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Introduction: The aging of the population requires an appropriate knowledge of the type of care that needs to be provided to inform healthcare policies. In Italy, neither home care nursing, nor the patient experiences have ever been described. Objectives: To describe the characteristics of nurses and care recipients involved in home care. Methods: A descriptive cross‐sectional study conducted in 18 Italian Regions. Between April and October 2023, data from nurses and patients involved in home care were collected through two surveys. Psychosocial conditions in workplaces, missed care, and care experiences were assessed using validated tools. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlations were performed. Results: A total of 46 local healthcare units were included in this study, with a total of 2549 nurses and 4709 care recipients. Nurses (mean age 46.60; 79.48% female; 44.68% regional nursing diploma as the highest qualification) reported good working conditions (42.37; SD = 12.25; range = 0–100) and a high mean number of missed care activities (5.11; SD = 3.19; range 0–9). Most nurses (83.41%) reported high levels of job satisfaction, while 20.28% intended to leave their job. Patients (mean age 75.18; 57.57% female; 36.95% primary school), on the other hand, rated positively the care they had received (8.23; range = 0–10). Conclusions: Despite the perception of critical issues at work and some missed care, satisfaction in nurses and patients was high. These data constitute a preliminary snapshot of the studied phenomena, which will be investigated through more in‐depth analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In patients with heart failure (HF), self‐care, and caregiver contribution to self‐care (i.e., the daily management of the disease by patients and caregivers) are essential for improving patient outcomes. However, patients and caregivers are often inadequate in their self‐care and contribution to self‐care, respectively, and struggle to perform related tasks. Face‐to‐face motivational interviewing (MI) effectively improves self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care, but the evidence on remote MI is scarce and inconclusive. The aims of this randomized controlled trial will be to evaluate whether remote MI performed via video call in patients with HF: (1) is effective at improving self‐care maintenance in patients (primary outcome); (2) is effective for the following secondary outcomes: (a) for patients: self‐care management, self‐care monitoring, and self‐efficacy; HF symptoms; generic and disease‐specific quality of life; anxiety and depression; use of healthcare services; and mortality; and (b) for caregivers: contribution to self‐care, self‐efficacy, and preparedness. We will conduct a two‐arm randomized controlled trial. We will enroll and randomize 432 dyads (patients and their informal caregivers) in Arm 1, in which patients and caregivers will receive MI or, in Arm 2, standard care. MI will be delivered seven times over 12 months. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and 3 (primary outcome), 6, 9, and 12 months from enrollment. This trial will demonstrate whether an inexpensive and easily deliverable intervention can improve important HF outcomes. With the restrictions on in‐person healthcare professional interventions imposed by the COVID‐19 pandemic, it is essential to evaluate whether MI is also effective remotely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home care workers (HCWs) are a highly heterogeneous population in Italy in terms of their professional qualifications. HCWs play an important role in helping patients affected by chronic diseases and their families. Although many investigators have studied the lived experiences of family caregivers, few have been conducted "to give a voice" to HCWs and even fewer have examined the experiences of HCWs during the present COVID‐19 pandemic. We investigated the lived experiences of HCWs during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy. Cohen's phenomenological research approach was used to conduct this study. In our study, we enrolled and interviewed 19 HCWs who were female, and most were married, with an average age of 52 years. The participants were enrolled from September 2020 to November 2020, after the first COVID‐19 wave in Italy. Four main themes emerged from the analysis of the data: (1) "I found myself alone"; (2) from invisibility to visibility; (3) a fear of getting sick and infecting others; and (4) "Health or work? That is the question." Understanding HCWs' lived experiences, especially those related to the COVID‐19 pandemic, is a first step in giving a voice to this important but vulnerable population in the healthcare workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the lived experiences of frontline nurses and physicians who were affected by COVID‐19 through a phenomenological approach, using Cohen's methodology with interview data. The participants were enrolled in the study in May 2020 during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy. The inclusion criteria were (i) being a nurse or physician employed full time caring for COVID‐19 