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This document summarizes a study on inherited coagulation factor VII deficiency (FVIID) in Taiwan. The study examined the genetic features, clinical presentations, and laboratory findings of 33 patients with FVIID. The patients had varying levels of FVII:C and experienced symptoms such as mucocutaneous bleeding and postoperative hemorrhage. The study identified two new genetic variants and found a wide range of bleeding manifestations. Treatment options for bleeding events included fresh frozen plasma, prothrombin complex concentrate, recombinant activated coagulation factor VII (rFVIIa), and oral tranexamic acid. The study contributes to our understanding of FVIID in Taiwan. [Extracted from the article]

Several studies have compared phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC‐MRI) with arterial spin labeling (ASL) in the same cohort of subjects. However, these earlier comparisons included subjects across a wide age range, which can contribute to increased intersubject variability. We compared the range and variability of CBF based on PC‐MRI and ASL in a group of young subjects. We also explored whether the comparison between PC‐MRI and ASL was dependent on sex. Thirty young subjects (17 females) were recruited in this study. The CBF from PC‐MRI (CBFPC) was calculated as the total blood flow normalized to brain parenchyma mass. The CBF from ASL (CBFASL) was quantified based on the perfusion kinetic model. The ratio between CBFASL and CBFPC was calculated. Females exhibited significantly higher CBF using both PC‐MRI (p < 0.05) and ASL (p < 0.005) compared with males. The disparity in CBF between sexes was more prominent in ASL measurements. A significant correlation was observed between CBFPC and CBFASL values (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), and CBFASL tended to be lower than CBFPC values (p < 0.001). This difference between CBFASL and CBFPC was more pronounced in males, as evidenced by the smaller CBFASL/CBFPC ratio in males (p < 0.05). The measurement of global CBF with PC‐MRI and ASL are correlated, but CBFASL exhibits lower values than CBFPC. As the underestimation of CBFASL is prominent in males, ASL amplifies the sexual dimorphism in CBF compared with PC‐MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as reducing and stabilizing agent. AgNPs were then embedded in a biodegradable poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) matrix by solution casting. The resulted PBAT/AgNPs nanocomposite films were characterized using various analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), colorimeter, Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical tests and water vapor permeability measurements. The composite films appeared smooth on surface with some agglomeration of AgNPs. The addition of AgNPs led to color changes, and strongly improved the thermal stability, UV barrier performance, mechanical properties and water vapor barrier performance of composite films. Importantly, PBAT/AgNPs films present outstanding antibacterial activity against gram‐positive bacteria (Escherichia coli) and gram‐negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Moreover, composite films exhibit good stability under accelerated aging conditions and during high‐pressure sterilization. Therefore, biodegradable PBAT/AgNPs nanocomposite materials could present great potential for applications as disposable medical equipments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valsartan is almost insoluble, resulting in very low bioavailability. Preparing prolonged sustained‐release systems to achieve valsartan drug delivery is essential. Herein, two types of poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PEG‐PLGA) nanoparticles loading valsartan and carboxymethyl chitosan/aldehyde sodium hyaluronate hydrogels were prepared. The nanoparticles and hydrogel composites(NPs@Gel) were obtained by physical mixing. The NPs@Gel composites have swelling ratios within the scope from 157.87% to 206.51% and mass loss within the scope from 12.85% to 17.32%, influenced by incorporating PEG‐PLGA nanoparticles. Moreover, the NPs@Gel composites had properties of self‐healing and injection proven by rheological measurements. Importantly, adding nanoparticles could significantly reduce the swelling ratios of the hydrogels by shrinking the void fraction and enhancing the mechanical properties. Meanwhile, NPs@Gel composites also present excellent biocompatibility as evidenced by hemolysis test and MTT assay. Therefore, a potential prolonged sustained‐release system of NPs@Gel for the delivery of valsartan was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel nanoprobe was developed for the detection of hyaluronidase as cancer marker, using fluorescein 5‐isothiocyanate (FITC) as fluorescence indicator, hyaluronic acid (HA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) as quencher. PEI was attached to GO through amide bonding, using 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as coupling agents. Aminated hyaluronic acid (HA) was then linked to GO‐PEI (GOP) via the same route. Nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet–visible–near infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric analysis analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of GOP‐HA. Finally, FITC was attached to GOP‐HA through reaction between the isothiocyanate group of FITC and the amine group of aminated HA. The fluorescence of FITC is quenched in the resulted GOP‐HA‐FITC nanoprobe. Addition of hyaluronidase can cleave HA chains into small fragments, releasing FITC to emit fluorescence. Importantly, the nanoprobe is highly sensitive and selective, and can enter cells by specifically binding to the CD44 receptor on the surface of Hela cells. Therefore, GOP‐HA‐FITC nanoprobe could be used in targeted tumor cell imaging for the early diagnosis of cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Li‐ion capacitors (LICs) develop rapidly due to their double‐high features of high‐energy density and high‐power density. However, the relative low capacity of cathode and sluggish kinetics of anode seriously impede the development of LICs. Herein, the precisely pore‐engineered and heteroatom‐tailored defective hierarchical porous carbons (DHPCs) as large‐capacity cathode and high‐rate anode to construct high‐performance dual‐carbon LICs have been developed. The DHPCs are prepared based on triple‐activation mechanisms by direct pyrolysis of sustainable lignin with urea to generate the interconnected hierarchical porous structure and plentiful heteroatom‐induced defects. Benefiting from these advanced merits, DHPCs show the well‐matched high capacity and fast kinetics of both cathode and anode, exhibiting large capacities, superior rate capability and long‐term lifespan. Both experimental and computational results demonstrate the strong synergistic effect of pore and dopants for Li storage. Consequently, the assembled dual‐carbon LIC exhibits high voltage of 4.5 V, high‐energy density of 208 Wh kg−1, ultrahigh power density of 53.4 kW kg−1 and almost zero‐decrement cycling lifetime. Impressively, the full device with high mass loading of 9.4 mg cm−2 on cathode still outputs high‐energy density of 187 Wh kg−1, demonstrative of their potential as electrode materials for high‐performance electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are acknowledged to be one major direction for next‐generation energy storage devices. However, the practical applications of LMBs are certainly limited by the low power density and safety issues owing to the lack of high‐capacity pseudocapacitive