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In this paper I argue that the intersecting sociologies of ethnicity and migration work from a series of interconnected blind spots hindering effective analysis of the current UK situation. Both operate analytically within the limitations of an 'immigrant problem' framework; are overinvested in state agendas; privilege a nation state analysis; are narrowly focused on distributions of migrant bodies, and on receiving, at the expense of sending, contexts. Exploring these limitations with data derived from a modest small-scale qualitative study of young Chinese migrants in London, I argue for a reframing along four dimensions. Firstly, in an era of elite migration, sociology could reach beyond its immigrant problem framework and open up to a broader range of UK migrant ethnicities and circumstances. Secondly, a stronger focus on cities as the scale on which lives are lived, and through which diverse streams of translocal activity are routed, would open new avenues of sociological exploration. Thirdly, including translocal activities connected with distributions of ethnic migrant bodies, such as capital transfers, would broaden its focus, taking migration and ethnicity more centrally into the analysis of globalization as one of its constituting practices. Finally, paying attention to sending, as well as arrival cities, reveals migrants' thinking and shapes the ways in which they live, as my data shows. The Chinese are both one of the UK's neglected minorities, and one of its fastest growing populations. They are a good example of new UK migrants and they bring globalization's realignment with the rising significance of China to the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the performance of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for cardiometabolic conditions - hypertension, prediabetes/diabetes, dyslipidemia, and subclinical inflammation - in 5 race/ethnic groups of mid-life women. Methods Waist-to-height ratio and 4 cardiometabolic conditions were assessed in 3033 premenopausal midlife women (249 Hispanic, 226 Chinese, 262 Japanese, 1435 European-American, and 861 African American). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were compared across the five race/ethnic groups using waist-to-height ratio to determine the likelihood of the four cardiometabolic conditions. Results The performance of waist-to-height ratio to detect one or more cardiometabolic conditions was comparable among all race/ethnic groups (AUROC > 0.60, p = 0.252), and was good/fair (AUROC > 0.60) when hypertension, prediabetes/diabetes, dyslipidemia, or subclinical inflammation were analyzed separately. The performance of waist-to-height ratio of 0.50 was skewed towards higher specificity among groups with low prevalence of cardiometabolic conditions and lower median waist-to-height ratio, and towards higher sensitivity among groups with high prevalence of cardiometabolic conditions and higher median waist-to-height ratio. Conclusions Waist-to-height ratio can be used for community-based screening of mid-life women who may need secondary prevention for cardiometabolic conditions. A simple public health message: 'Keep your waist to less than half of your height' applies to midlife women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and practitioners have long questioned whether the race, ethnicity, and gender of public bureaucrats matter to the efficacy and legitimacy of public services. Representative bureaucracy theory and research provide a growing body of empirical evidence that it does. This article examines some of the rich scholarly work that has been generated on representative bureaucracy and its implications for practice. A significant aspect of recent research focuses on the notion of symbolic representation, whereby the mere existence of a passively represented bureaucracy can itself improve outcomes by influencing the attitudes and behaviors of clients, regardless of bureaucratic actions or results. This article is intended to help both students and public managers understand the importance of representativeness in public organizations for a broad spectrum of practices and goals, from the coproduction of services to democratic rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using information from the 2011 census, we analyze the differential in living standards by race, ethnicity, and country of birth in Costa Rica. We identify the main factors explaining such inequalities along the distribution of a composite index of wellbeing, with counterfactual analysis based on the Blinder- Oaxaca type of decomposition. Our results show that mulattoes, indigenous people, and immigrants from Nicaragua and Panama are generally worse off than the majority of the population, although the reasons differ. While lower education levels and lower paying occupations explain much of the differential in all cases, location is particularly important for indigenous people and immigrants from Panama who live in the least developed areas of the country. We also investigate the distributive pattern of these inequalities and the remarkably distinctive situation of Costa Rican blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article unpacks the contemporary relationship among racial, cultural, and civic notions of the concept of the Chinese nation ( Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), specifically examining Han (汉), Hua (华), and Zhongguo (中国) as categories representative of each identity marker. It examines the relationship between Han and Chinese identities