patients before falling ill; (ii) contracting SARS‐CoV‐2 between February 2020 to May 2020; (iii) having recovered before enrollment; and (iv) providing informed consent to participate. Sixteen participants (60% nurses) with an average age of 45 years were included. The following main themes were extrapolated from our data analysis: "fear of diagnosis," "loneliness (as isolation)," "touch of nurses," and "feeling guilty of abandonment." Several aspects emerging from our study highlight the strong emotional impact of COVID on nurses and physicians infected during their activities, such as feelings of fear and loneliness on the one hand, and of impotence and guilt for not being able to help on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given that emergency procedures must be performed immediately and without the possibility of sufficiently informing and preparing a patient, the lived experiences of patients who undergo emergency procedures and those who undergo elective procedures may well differ. Elucidating the lived experiences of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation in an emergency situation is crucial because such knowledge might prove helpful in tailoring post‐procedure interventions intended to improve the lives of PCI patients. Aim: To describe the experiences of patients 1 month after they underwent emergency PCI with coronary stent implantation. Methods: Cohen's phenomenology was applied in this study. This method combines the characteristics of descriptive (Husserlian) phenomenology with those of interpretative (Gadmerian) phenomenology, and it is by nature an inductive approach. The participants were enrolled 1 month after undergoing PCI with coronary stent implantation. They were interviewed using open‐ended questions to provide them full freedom of expression. They were asked to describe their experiences of the PCI and stent implementation they have gone through. This study followed the recommendations of the Standard for Reporting Qualitative Research. Results: Our sample consisted of 15 participants. Data analysis revealed three main themes: (1) catheter lab and pain, (2) anxiety and feeling uncertain about the future, and (3) lifestyle changes. The anxiety theme encompassed two subthemes: (a) anxiety related to the procedure and (b) anxiety related to the continuation of life. Conclusion: Our study is one of the first works to explicitly investigate the lived experiences of patients who underwent emergency PCI. Understanding the experiences of these patients is key in understanding their realistic needs and concerns. Relevance to clinical practice: Knowledge of the lived experiences of patients who underwent emergency PCI with coronary stent implantation is fundamental in identifying aspects that warrant tailored interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) diary is a shared tool, kept at the patient bedside, written by relatives and health care providers. There is little evidence about its feasibility and how it supports the families of children admitted to the PICU. Currently, there is no evidence about how the PICU diary is used and what we can learn from it. Aim: To explore the contents of narrative PICU diaries in an Italian PICU. Study design: Qualitative study of PICU diaries conducted with a narrative research approach. Methods: Children sedated and mechanically ventilated for >48 hours were enrolled in a six‐bed Italian PICU of a tertiary care paediatric hospital. During the child's PICU admission, caregivers, relatives, friends, and health care providers were invited to report events, thoughts, and messages, and attach drawings/pictures for the child in the PICU diary. A thematic analysis of the PICU diary contents was performed. Results: Thirteen PICU diaries were completed between August and December 2020, mainly by parents (n = 95; 45%) and health care providers (n = 52; 25%). Three main themes emerged: "Social and spiritual support," "Caregiver's emotions, feelings and distress," and "PICU life." Diaries offer insight into caregivers' emotions, social support, clinical activities, and interactions with health care providers, and on progression towards recovery. Conclusion: PICU diaries are valuable in facilitating family‐centred care by providing a space for the written account of the child's admission by parents, other visitors, and health care providers. Relevance to clinical practice: PICU diaries support the relationship and the communication between the family and the team; they provide an informal account of the emotions and needs of parents that has the potential to improve mutual understanding and family‐centred care. Social support and spiritual support are key elements reported by parents for coping with their child's PICU admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Intense health‐care service use and high mortality are common in heart failure (HF) patients. This secondary analysis of the MOTIVATE‐HF trial investigates the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in reducing health‐care service use (e.g. emergency service use and hospitalizations) and all‐cause mortality. Methods and results: This study used a randomized controlled trial. Patients and