cathode materials and solid electrolytes. Herein, the rational synthesis of 2D VOPO4 nanosheets with enriched V4+ defects (VOPO4@G‐Air) enabling ultrafast multi‐electron reactions as a high‐capacity pseudocapacitive cathode is reported. Through V4+ defect engineering, the larger polarizationand inhomogeneous multi‐electron reactions are vastly improved, resulting in remarkably fast kinetics. Benefiting from the ultrathin 2D structure and controllably regulated V4+ defect concentration, a high discharge capacity of 313 mA h g−1at 0.1C is achieved, anda large capacity of 116 mA h g−1 is offered at 50C. Finally, utilizing the as‐synthesized VOPO4@G‐Air and a solid‐state electrolyte based on ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA‐LiClO4‐SSE) , the assembled solid‐state LMBs (Li||ETPTA‐LiClO4‐SSE||VOPO4) show high energy density of 85.4 Wh kg−1 at 114.5 W kg−1 and high power density of 2.3 kW kg−1 at 45.86 Wh kg−1. Further, the pouch cell unveils extraordinary safety and excellent flexibility. This work provides new insights in the construction of ultrafast and high‐capacity pseudocapacitive cathodes with multi‐electron reactions for solid‐state LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current hypertension guideline emphasizes combination therapy, especially single‐pill combination therapy (SPC). However, few studies compared the prevalence and factors associated with initial therapy choice across heterogeneous age groups in a current population. First, the authors consecutively identified 964 treatment naïve hypertensive patients in a large academic hospital from 01/31/2019 to 01/31/2020. All patients were grouped into (1) young aged, age < 55; (2) middle‐aged, 55≤age < 65; and (3) older aged, age ≥65. The multivariable regression model examined the factors associated with the combination therapy by age group. Overall, 80 (8.3%) were young, 191 (19.8%) were middle, and 693 (71.9%) were older aged. Compared with older age, younger patients were more likely to be male, highly educated, regularly exercised, have metabolic syndrome, and less likely to have cardiovascular‐related comorbidities, with a lower systolic but higher diastolic pressure. Only one in five patients used SPC, and the prevalence decreased with age. Besides hypertension grade, young patients without catheterization or echo test were less likely to receive multiple therapies, while older patients who were male with lower weight and lower risk levels were less likely to receive multiple therapies. In conclusion, combination therapy, especially SPC, was underused in the targeted hypertensive population. Our contemporary population study showed that young patients (<55) without a history of catheterization or echo examination and male older‐aged (≥65) patients with low‐risk classification were the population most likely to be neglected. Such information can help triage medical care resources in improving SPC use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dynamic hydrogel was prepared from N,O‐carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) and oxidized aldehyde‐containing hyaluronic acid (A‐HA) by Schiff base reaction. The resulted NOCC/A‐HA hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rheological, swelling, and self‐healing properties of hydrogels were determined. The hydrogels present interconnected porous structure, high swelling rate, and outstanding self‐healing capacity. The biocompatibility of hydrogels was evidenced by MTT assay and zebrafish embryonic toxicity test. Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (CB‐MNC) were encapsulated in the hydrogel. High cell viability above 50% was obtained after 21 days culture. A mouse scald model was realized to evaluate the potential of cell laden hydrogel in wound healing. Compared to the control group and the hydrogel group, the cell laden hydrogel group exhibits faster epidermal regeneration, reduced inflammation and more neovascularization. Therefore, NOCC/A‐HA hydrogels encapsulating CB‐MNC could be a promising therapy in the treatment of burns or scalds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on iterated Crank–Nicolson (CN) procedure, an alternative algorithm with perfectly matched layer (PML) formulation is proposed in the body‐of‐revolution (BOR) finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) lattice for the simulation of rotational symmetric geometrics. For the nonuniform domain simulation, an alternative subgridding method is employed to during the simulation. The iterated CN procedure improves the efficiency through preventing the calculation of tri‐diagonal matrices. The alternative subgridding method enhances the accuracy in nonuniform domains by the calculation of subregions. Numerical example is carried out for the demonstration of effectiveness including efficiency, accuracy and absorption. Through the results, the proposed scheme shows considerable absorption and accuracy improvement in nonuniform domains. Compared with the other CN schemes, the iterated CN procedure can significantly increase the efficiency with small time steps. In conclusion, the advantages and novelty of the proposed algorithm can be described as follows: (1) The iterated CN procedure is proposed for rotational symmetric geometrics. (2) Absorption boundary condition for iterated CN is proposed in BOR‐FDTD. (3) An alternative subgridding method for iterated CN procedure is proposed in BOR‐FDTD lattice. Thus, the proposed algorithm shows potential in nonuniform rotational symmetric geometrics open region simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Split liver transplantation (SLT) emerged due to its potential to contribute to the organ pool and reduce organ shortage. However, SLT is technically challenging and has been associated with higher rates of postoperative complications leading to concerns about graft and patient survival. Moreover, there are few studies on matched‐pair adult recipients of SLT and whole‐liver transplant (WLT), with conflicting results. Methods: This retrospective study analyze outcomes among adults who underwent SLT at our institution from 2010 to 2019. A 1:1 propensity score matching analysis was performed based on important donor and recipient variables. Baseline characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed and compared between groups. Actuarial graft and patient survival were analyzed by KM curves. Results: Out of 592 adults receiving a LT in our institution, 21 SLT adult recipients were identified and matched with 21 adults undergoing WLT. As expected donor age was significantly lower in SLT recipients (16 (15–22) vs. 32 (17–47), P =.012). Additional donor characteristics, including anthropometrics, and ischemic times were similar between groups. Baseline recipient characteristics and postoperative outcomes, including length of stay, vascular complications, biliary complications, and re‐transplantation were comparable between SLT and WLT recipients. Graft (95/95/95 vs. 100/94/94, P =.98) and patient (100/100/100 vs. 100/94/94, P =.30) survival at 1‐, 3‐, 5‐years, were similar between the SLT‐ and WLT group, respectively. Conclusion: Split liver transplantation has the potential to increase the availability of organs for adult recipients without compromising individual outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) using 4‐arm poly(ethylene glycol) (4aPEG) as macroinitiator. 