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The remarkable success of mRNA‐based coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines has propelled the advancement of nanomedicine, specifically in the realm of RNA technology and nanomaterial delivery systems. Notably, significant strides have been made in the development of RNA‐based in vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy. In comparison to the conventional ex vivo CAR therapy, in vivo CAR therapy offers several benefits including simplified preparation, reduced costs, broad applicability and decreased potential for carcinogenic effects. This review summarises the RNA‐based CAR constructs in in vivo CAR therapy, discusses the current applications of in vivo delivery vectors and outlines the immune cells edited with CAR molecules. We aim for the conveyed messages to contribute towards the advancement of in vivo CAR application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study that explores a new strategy for constructing circular RNA (circRNA) called NeoAna, which enhances the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to the drug Osimertinib. The researchers successfully designed and synthesized circRNAs without scar sequences, and they observed the formation of circRNA and successful protein translation in cells. They also restored the expression of the tumor suppressor PTEN using the NeoAna system, which increased sensitivity to Osimertinib and induced apoptosis in Osimertinib-resistant cells. The researchers further demonstrated the efficacy of the NeoAna system in animal models. Overall, this study suggests that engineered circRNA can enhance the effectiveness of Osimertinib in treating NSCLC. The article also discusses the potential mechanisms of PTEN in enhancing the sensitivity of Osimertinib, a drug used to treat NSCLC. The study used RNA-seq to identify common genes between Osimertinib-resistant cells and cells with restored PTEN expression, and found that AKR1C2, a gene involved in drug resistance, was in line with the RNA-seq results. The study also explored the use of a circRNA platform called NeoAna to restore PTEN expression and overcome Osimertinib resistance, suggesting that this platform could be a promising strategy for RNA-based therapeutics. [Extracted from the article]

Intake excessive arsenic (As) is related to the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy. However, both the underlying mechanism and the preventive approach remain largely unknown. In the present study, As treatment significantly decreased the mechanical withdrawal threshold and increased the titer of anti‐myelin basic protein antibody in rats, accompanied with damaged BNB. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes were also significantly upregulated. However, administration of MeCbl in As‐treated rats significantly reversed the decline in hindfoot mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as BNB failure and sciatic nerve inflammation. Repeated As treatment in athymic nude mice indicated that sciatic nerve inflammation and mechanical hyperalgesia were T cell‐dependent. These data implicated that MBP‐activated autoimmunity and the related neuroinflammation probably contributed to As‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia and MeCbl exerted a protective role probably via maintenance the integrity of BNB and inhibition of neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen‐doped hard carbon on Ni foam (NC/NF) with numerous active sites, expanded interlayer distance (0.49 nm), and highly ordered pseudo‐graphic structure is synthesized by a melamine‐assisted hydrothermal pretreatment and subsequent pyrolysis procedure. The high content configurations of pyrrolic‐nitrogen and pyridinic‐nitrogen in NC/NF could provide abundant active sites and defects for efficient Na+ adsorption/desorption and improved transport kinetics. The obvious flocculent structures on carbon surface, corresponding to the highly ordered pseudo‐graphic structure, could enhance the transport kinetics for electrons. The strong electrostatic repulsion of pyrrolic‐nitrogen could expand interlayer distance, facilitating Na+ insertion/extraction process. The balance between high nitrogen content and sufficient graphitization degree comes into strong carbon frameworks with enhanced structural stability and electronic conductivity. When served as free‐standing anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), NC/NF presents high rate capability of 128.5 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1, and excellent cycling stability of 225.4 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles under high current density of 5 A g−1. These results demonstrate a new light to prepare advanced anodes for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing 3 D self‐assembled nanoarchitectures with well‐defined crystal structures is an effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical performances of electrode materials. (1 1 0)‐oriented and bridged‐nanoblocks self‐assembled VS4 microspheres are controllably synthesized by a facile one‐step hydrothermal method. The (1 1 0)‐bridged structure sets up open pathways for Na+ diffusion among nanoblocks, and the (1 1 0)‐oriented structure provides unobstructed pathways for Na+ diffusion in the nanoblocks, which collectively constructs multidimensional Na+ transfer channels in the VS4 microspheres, promoting the electrochemical kinetics. As an anode for Na‐ion batteries (SIBs), this material exhibits pseudocapacitive Na+ storage and excellent rate capability, delivering high capacities of 339 and 270 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1 and 2.0 A g−1, respectively, with a capacity retention of 79 % in the voltage window of 0.5–3.0 V. In particular, the reversible capacity reaches 575 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles even at 1.0 A g−1 in the voltage window of 0.05–3.0 V, outperforming those of the ever‐reported VS4‐based anode materials. This work presents an effective strategy to the exploration and design of high‐performance anodes for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in significant hippocampal pathology and hippocampal-dependent memory loss, both of which are alleviated by hypothermia treatment. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulated by hypothermia after TBI, rats underwent moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury. Brain temperature was maintained at normothermic or hypothermic temperatures for 30 min prior and up to 4 h after TBI. The ipsilateral hippocampus was assayed with Western blotting. We found that hypothermia potentiated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and its downstream effectors, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein. Phosphorylation of another p90RSK substrate, Bad, also increased with hypothermia after TBI. ERK1/2 regulates mRNA translation through phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase 1 (Mnk1) and the translation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Hypothermia also potentiated the phosphorylation of both Mnk1 and eIF4E. Augmentation of ERK1/2 activation and its downstream signalling components may be one molecular mechanism that hypothermia treatment elicits to improve functional outcome after TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover Feature: Nitrogen-Doped Hard Carbon on Nickel Foam as Free-Standing Anodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries (ChemElectroChem 3/2020) B The Cover Feature b illustrates a nitrogen-doped hard carbon on Ni foam as a free-standing anode for sodium-ion batteries. Nitrogen-doped carbon, free-standing anodes, sodium-ion batteries, high rate performance, long cycling life. [Extracted from the article]