and how people from multiple ethnic identities relate to the idea of the Chinese nation. Han identity is often fused with the larger Chinese identity that in the past conflated the two, sometimes leading to Han chauvinism and a problematic relationship with the state for non-Han people. Government orthodoxy that emphasizes civic harmony and minimizes national distinction is challenged by exclusive ethnic and racial conceptions. A classical cultural understanding of Chinese identity may be more inclusive yet is undermined by the ongoing territorializing of Chinese nationalism and myth making of Chinese identity in ethno-national rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The completion of the first draft of the Human Genome Map in 2000 was widely heralded as the promise and future of genetics-based medicines and therapies - so much so that pundits began referring to the new century as 'The Century of Genetics'. Moreover, definitive assertions about the overwhelming similarities of all humans' DNA (99.9 percent) by the leaders of the Human Genome Project were trumpeted as the end of racial thinking about racial taxonomies of human genetic differences. But the first decade of the new century brought un welcomed surprises. First, gene therapies turned out to be far more complicated than any had anticipated - and instead the pharmaceutical industry turned to a focus on drugs that might be 'related' to population differences based upon genetic markers. While the language of 'personalized medicine' dominated this frame, research on racially and ethnically designated populations differential responsiveness to drugs dominated the empirical work in the field. Ancestry testing and 'admixture research' would play an important role in a new kind of molecular reification of racial categories. Moreover, the capacity of the super-computer to map differences reverberated into personal identification that would affect both the criminal justice system and forensic science, and generate new levels of concern about personal privacy. Social scientists in general, and sociologists in particular, have been caught short by these developments - relying mainly on assertions that racial categories are socially constructed, regionally and historically contingent, and politically arbitrary. While these assertions are true, the imprimatur of scientific legitimacy has shifted the burden, since now 'admixture research' can claim that its results get at the 'reality' of human differentiation, not the admittedly flawed social constructions of racial categories. Yet what was missing from this framing of the problem: 'admixture research' is itself based upon socially constructed categories of race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the seven authors who offered comments on my paper, I have tried to synthesize and distill common themes. Foremost among them is the charge to look forward, not only to consider probable developments and implications for how this 'molecular reinscription of race' will unfold in forensics and clinical medicine, but as well to suggest how the discipline of Sociology can and should respond. But as several of the commentators noted, this is not just a matter for a single discipline, but should be fertile ground for coordinated empirical investigation by such fields as the Social Studies of Science, Anthropology of Medicine, and Critical Race Theory. For sociologically informed reasons, social scientists should be wary of the unanticipated consequences of collaboration with human molecular geneticists who come to the table deploying databases with pre-fabricated categories of race, thereby poised to provide genetic explanations of social outcomes based upon race and ethnicity. A cautionary note is provided explaining how and why some joint projects are advised, some are ill-advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response is offered to the article "A Post-Genomic Surprise:The Molecular Reinscription of Race in Science, Law, and Medicine," by Troy Duster, which appears within the issue. The article discusses the relationship between race, ethnicity, genomics and genomics, including in regard to the morality of intentions in genomics. An overview of research in the social sciences on race and racism from the 1950s through the mid 2010s, including on racial inequality and in regard to the biological classification of race, is provided.

A response is provided to the article "A post-genomic surprise. The molecular reinscription of race in science, law and medicine," by Troy Duster, which appears within the issue. The article discusses Duster's perspective on the relationship between molecular biology, DNA, genetics and race, including his opinion that rather than focus on alleged racial differences from genetics, social and culture histories of racial and ethnic groups should be researched. An overview of the relationship between health and race, including in regard to health disparities and the role that diet plays in causing diabetes, is provided.

A response is provided to the article "A post-genomic surprise. The molecular reinscription of race in science, law and medicine," by Troy Duster, which appears within the issue. The article discusses the impact of Human Genome Project (HGP) on molecular biology, with a particular focus on its impact on personalized medicine. An overview of the relationship between personalized medicine and the categories of race and ethnicity, including in regard to the genetic aspects of race and the attribution of health status to biological factors, is provided.