4aPEG and 4aPEG‐PCL copolymers were end functionalized by introducing acrylic groups, and characterized using NMR, GPC, FT‐IR and DSC analyses. Photo‐crosslinked hydrogels were prepared by irradiation of acrylated polymer solutions under visible light (405 nm), using lithium phenyl‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoy‐lphosphinate (LAP) as a photoinitiator. In situ gelation was achieved by subcutaneous injection of LAP containing copolymer solution into the abdomen of mice, followed by exposure to visible light. The hydrogels exhibit highly porous structure, high swelling up to 3300%, and excellent biocompatibility. The swelling ratio decreases with increase of poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) block length and polymer concentration of hydrogels. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) was loaded in hydrogels by soaking dried gel in a DOX solution. The drug loading efficiency is dependent on the swelling performance, reaching a maximum of 94.3%. In vitro drug release studies showed a burst release for the first 6 h, followed by a slower release up to 82% at 28 days. The release rate decreased with increase of hydrophobic block length or polymer concentration of hydrogels. Higher anti‐cancer activity on A549 lung cancer cells was obtained for hydrogels with higher drug concentration, and shorter PCL block length. Therefore, 4aPEG‐PCL hydrogels with outstanding biocompatibility, in situ gelation and prolonged drug release could be very promising for long‐term local cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine has a significant effect on cerebrovascular systems, and the dual action of caffeine on both neural and vascular responses leads to concerns for the interpretation of blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) functional MRI. However, potential differences in the brain response to caffeine with regard to consumption habits have not been fully elucidated, as BOLD responses may vary with the dietary caffeine consumption history. The main aim of this study was to characterize the acute effect of caffeine on cerebral hemodynamic responses in participants with different patterns of caffeine consumption habits. Fifteen non‐habitual and 11 habitual volunteers were included in this study. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to the breath‐hold challenge were measured before and after 200 mg caffeine administration. The non‐habitual individuals exhibited a pattern of progressive reduction in CBF with time. The CVR was diminished in the caffeinated condition (P < 0.05). In the habitual group, the pattern of CBF decrease was smaller and homogeneous across the brain, and reached steady state rapidly. The CVR was not affected in the presence of caffeine (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrated that the cerebral hemodynamic response to caffeine was subject to the habitual consumption patterns of the participants. The compromised CVR following caffeine administration in the non‐habitual group may partially explain the suppressed BOLD response to a visual stimulation in low‐caffeine‐level users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery‐supercapacitor hybrid devices (BSHDs) are aimed to be competitive complements to conventional batteries and supercapacitors by simultaneously achieving high energy density, high power density, and excellent cycling stability. However, the cooperative coupling of different energy storage mechanisms between batteries and supercapacitors is still challenging. Therefore, it is important to have a holistic understanding of BSHDs from material synthesis to final application. In this review, the basic concept and working principles of BSHDs are first discussed, which helps identify the related key scientific problems arising from hybridization. Then the ways in which some of these issues have been mitigated are discussed, for example by developing advanced microstructures and engineering the interface between electrode|current collector, electrode|electrolyte, and battery‐type(b‐type)|capacitor‐type(c‐type) materials. Furthermore, along with shedding light on innovative approaches for expanding the BSHDs' cell voltage unconventional charge‐storage mechanisms and device configurations like dual ion and hydrogen ion hybrid supercapacitors are also summarized to push their performance even higher. Finally, a perspective on the technological challenges and future prospects of BSHDs from both an academic and industrial point of view is provided. This review is expected to serve as a window to look at the past and guide the future development of high‐performance BSHDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By incorporating higher order formulation and one‐step leapfrog alternating direction implicit (ADI) procedure, unconditionally stable perfectly matched layer implementation is proposed for terminating frequency‐dependent left‐handed material in finite‐difference time‐domain lattice. To be more specific, frequency‐dependent left‐handed material can be calculated by the piecewise linear recursive convolution method. The proposed scheme shows advantages of higher order formulation and one‐step leapfrog ADI procedure in terms of enhancing absorbing performance, improving computational efficiency and simulating open region problems. The effectiveness is demonstrated through the computational domain with dipole antenna model above the left‐handed material slab. From results, it can be concluded that the proposed formulation can obtain considerable absorption, outstanding efficiency, and improved entire performance. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme also keeps its stability when time step far exceeds the Courant‐Friedrich‐Levy condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new isostructural complexes, namely, poly[aqua[μ3‐2‐(4‐carboxyphenoxy)terephthalato‐κ3O1:O4:O4′](1,10‐phenanthroline‐κ2N,N′)cobalt(II)], [Co(C15H8O7)(C12H8N2)(H2O)]n or [Co(μ3‐Hcpota)(phen)(H2O)]n, I, and poly[aqua[μ3‐2‐(4‐carboxyphenoxy)terephthalato‐κ3O1:O4:O4′](1,10‐phenanthroline‐κ2N,N′)nickel(II)], [Ni(C15H8O7)(C12H8N2)(H2O)]n or [Ni(μ3‐Hcpota)(phen)(H2O)]n, II, have been synthesized by solvothermal reactions. Complexes I and II were fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analyses, and powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. They both present two‐dimensional structures based on [M2(μ‐COO)2]2+ (M = CoII or NiII) dinuclear metal units with a fes topology and a vertex symbol (4·82). Interestingly, the positions of the two dimeric metal motifs and the two partially deprotonated Hcpota2− ligands reproduce regular flying butterfly arrangements flipped upside down and sharing wings in the ab plane. Magnetic studies indicate antiferromagnetic interactions (J = −5.21 cm−1 for I and −11.53 cm−1 for II) in the dimeric units, with Co...Co and Ni...Ni distances of 4.397 (1) and 4.358 (1) Å, respectively, that are related to double syn–anti carboxylate bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic reprogramming and redox homeostasis contribute to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). CDC‐like kinase 4 (CLK4) is a dual‐specificity kinase that can phosphorylate substrates' tyrosine or serine/threonine residue. However, the role and mechanism of CLK4 in ESCC remain unknown. Methods: CLK4 expression was analysed using publicly available datasets and confirmed in ESCC tissues and cell lines. The biological roles of CLK4 were studied with gain and loss‐of‐function experiments. Mass spectrometry was employed to examine the effects of CLK4 on metabolic profiling. In vitro kinase assay, co‐immunoprecipitation, glutathione S‐transferase pulldown, chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter were used to elucidate the relationship among CLK4, microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF), COP1 and ZRANB1. Results: CLK4 down‐regulation was observed in ESCC cell lines and clinical samples and associated with the methylation of its promoter. Low levels of CLK4 promoted ESCC development by affecting the purine synthesis pathway and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) ratio. Interestingly, CLK4 inhibited ESCC development by blocking MITF‐enhanced de novo purine synthesis and redox balance. Mechanistically, wild type CLK4 (WT‐CLK4) but not kinase‐dead CLK4‐K189R mutant phosphorylated MITF at Y360. This modification promoted its interaction with E3 ligase COP1 and its K63‐linked ubiquitination at K308/K372, leading to sequestosome 1 recognition and autophagic degradation. However, the deubiquitinase ZRANB1 rescued MITF ubiquitination and degradation. In turn, MITF bound to E‐ rather than M‐boxes in CLK4 promoter and transcriptionally down‐regulated its expression in ESCC. Clinically, the negative correlations were observed between CLK4, MITF, and purine metabolic markers, which predicts a poor clinical outcome of ESCC patients. Notably, CLK4 itself was a redox‐sensitive kinase, and its methionine oxidation at M307 impaired kinase activity, enhanced mitochondria length and inhibited lipid peroxidation, contributing to ESCC. Conclusions: Our data highlight the potential role of CLK4 in modulating redox status and nucleotide metabolism, suggesting potential therapeutic targets in ESCC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: Maternal hyperglycemia leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes, and also subsequently affects both mothers and their offspring in later life. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is also believed to be increasing. More precise nationwide and up‐to‐date data on GDM are required. Materials and Methods: A population‐based retrospective cohort study was carried out with the Birth Certificate Application database and linked to the National Health Insurance Research Database to explore trends in the annual crude prevalence of GDM in all women who gave birth between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2015 in Taiwan and their pregnancy outcomes. The registry is considered complete, reliable and accurate. Results: A total of 2,468,793 births from 2,430,307 pregnancies were reported between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2015. Finally, 2,053,305 pregnancies were included for further analysis. The annual prevalence of GDM increased by 1.8‐fold during the 12 years from 2004 to 2015, with a significant continuous increasing trend (from 7.6% to 13.4%, P < 0.001). The annual prevalence of GDM significantly increased in each age group (all trends P < 0.001), particularly for women with maternal ages of 31 years and older. Urbanization level, geographic risk factors and seasonal variations were also noted. Conclusion: The annual prevalence of GDM increased by 1.8‐fold in the 12‐year period from 2004 to 2015 in Taiwan, with a significant continuous increasing trend (from 7.6% to 13.4%, P < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Congenital fibrinogen disorders (CFDs) are caused by mutations in fibrinogen‐encoding genes, FGA, FGB, and FGG, which lead to quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of fibrinogen. Although the diagnosis of CFDs is based on antigenic and functional level of fibrinogen, few genotypes are clearly correlated with phenotype. Methods: In this study, we investigated all of the referred patients diagnosed as CFDs in Taiwan's population between 1995 and 2020. Clinical features, laboratory data and genetic defects were analysed. Functional fibrinogen level was determined by the Clauss method. Antigenic fibrinogen was measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Fibrinogen genes were assessed for mutations by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results: A total of 18 patients from six unrelated families with CFDs were identified. One patient from a consanguineous family was diagnosed as afibrinogenemia type 1A with a novel homozygous frameshift mutation in FGB exon 4. The other five (83.3 %) index patients were all diagnosed as dysfibrinogenemia type 3A caused by two novel and one known mutation. Six (33.3 %) patients from three families had a novel mutation in FGB exon 8. The clinical features and laboratory data were highly variable among these patients with the same mutation. Conclusions: Three novel mutations of CFDs causing afibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia were identified. The point mutation in FGB exon 8 is also a common mutation in Taiwan's population. Considerable phenotypic variability among the patients with an identical mutation was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various ratios PEOz‐PDLLA diblock copolymers were synthesized through ring‐opening polymerization of DL‐lactide initiated by monohydroxyl terminated poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEOz‐OH). The chemical composition and molar mass of the resulting copolymers were determined by using NMR and GPC. Spherical micelles with a diameter from 104 to 136 nm were obtained via self‐assembly of PEOz‐PDLLA in water, as evidenced by TEM and DLS. The CMC of copolymers was well below 0.01 mg/mL, and showed a decreasing trend with increase of PDLLA block length. A two‐step procedure was applied to encapsulate curcumin taken as a hydrophobic model drug. Copolymers with longer PDLLA block exhibit enhanced drug loading capacity. In vitro drug release was carried out in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at physiological and slightly acidic pH values. A pH‐sensitive biphasic drug release behavior was detected with an initial burst release followed by slower prolonged release. Lower pH or shorter PDLLA block length leads to higher drug release rate because of faster degradation of micelles. Hemo‐ and cytocompatibility studies illustrated the excellent biocompatibility of PEOz‐PDLLA micelles. MTT assay showed a significant cytotoxicity of curcumin‐loaded micelles against A549 lung cancer cells. Therefore, it can be inferred that PEOz‐PDLLA block copolymers with outstanding biocompatibility, controllable drug loading performance, and prolonged drug release present a good potential as nano‐carrier of hydrophobic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier reports have indicated that begomoviruses encode four proteins (AC1/C1, AC2/C2, AC3/C3, and AC4/C4 proteins) using complementary‐sense DNA as the template. In recent years, several reports have shown that some begomoviruses also encode an AC5/C5 protein from the complementary DNA strand, and these AC5/C5 proteins play different roles in virus infections. Here, we provide evidence showing that Ageratum leaf curl Sichuan virus (ALCScV), a monopartite begomovirus, also encodes a C5 protein that is important for disease symptom formation and can affect viral replication. Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with a potato virus X (PVX)‐based vector carrying the ALCScV C5 gene resulted in more severe disease symptoms and higher virus accumulation levels. ALCScV C5 protein can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Furthermore, this protein is also a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Mutational analysis showed that knockout of C5 gene expression significantly reduced ALCScV‐induced disease symptoms and virus accumulation, while expression of the C5 gene using the PVX‐based vector enhanced ALCScV accumulation in coinfected N. benthamiana plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA‐PEG) diblock copolymers with different compositions were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of D,L‐lactide and glycolide, using monomethoxy PEG as macro‐initiator. The resulting copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, and critical micelle concentration analyses. Self‐assembly of the copolymers yielded aggregates of different architectures, including spherical micelles and a mixture of spherical and worm‐like micelles with Y‐junctions. The self‐assembled architecture depends on both the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance and the molar mass of copolymers. Valsartan, a widely used drug in the treatment of hypertension, was loaded in micelles using a co‐solvent evaporation method. High drug‐loading content was obtained for worm‐like micelles. in vitro drug release was performed at 37°C in pH 7.4 phosphate‐buffered saline. An initial burst release is detected in all cases, followed by slower release up to 9 days. The overall release rate is strongly dependent on the degradation of micelles. Copolymers with short PLGA blocks exhibit faster drug release due to faster degradation of micelles, and worm‐like micelles present slower drug release as compared to spherical ones. Therefore, PLGA‐PEG copolymer micelles with high drug‐loading capacity, different architectures, and variable drug release rates could be most attractive for sustained delivery of valsartan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Fibroscan‐derived liver stiffness decreases after anti‐viral treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which may affect the associations and interpretation of liver stiffness. Aims: To assess whether liver stiffness pre‐ or post‐anti‐viral therapy is associated with the development of decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or death. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we identified US veterans who initiated HCV treatment and had at least one liver stiffness before (n = 492) or after (n = 877) HCV therapy. We used Cox proportional hazards regression (adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, history of cirrhosis, body mass index, diabetes, FIB‐4 score, Charlson comorbidity index, alcohol use disorder, Model for end‐stage liver disease score and sustained virological response status) to determine the associations between pre‐ or post‐treatment liver stiffness values and the development of decompensated cirrhosis, HCC, death or liver transplant. Results: In the post‐treatment liver stiffness cohort, during a mean follow‐up of 27.3 months, 21 (2.4%) developed decompensated cirrhosis, 26 (3.0%) developed HCC and 57 (6.5%) died or underwent liver transplant. Compared to patients with post‐treatment liver stiffness ≤12.5 kPa, those with post‐treatment liver stiffness >20 kPa, had higher rates of developing decompensated cirrhosis (adjusted HR 3.85, 95% CI 1.29‐11.50) and the composite outcome of death, liver transplant, decompensated cirrhosis or HCC (adjusted HR 1.95, 95% CI: 1.07‐3.56). There were no significant associations between pre‐treatment liver stiffness and any outcomes on multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Post‐treatment liver stiffness >20 kPa, but not pre‐treatment liver stiffness, was independently associated with the development of decompensated cirrhosis and the composite outcome in multivariable analyses. Measuring liver stiffness should be considered after anti‐viral treatment because it predicts adverse outcomes even beyond routinely available clinical predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene and graphene oxide (GO), as wonder materials, have penetrated nearly every field of research. One of their most attractive features is the functionality and assembly of graphene or GO, in which they can be considered to be chemically functionalized building blocks for creating unconventional porous graphene materials (PGMs) that not only combine the merits of both porous materials and graphene, but also have major advantages over other porous carbons for specific applications. The chemistry and approaches for functionalizing graphene and GO are first introduced, and typical procedures for pore creation (e.g., in‐plane pores, 2D laminar pores, and 3D interconnected pore assemblies), self‐assembly, and tailoring mechanisms for PGMs to highlight the significance of precise control over the pore morphology and pore size are summarized. Because of their unique pore structures, with different morphologies and intriguing properties, PGMs serve as key components in a variety of applications such as energy storage, electrocatalysis, and molecular separation. Finally, the challenges relating to PGMs from the understanding of chemical self‐assembly to specific applications are discussed, and promising solutions on how to tackle them are presented. This provides an insightful outlook for the future development of the chemistry and applications of PGMs.Recent advances in the chemistry of graphene and porous graphene materials, including surface chemistry, interface chemistry, assembly chemistry, and functionalization chemistry, and their potential applications are reviewed. Additionally, their porous structure‐performance relationships for energy storage and conversion, electrocatalysis, and molecular separation are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new coordination polymer (CP), namely, poly[[diaquatris[μ2‐1,4‐bis(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene]bis[μ6‐4‐(2,4‐dicarboxylatophenoxy)phthalato]tetracobalt(II)] hexahydrate], {[Co4(C16H6O9)2(C12H10N4)3(H2O)2]·6H2O}n, has been synthesized by solvothermal reaction. The CP was fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It presents a three‐dimensional (3D) structure based on tetranuclear CoII secondary building units (SBUs) with a tfz‐d net and point symbol (43)2(46·618·84). The 4‐(2,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phthalic acid (H4dcppa) ligands are completely deprotonated and link {Co4(COO)4}4− SBUs into two‐dimensional (2D) layers. Furthermore, adjacent layers are connected by 1,4‐bis(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (bib) ligands, giving rise to a 3D supramolecular architecture. Interestingly, there are numerous elliptical cavities in the CP where isolated unique discrete hexameric water clusters have been observed. The results of thermogravimetric and magnetic analyses are described in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new Zn2+‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on biphenyl‐2,2′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylic acid, i.e. H4(o,m‐bpta), and N‐donor ligands, namely, poly[[(μ4‐biphenyl‐2,2′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylato)bis{[1,3‐phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(1H‐imidazole)}dizinc(II)] dimethylformamide monosolvate dihydrate], {[Zn2(C16H6O8)(C14H14N4)2]·C3H7NO·2H2O}n or {[Zn2(o,m‐bpta)(1,3‐bimb)2]·C3H7NO·2H2O}n (1) {1,3‐bimb = [1,3‐phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(1H‐imidazole)}, and poly[[(μ4‐biphenyl‐2,2′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylato)bis{[1,4‐phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(1H‐imidazole)}dizinc(II)] monohydrate], {[Zn2(C16H6O8)(C14H14N4)2]·H2O}n or {[Zn2(o,m‐bpta)(1,4‐bimb)2]·H2O}n (2) {1,4‐bimb = [1,4‐phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(1H‐imidazole)}, have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and powder X‐ray diffraction analysis. Structurally, the (o,m‐bpta)4− ligands are fully deprotonated and combine with Zn2+ ions in μ4‐coordination modes. Complex 1 is a (3,4)‐connected porous network with honeycomb‐like [Zn2(o,m‐bpta)]n sheets formed by 4‐connected (o,m‐bpta)4− ligands. Complex 2 exhibits a (2,4)‐connected network formed by 4‐connected (o,m‐bpta)4− ligands linking Zn2+ ions in left‐handed helical chains. The cis‐configured 1,3‐bimb and 1,4‐bimb ligands bridge Zn2+ ions to form multi‐membered [Zn2(bimb)2] loops. Optically, the complexes show strong fluorescence and display larger red shifts compared to free H4(o,m‐bpta). Complex 2 shows ferroelectric properties due to crystallizing in the C2v polar point group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 4 infection is prevalent in sub‐Saharan Africa and the Middle East, particularly in Egypt. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of elbasvir/grazoprevir administered for 8 and 12 weeks in participants with HCV GT4 infection. Methods: In this partially randomized, open‐label multicentre study conducted in France (NCT03111108; Protocol MK5172‐096), treatment‐naive participants with GT4 infection and F0‐F2 fibrosis were randomized 2:1 to elbasvir (50 mg)/grazoprevir (100 mg) for 8 or 12 weeks. Treatment‐naive participants with F3‐F4 fibrosis and all treatment‐experienced participants (F0‐F4) were assigned to elbasvir/grazoprevir for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response (SVR) 12 weeks after the end of therapy. Results: One hundred and seventeen participants were enrolled. Among treatment‐naive participants with F0‐F2 fibrosis, SVR was achieved by 94% (50/53) and 96% (26/27) of those receiving elbasvir/grazoprevir for 8 or 12 weeks, respectively, and four participants relapsed. In the 12‐week arm, 95% (35/37) achieved SVR and two participants relapsed. NS5A resistance‐associated substitutions were present at baseline and virologic failure in five of the participants with relapse. Drug‐related adverse events occurred in 42% (n = 22) and 50% (n = 32) of participants receiving 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively. No participant discontinued treatment owing to an adverse event. Conclusion: These data confirm the efficacy of elbasvir/grazoprevir administered for 12 weeks in treatment‐experienced individuals with HCV GT4 infection and those with advanced fibrosis. Treatment‐naive individuals with mild fibrosis can be treated effectively with an 8‐week regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma‐related health outcomes are known to be associated with indoor moisture and renovations. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of these indoor environmental quality (IEQ) factors in healthcare facilities and their association with asthma‐related outcomes among workers. Methods: New York City healthcare workers (n = 2030) were surveyed regarding asthma‐related symptoms, and moisture and renovation factors at work and at home during the last 12 months. Questions for workplace moisture addressed water damage (WD), mold growth (MG), and mold odor (MO), while for renovations they addressed painting (P), floor renovations (FR), and wall renovations (WR). Regression models were fit to examine associations between work and home IEQ factors and multiple asthma‐related outcomes. Results: Reports of any moisture (n = 728, 36%) and renovations (n = 1412, 70%) at work were common. Workplace risk factors for asthma‐related outcomes included the moisture categories of WD by itself, WD with MO (without MG), and WD with MG and MO, and the renovation category with the three factors P, FR, and WR. Reports of home IEQ factors were less frequent and less likely to be associated with health outcomes. Data analyses suggested that MG and/or MO at work and at home had a synergistic effect on the additive scale with a symptom‐based algorithm for bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Conclusions: The current study determined that moisture and renovation factors are common in healthcare facilities, potentially putting workers at risk for asthma‐related outcomes. More research is needed to confirm these results, especially prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tidal current‐induced cyclonic eddies cause cold‐water upwelling and periodic sea surface temperature (SST) drops around the coral reef area in Nanwan Bay, which is located at the southern tip of Taiwan. This study used Himawari‐8 satellite data and tide gauge and coastal ocean dynamics application radar (CODAR) data to analyze the characteristics of the SST drops and cyclonic eddy propagation and used an oceanic general circulation model (OGCM) to simulate the tidal current flowing process. According to the CODAR data analysis, the mixed primary semidiurnal tide had an average current velocity of 0.3–0.4 m s−1 throughout the bay, and the average life cycle of a cyclonic eddy is 6.6 hr, with a propagation speed of 0.35 m s−1. The SST drop during the spring tide period was greater than that during the neap tide period, and the SST dropped in both summer and winter. The average daily SST drop in the summer reached 2 °C with a maximum observed value of 4.7 °C, and the SST drop rate was 0.3–0.5 °C hr−1. The annual mean chlorophyll‐a concentration was 0.25 mg m−3. This study explored the special properties of the Nanwan Bay coral reef area from the perspective of ocean physics to allow ecologists to facilitate the implementation of long‐term conservation and monitoring programs. Plain Language Summary: In recent years, the increased global sea temperatures have caused severe coral bleaching; however, Nanwan Bay has suffered a comparatively smaller impact. To understand why, we analyzed satellite and radar data. We found that Nanwan Bay experienced an almost daily sea surface temperature (SST) drop during the summer and that this periodic variation was caused by a cyclonic eddy upwelling cold water to the surface. In the summer, the SST drop was 2 °C on average and dropped at a rate of 0.3–0.5 °C hr−1. The observational record indicated that the water cooled as much as 4.7 °C in 1 day. These eddies were caused by the unique topography in this area of the bay; they survived an average of 6.6 hr and moved at a rate of 0.35 m s−1. The formed eddies disappeared in the bay or flowed southward out of the bay. With this study, we hope to help marine ecologists understand the Nanwan Bay environment from a geophysical perspective so that they have sufficient background knowledge when investigating coral biology and coral reef ecology in the future. Key Points: Himawari‐8 satellite and coastal radar data are used to analyze the characteristics of eddy‐induced sea surface temperature drop in a bayIn summer, ebb current‐induced cyclonic eddies cause 2 °C sea surface temperature drops that reduce thermal stressThe average life cycle of eddies was 6.6 hr with propagation speed of 0.35 m s−1, which was close to the tidal currents around the bay [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) composed of a battery‐type electrode and a capacitor‐type electrode are highly competitive candidates for next‐generation electrochemical energy storage devices, simultaneously achieving high energy and power densities. However, the present LICs are still hindered by the imbalance of electrode kinetics and capacity of anode and cathode. Recently, two‐dimensional (2D) materials with unique structure and appealing properties have received extensive attentions for applications in LICs, with remarkable improvements from charge storage capacity to reaction kinetics. Herein, we review the recent advances in the applications of 2D materials for high‐energy and high‐power LICs. The key advantages and important roles of 2D materials are emphasized for the construction of LICs, including electrochemical active materials, ultrathin conductive and flexible supports for hybridization with other active materials, and 2D functional building blocks for assembling macroscopic hierarchical 3D frameworks. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with the applications of 2D materials for high‐performance LICs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal catalyzed C−H phosphorylation remains an unsolved challenge. Reported methods are generally limited in scope and require stoichiometric silver salts as oxidants. Reported here is an electrochemically driven RhIII‐catalyzed aryl C−H phosphorylation reaction that proceeds through H2 evolution, obviating the need for stoichiometric metal oxidants. The method is compatible with a variety of aryl C−H and P−H coupling partners and particularly useful for synthesizing triarylphosphine oxides from diarylphosphine oxides, which are often difficult coupling partners for transition metal catalyzed C−H phosphorylation reactions. Experimental results suggest that the mechanism responsible for the C−P bond formation involves an oxidation‐induced reductive elimination process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amide‐sulfonamides provide a potent anti‐inflammatory scaffold targeting the CXCR4 receptor. A series of novel amide‐sulfonamide derivatives were investigated for their gas‐phase fragmentation behaviors using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. Upon collision‐induced dissociation (CID), deprotonated amide‐sulfonamides mainly underwent either an elimination of the amine to form the sulfonyl anion and amide anion or a benzoylamide derivative to provide sulfonamide anion bearing respective substituent groups. Based on the characteristic fragment ions and the deuterium–hydrogen exchange experiments, three possible fragmentation mechanisms corresponding to ion‐neutral complexes including [sulfonyl anion/amine] complex (INC‐1), [sulfonamide anion/benzoylamide derivative] complex (INC‐2) and [amide anion/sulfonamide] complex (INC‐3), respectively, were proposed. These three ion‐neutral complexes might be produced by the cleavages of S–N and C–N bond from the amide‐sulfonamides, which generated the sulfonyl anion (Route 1), sulfonamide anion (Route 2) and the amide anion (Route 3). DFT calculations suggested that Route 1, which generated the sulfonyl anion (ion c) is more favorable. In addition, the elimination of SO2 through a three‐membered‐ring transition state followed by the formation of C–N was observed for all the amide‐sulfonamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of well‐defined finite‐sized aggregates represents an attractive goal in supramolecular chemistry. In particular, construction of discrete π‐stacked dye assemblies remains a challenge. Reported here is the design and synthesis of a novel type of discrete π‐stacked aggregate from two comparable perylenediimide (PDI) dyads (PEP and PBP). The criss‐cross PEP‐PBP dimers in solution and (PBP‐PEP)‐(PEP‐PBP) tetramers in the solid state are well elucidated using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy. Extensive π–π stacking between the PDI units of PEP and PBP as well as repulsive interactions of swallow‐tailed alkyl substituents are responsible for the selective formation of discrete dimer and tetramer stacks. Our results reveal a new approach to preparing discrete π stacks that are appealing for making assemblies with well‐defined optoelectronic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two CoII‐based coordination polymers, namely poly[(μ4‐biphenyl‐2,2′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylato){μ2‐1,3‐bis[(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzene}dicobalt(II)], [Co2(C16H6O8)(C14H14N4)2]n or [Co2(o,m‐bpta)(1,3‐bimb)2]n (I), and poly[[aqua(μ4‐biphenyl‐2,2′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylato){1,4‐bis[(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzene}dicobalt(II)] dihydrate], {[Co2(C16H6O8)(C14H14N4)2(H2O)2]·4H2O}n or {[Co2(o,m‐bpta)(1,4‐bimb)2(H2O)2]·4H2O}n (II), were synthesized from a mixture of biphenyl‐2,2′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylic acid, i.e. [H4(o,m‐bpta)], CoCl2·6H2O and N‐donor ligands under solvothermal conditions. The complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and powder X‐ray diffraction analysis. The bridging (o,m‐bpta)4− ligands combine with CoII ions in different μ4‐coordination modes, leading to the formation of one‐dimensional chains. The central CoII atoms display tetrahedral [CoN2O2] and octahedral [CoN2O4] geometries in I and II, respectively. The bis[(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzene (bimb) ligands adopt trans or cis conformations to connect CoII ions, thus forming two three‐dimensional (3D) networks. Complex I shows a (2,4)‐connected 3D network with left‐ and right‐handed helical chains constructed by (o,m‐bpta)4− ligands. Complex II is a (4,4)‐connected 3D novel network with ribbon‐like chains formed by (o,m‐bpta)4− linkers. Magnetic studies indicate an orbital contribution to the magnetic moment of I and II due to the longer Co...Co distances. An attempt has been made to fit the χMT results to the magnetic formulae for mononuclear CoII complexes, the fitting indicating the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the CoII ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclones are a high risk to offshore wind turbine (OWT) support structures, so the design conditions, including this risk, are necessary for tropical cyclone frequent occurrence zones. This study developed a computer program to carry out a critical ultimate load analysis and determine the optimum design for a Jacket‐type OWT support structure. The total weight of the OWT support structure after the optimal steel design with the yaw operative condition is always considerably smaller than that without for the steel design results under the loads of the GL Tropical Cyclone Technical Note (GL TCTN). This paper studies OWTs under the tropical cyclone classes 1 to 3 and the terrain categories A, to C, where the 1‐minute wind speed at 10‐m height is gradually increased from classes 1 to 3, and the surface roughness decreases from A to C. When the yaw can operate, the total steel weight consumption due to the tropical cyclone 1C, 1B, and 2C loads is lower than that for the IEC 61400‐3 loads. In the case of 1A, the overall steel consumption is only slightly higher than that of the IEC 61400‐3. However, for other conditions, the design should include the GL TCTN loads. For the yaw inoperative condition, the GL TCTN results are always largely dominant in the steel design, so the use of only the IEC 61400‐3 condition will result in extremely high risk to OWT support structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordination polymers constructed from conjugated organic ligands and metal ions with a d10 electronic configuration exhibit intriguing properties for chemical sensing and photochemistry. A ZnII‐based coordination polymer, namely poly[aqua(μ6‐biphenyl‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylato)(μ2‐4,4′‐bipyridine)dizinc(II)], [Zn2(C16H6O8)(C10H8N2)(H2O)2]n or [Zn2(m,m‐bpta)(4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)2]n, was synthesized from a mixture of biphenyl‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylic acid [H4(m,m‐bpta)], 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O under solvothermal conditions. The title complex has been structurally characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and powder X‐ray diffraction analysis, and features a μ6‐coordination mode. The ZnII ions adopt square‐pyramidal geometries and are bridged by two syn–syn carboxylate groups to