caregivers were randomized to Arm 1 (MI for patients), Arm 2 (MI for patients and caregivers), or Arm 3 (control group). Data were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Face‐to‐face MI plus three telephone calls were performed in Arms 1 and 2. The sample consisted of 510 patient (median age 74 years, 58% male patients) and caregiver dyads (median age 55 years, 75% female patients). At 12 months, 16.1%, 17%, and 11.2% of patients used health‐care services at least once in Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively, without significant difference. At 3 months, 1.9%, 0.6%, and 5.1% of patients died in Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mortality was lower in Arm 2 vs. Arm 3 at 3 months [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.112, 95% CI: 0.014–0.882, P = 0.04]; no difference was found at subsequent follow‐ups. Mortality was lower in Arm 1 vs. Arm 3 at 3 months but did not reach statistical significance (HR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.104–1.414, P = 0.15). Conclusion: This study suggests that MI reduces mortality in patients with HF if caregivers are included in the intervention. Further studies with a stronger intervention and longer follow‐up are needed to clarify the benefits of MI on health‐care service use and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinicians and researchers need valid and reliable instruments to evaluate heart failure (HF) self‐care. The Self‐Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) is a theoretically driven instrument developed for this purpose. The SCHFI measures self‐care with three scales: self‐care maintenance, measuring behaviors to maintain HF stability; symptom perception, measuring monitoring behaviors; and self‐care management, assessing the response to symptoms. After the theory underpinning the SCHFI was updated, the instrument was updated to version 7.2 but it was only tested in the United States. In this study we tested the psychometric characteristics (structural and construct validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability) of the SCHFI v.7.2 in an Italian population of HF patients. We used a cross‐sectional design to study 280 HF patients with additional data collected after 2 weeks for test–retest reliability. Adults with HF (mean age 75.6 (±10.8); 70.8% in New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II and III) were enrolled from six centers across Italy. Confirmatory factor analysis showed supportive structural validity in the three SCHFI v.7.2 scales (CFI from 0.94 to 0.95; RMSEA from 0.05 to 0.07). Internal consistency reliability estimated with Cronbach's α and composite reliability ranged between.73 and.88; test–retest reliability ranged between 0.73 and 0.92. Construct validity was supported with significant correlations between the SCHFI v.7.2 scale scores and quality of life, brain natriuretic peptide levels and NYHA class. This study further supports the psychometric characteristics of the SCHFI v.7.2, illustrating that it can be used in clinical practice and research also in an Italian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Self‐care, an essential component of heart failure (HF) treatment, is inadequate in most patients. We evaluated if motivational interviewing (MI) (i) improves patient self‐care maintenance (primary endpoint; e.g. taking medications), self‐care management (e.g. responding to symptoms) and self‐care confidence (or self‐efficacy) 3 months after enrolment; (ii) changes self‐care over 1 year, and (iii) augments patient self‐care if informal caregivers are involved. Methods and results: Parallel randomized controlled trial (1:1:1). A sample of 510 patients (median 74 years, 58% male) and caregivers (median 55 years, 75% female) was randomized to Arm 1 (MI only for patients), Arm 2 (MI for patients and caregivers), or Arm 3 (usual care). The intervention in Arms 1 and 2 consisted of one face‐to‐face MI session with three telephone contacts. Self‐care was evaluated with the Self‐Care of HF Index measuring self‐care maintenance, management, and confidence. Scores on each scale range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better self‐care; ≥70 is considered adequate. At 3 months, self‐care maintenance improved 6.99, 7.42 and 2.58 points in Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P = 0.028). Self‐care maintenance was adequate in 18.4%, 19.4%, and 9.2% of patients in Arms 1, 2 and 3, respectively (P = 0.016). Over 1 year, self‐care maintenance, management, and confidence scores in Arms 1 and 2 were significantly higher than in Arm 3 in several follow‐ups. Over 1 year, Arm 2 had the best scores in self‐care management. Conclusions: MI significantly improved self‐care in HF patients. Including caregivers may potentiate the effect, especially in self‐care management. ClinicalTrial.gov, identifier: NCT02894502. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To evaluate if nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes, as recorded by nurses in Italian hospitals, were semantically equivalent to the NANDA‐I, NIC, and NOC (NNN) terminology. METHODS: A cross‐mapping study using a multicenter design. Terms indicating nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes were collected using the D‐Catch instrument. Cross‐mapping of these terms with NNN terminology was performed. FINDINGS: A sample of 137 nursing documentations was included. Over 80% of nursing diagnostic terms, interventions, and outcomes were cross‐mapped into NNN terminology. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that most of the natural terms used by nurses were semantically equivalent to the standardized terms of NNN terminology. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: In Italy, the use of NNN terminology is recommended; however, further development of this terminology is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate whether the number of nursing diagnoses on hospital admission is an independent predictor of the hospital length of stay. Design: A prospective observational study was carried out. A sample of 2,190 patients consecutively admitted (from July to December 2014) in four inpatient units (two medical, two surgical) of a 1,547‐bed university hospital were enrolled for the study. Methods: Data were collected from a clinical nursing information system and the hospital discharge register. Two regression analyses were performed to investigate if the number of nursing diagnoses on hospital admission was an independent predictor of length of stay and length of stay deviation after controlling for patients' sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender), clinical variables (disease groupers, disease severity morbidity indexes), and organizational hospital variables (admitting inpatient unit, modality of admission). Findings: The number of nursing diagnoses was shown to be an independent predictor of both the length of stay (β =.15; p <.001) and the length of stay deviation (β =.19; p <.001). Conclusions: The number of nursing diagnoses is a strong independent predictor of an effective hospital length of stay and of a length of stay longer than expected. Clinical Relevance: The systematic inclusion of standard nursing care data in electronic health records can improve the predictive ability on hospital outcomes and describe the patient complexity more comprehensively, improving hospital management efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review synthesised and described instruments measuring parent satisfaction with the increasing standard practice of family-centred care (FCC) in neonatal intensive care units. We evaluated 11 studies published from January 2006 to March 2016: two studies validated a parent satisfaction questionnaire, and nine developed or modified previous questionnaires to use as outcome measures in their local settings. Most instruments were not tested on reliability and validity.Conclusion: Only two validated instruments included all six of the FCC principles and could assess parent satisfaction with FCC in neonatal intensive care units and be considered as outcome indicators for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Well-prepared informal caregivers play an important role in heart failure (HF) care, so an instrument to evaluate their preparedness to care is important. To date, HF caregiver preparedness has been rarely investigated quantitatively. The Caregiver Preparedness Scale (CPS) has been used in other chronic condition populations, but its psychometric characteristics have never been tested in HF caregivers. The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the 8-item CPS in HF caregivers. In a convenience sample of 317 HF caregivers (72.4% female, mean age 54), we tested the CPS' factorial structure with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and its concurrent validity with the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of HF Index (CC-SCHFI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We also tested CPS' reliability with composite reliability indicators, Cronbach's alpha, factor score determinacy coefficient, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The CFA for a one-factor model resulted in supportive fit indices (e.g., comparative fit index .97). Significant correlations ( p < .05) of the CPS with both the CC-SCHFI and the HADS supported concurrent validity. The composite reliability index, Cronbach's alpha, factor score determinacy coefficient, and ICC were .89, .91, .96, .91, respectively, supporting reliability. Our study provides evidence that the CPS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure HF caregiver preparedness, enabling clinicians, and researchers to target specific interventions to HF caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) is the leading method for assessing quality of life in patients with heart failure (HF) around the world. However, unique, culture-specific variations in factorial structure have been identified. The current study examined the cross-cultural equivalence of an Italian version of the MLHFQ. Design Cross-sectional assessment as part of an HF study in Italy. Patients ( n = 1,192; mean age = 72 years, SD = 11) completed demographics, the MLHFQ, and the Short-Form 12 (SF-12). Methods A series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to develop an appropriate factor model in the current