants completed one survey/questionnaire, one video reflection, one interview, and one writing reflection as part of their semester teaching internship. Three themes emerged from the data analysis including awareness of the outward expressions of diversity, a need for continuous improvement, and a demonstration of flexible and responsive teaching strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the strong influence that national culture has on corporate social and responsibility (CSR) actions (institutional theory), it is necessary to study how the financial outcomes of CSR actions could be affected by these cultural characteristics. This fact is particularly interesting for managers whose companies operate in different cultures given that they have to deal with this aspect. The aim of this paper is to analyze the moderator role that national culture could have on the CSR and firm performance (CSR-FP) relationship through a meta-analysis, hence helping to clarify the debate existing about this relationship in the literature. The results show that this relationship is greatly affected by national culture. In this sense, countries with a high assertiveness and gender egalitarianism show a very negative relationship. Nevertheless, those with a higher future orientation, institutional collectivism, and a humane orientation reveal a positive correlation which reaches its maximum value in those countries with a high uncertainty avoidance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a case study approach, this manuscript describes the professional transformation of Gary-an Anglo, male novice teacher-by focusing on his first two years of teaching in a culturally diverse and economically disadvantaged school. As a participant of a larger hybrid, intervention project with peers, Gary received multiple hands-on and minds-on experiences for implementing sociotransformative constructivism (sTc) during the science methods courses and two summer institutes. sTc integrates cross-cultural education with social constructivism to provide a framework for teaching and learning that is more critical, inclusive, relevant, and connected to students' everyday lives. Using the structure-agency dialectic as an analytic tool, Gary's emerging sense of agency is documented in terms of two major themes: institutional challenges and sociocultural challenges. Moving away from traditional narratives of despair, this paper offers instead a narrative of engagement-a frank account of the struggles beginning teachers are likely to encounter (especially in culturally diverse contexts), as well as the potential successes they could enact through their agency. Suggestions are provided for enhancing the professional preparation of science teachers and for teacher education programs and school districts to move beyond good intentions and mission statements toward more transformative action. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 448-460, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational innovativeness ( OI) is a central concept in academic research and managerial practice. In many cases, OI has been operationalized as the number of innovations organizations adopt. In contrast, this paper conceptualizes OI as a five-dimensional construct (creativity, openness, future orientation, risk-taking, and proactiveness) representing the organizational climate, which refers to the organization's ability to generate ideas and innovate continually over time. The findings support the conceptualization and operationalization of the five-dimensional OI, validated in Norway, Israel, and Spain. These results shed new light on existing findings and can promote new research directions as well as guide strategic managerial decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a cross-national study into the ecological worldview of senior consumers using the New Ecological Paradigm ( NEP) scale. It was designed to examine the extent to which senior respondents in the UK, Germany, Japan and Hungary are endorsing the NEP scale and which factors determine NEP in the four countries under study. Our study is the first of its kind to measure the ecological worldview of older consumers across different nations. Examinations of the overall frequency and mean distributions of the NEP scale showed that the majority of seniors in each country support the NEP statements, but there is no general support for pro- NEP orientation. The relationship between values [using list of values ( LOV) scale] and environmental attitudes was tested through a series of regression analyses calculated separately for each country. According to the results, a very weak relationship between some of the LOV values and the NEP scale was found in all the samples. Our study contributes to both cross-cultural environmental attitude research and to consumer studies in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]