sample. Findings We initially fit a confirmatory factor analysis based on published psychometric work validating the MLHFQ. This did not provide adequate fit, and the sample was then randomly split into equivalent subsets to conduct factor analyses with cross-validation. In the first subsample, an exploratory factor analysis uncovered slight modifications to the proposed factor structure that resulted in much improved model fit. The final model included a higher order factor and three subscales: physical, emotional, and social. A cross-validation confirmatory factor analysis using this structure was conducted in the remaining subset to ensure broader applicability of the results. Correlations with the SF-12 were consistent with previous work using these measures. Conclusions Some items of the MLHFQ are sensitive to differences across cultures, and factor structures vary based on where the scale is administered. In spite of these differences, the total score remains a valid and reliable indicator of quality of life in HF patients across cultures. Clinical Relevance Cultural influences on quality of life are important to consider when assessing patients' well-being in HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To evaluate the psychometric properties of the D-Catch instrument. Methods A cross-sectional methodological study. Validity and reliability were estimated with confirmatory factor analysis ( CFA) and internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, respectively. Findings A sample of 250 nursing documentations was selected. CFA showed the adequacy of a 1-factor model (chronologically descriptive accuracy) with an outlier item (nursing diagnosis accuracy). Internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were adequate. Conclusions The D-Catch is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the accuracy of nursing documentation. Caution is needed when measuring diagnostic accuracy since only one item measures this dimension. Implications for Nursing Practice The D-Catch can be used as an indicator of the accuracy of nursing documentation and the quality of nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease self-management is a critical component of maintaining clinical stability for patients with chronic illness. This is particularly evident in the context of heart failure (HF), which is the leading cause of hospitalization for older adults. HF self-management, commonly known as HF self-care, is often performed with the support of informal caregivers. However, little is known about how a HF dyad manages the patient's care together. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of patient and caregiver contributions to HF self-care maintenance (daily adherence and symptom monitoring) and management (appropriate recognition and response to symptoms), utilizing an approach that controls for dyadic interdependence. This was a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from 364 dyads of Italian HF patients and caregivers. Multilevel modeling was used to identify determinants of HF self-care within patient-caregiver dyads. Patients averaged 76.2 ( SD = 10.7) years old, and a slight majority (56.9%) was male, whereas caregivers averaged 57.4 ( SD = 14.6) years old, and about half (48.1%) were male. Most caregivers were adult children (48.4%) or spouses (32.7%) of patients. Both patients and caregivers reported low levels of HF maintenance and management behaviors. Significant individual and dyadic determinants of self-care maintenance and self-care management included gender, quality of life, comorbid burden, impaired ADLs, cognition, hospitalizations, HF duration, relationship type, relationship quality, and social support. These comprehensive dyadic models assist in elucidating the complex nature of patient-caregiver relationships and their influence on HF self-care, leading to more effective ways to intervene and optimize outcomes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This article profiles the establishment and initial phase (2010-2014) of a Center of Excellence (CoE) as an instrument to strengthen nursing scholarship and improve health care in Italy. Approach This CoE is unique as a non-university-based center. The National Regulatory Board of Registered Nurses, Health Visitors, and Pediatric Nurses (IPASVI) designated substantial administrative and funding support to the CoE for advancing nursing education, clinical practice, research development, and research training. Boyer's Model of Scholarship underpinned the CoE's conceptual framework, and its operational infrastructure was adapted from the U.S. National Institutes of Health P20 program award mechanism. Diverse methods included sponsoring research studies by nurse-led teams, research training courses, nursing education longitudinal studies, evidence-based practice training, and related pilot studies. Findings Multiple collaborative projects were conducted via the CoE in conjunction with the successful launch of an expansive digital library and communication system accessible to nurses. The introduction of English proficiency courses was also a unique contribution. Conclusions The CoE concept is a potential instrument to strengthen nursing scholarship in Italy with potential scalability considerations to other global settings. Clinical Relevance An overlapping focus on research, education, and practice under the umbrella of nursing scholarship within a CoE while engaging all levels of nursing is important to impact healthcare changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Self-Care of Heart Failure Index Version 6.2 (SCHFI v.6.2) is widely used, but its psychometric profile is still questioned. In a sample of 659 heart failure patients from Italy, we performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the original construct of the SCHFI v.6.2 scales (Self-Care Maintenance, Self-Care Management, and Self-Care Confidence), with limited success. We then used exploratory factor analysis to determine the presence of separate scale dimensions, followed by CFA in a separate sub-sample. Construct validity of individual scales showed excellent fit indices: CFI = .92, RMSEA = .05 for the Self-Care Maintenance Scale; CFI = .95, RMSEA = .07 for the Self-Care Management Scale; CFI = .99, RMSEA = .02 for the Self-Care Confidence scale. Contrasting groups validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were supported as well. This evidence provides a new understanding of the structure of the SCHFI v.6.2 and supports its use in clinical practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate occupational exposures to biological material potentially infected by blood-borne viruses in nursing student population during the course years. Design and Methods: An observational retrospective study was designed. Data were collected in May 2007. Two-thousand-two-hundred-fifteen nursing students from the 3 years of degree course were enrolled in the four Italian universities. A structured questionnaire was constructed and was given out unannounced to nursing students in four universities on a randomly chosen day. The likelihood of association between nursing student exposure and certain assumed risk factors was measured. Findings: The exposure risk is associated with each study year of nursing students. Specifically, the probability of accidental exposure is reduced significantly with the increase of clinical skills during the training period. The risk for exposure in the 1st year students appears significantly higher than in those of the next years (odds ratio [ OR] 1.465; 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.105–1.943). Data highlighted a gradual increase of bio-safety knowledge in nursing students from the 1st to the 3rd years of study. However, a statistically significant association exists only between awareness of a correct use of gloves and exposure risk ( OR 0.435; 95% CI 0.227–0.834). Mucocutaneous exposures are more frequent than percutaneous exposures (62.2%), and the hollow-bore needle is the device most often involved. In 42.5% of cases, accidental exposures occurred when nursing students are working alone in a medical ward or surgery area. Conclusions: During their clinical training, nursing students can encounter a real risk for percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposures to blood potentially infected with blood-borne viruses. However, this risk is reduced with an increase in clinical skills. Clinical Relevance: Results show that some new strategies are necessary for exposure risk reduction such as development of simulation laboratories for nursing practice and the adequate presence of tutors in clinical training education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Study Design Results Conclusion Relevance to Clinical Practice Post‐intensive care syndrome (PICS) is characterized by all three adverse survivorship dimensions: physical function, cognitive function and mental health status.This review aimed to describe the quality of life (QoL) of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) survivors with PICS after discharge and of their relatives with Family Post‐intensive care syndrome (PICS‐F) and to report anxiety, depression and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) in studies investigating PICS.A systematic review was carried out. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. This review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022382123).We included 19 studies of PICS and PICS‐F in this systematic review. Fourteen observational studies report the effects of PICS on depression, 12 studies on anxiety and nine on post‐traumatic stress disorder and 10 on QoL. Mobility, personal care, usual activities and pain/discomfort in QoL were the domains most affected by PICS. A significant association was demonstrated between a high level of ICU survivors' anxiety and high levels of ICU relatives' burden. Strain‐related symptoms and sleep disorders were problems encountered by ICU relatives with PICS‐F.PICS and PICS‐F were widespread experiences among ICU survivors and their ICU relatives, respectively. The results of this review showed the adverse effects of PICS and PICS‐F on QoL.PICS and PICS‐F strongly impact the rehabilitation process and are measured in terms of health costs, financial stress and potentially preventable readmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]