form [Zn2(COO)2] secondary buildding units (SBUs). The SBUs are crosslinked by (m,m‐bpta)4− ligands to produce a two‐dimensional grid‐like layer that exhibits a stair‐like structure along the a axis. Adjacent layers are linked by 4,4′‐bipy ligands to form a three‐dimensional network with a {44.610.8}{44.62} topology. In the solid state, the complex displays a strong photoluminescence and an excellent solvent stability. In addition, the luminescence sensing results indicate a highly selective and sensitive sensing for Fe3+ ions. In a ZnII‐based coordination polymer synthesized from a mixture of biphenyl‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylic acid, 4,4′‐bipyridine and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O under solvothermal conditions, the ZnII ions adopt square‐pyramidal geometries and are bridged by two syn–syn carboxylate groups to form [Zn2(COO)2] units. These units are crosslinked by tetracarboxylate ligands to produce a two‐dimensional grid‐like layer that exhibits a stair‐like structure along the a axis. The luminescence sensing results indicate a highly selective and sensitive sensing for Fe3+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of poly(ɛ‐caprolactone/glycolide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) (P(CL/GA)‐PEG) diblock copolymers were prepared by ring opening polymerization of a mixture of ɛ‐caprolactone and glycolide using mPEG as macro‐initiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. Self‐assembled micelles were prepared from the copolymers using nanoprecipitation method. The micelles were spherical in shape. The micelle size was larger for copolymers with longer PEG blocks. In contrast, the critical micelle concentration of copolymers increased with decreasing the overall hydrophobic block length. Drug loading and drug release studies were performed under in vitro conditions, using paclitaxel as a hydrophobic model drug. Higher drug loading was obtained for micelles with longer poly(ε‐caprolactone) blocks. Faster drug release was obtained for micelles of mPEG2000 initiated copolymers than those of mPEG5000 initiated ones. Higher GA content in the copolymers led to faster drug release. Moreover, drug release rate was enhanced in the presence of lipase from Pseudomonas sp., indicating that drug release is facilitated by copolymer degradation. The biocompatibility of copolymers was evaluated from hemolysis, dynamic clotting time, and plasma recalcification time tests, as well as MTT assay and agar diffusion test. Data showed that copolymer micelles present outstanding hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, thus suggesting that P(CL/GA)‐PEG micelles are promising for prolonged release of hydrophobic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is abdominal muscle exercise (AME) an effective alternative therapy to treat urinary incontinence (UI)?. Pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) is a conservative and conventional treatment for UI. In recent decades, another innovative method of incontinence rehabilitation involving abdominal muscles exercise, namely AME, was proposed to achieve better UI care. However, the effectiveness of AME is unclear. A quasi‐experimental pilot study with a 12‐week intervention period compared AME with PFME. Women aged ≥45 years with at least one episode per month of stress or mixed UI were enrolled. Informed consent was obtained before participation in the study. Women from each region were considered a cluster and were randomly allocated into the AME or PFME groups. All exercise sessions were accomplished at citizen activity centres. With 20 women in each group, the primary outcomes were to compare the score changes in the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI), 1‐hour pad test, and 3‐day voiding diary whereas the secondary outcomes compared the scores between the pre‐ and post‐tests. The ISI, 1‐hour pad test, and 3‐day voiding diary improved significantly after the interventions within each group; however, no significant difference was found between the groups. The effectiveness of AME was similar to that of PFME. Nevertheless, health care providers should understand the effectiveness of different strategies for treating or preventing UI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion behavior of hot‐dip Al–Zn–Si, Al–Zn–Si–RE, and Al–Zn–Si–RE–Mg coatings was investigated by neutral salt spray test and electrochemical measurements. The obtained results indicate that the elements of RE and Mg can reduce the defects and create a finer microstructure. Al–Zn–Si alloy coating was corroded with red rust after 168 h of salt spray corrosion experiment, while Al–Zn–Si–RE and Al–Zn–Si–RE–Mg coatings had better corrosion resistance where only a small amount of red rust appeared after 360 h. The products of corrosion formed on the surface of three coatings consisted mainly of Al‐rich phase and gibbsite Al2O3 · nH2O. Zinc was acting sacrificially in the process of corrosion and aluminum dissolved to form stable corrosion products. Al–Zn–Si–RE–Mg coating with finer microstructure buffered the pH at the cathodic sites and hindered formation of zinc oxide and thereby inhibited oxygen reduction, which improved its ability to resist corrosion. Moreover, different electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuits of three coatings were considered during an initial immersion in a solution of sodium chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A series of poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone/glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol) [P(CL/GA)-PEG] diblock copolymers were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone or a mixture of ɛ-caprolactone and glycolide using monomethoxy PEG (mPEG) as macroinitiator and Sn(Oct)2 as catalyst. The resulting copolymers were characterized using 1H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Copolymer micelles were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method. The morphology of the micelles was spherical or worm-like as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, depending on the copolymer composition and the length of the hydrophobic block. Introduction of the glycolide component, even in small amounts (CL/GA = 10), disrupted the chain structure and led to the formation of spherical micelles. Interestingly, the micelle size decreased with the encapsulation of paclitaxel. Micelles prepared from mPEG5000-derived copolymers exhibited better drug loading properties and slower drug release than those from mPEG2000-derived copolymers. Drug release was faster for copolymers with shorter PCL blocks than for those with longer PCL chains. The introduction of glycolide moieties enhanced drug release, but the overall release rate did not exceed 10% in 30 days. In contrast, drug release was enhanced in acidic media. Therefore, these bioresorbable micelles and especially P(CL/GA)-PEG micelles with excellent stability, high drug loading content, and prolonged drug release could be promising for applications as drug carriers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45732. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of PLGA-PEG diblock copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide and glycolide using mPEG as macroinitiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. Spherical micelles were obtained from the various copolymers by using co-solvent evaporation method. The biocompatibility of micelles was evaluated with the aim of assessing their potential in the development of drug delivery systems. Various aspects of biocompatibility were considered, including MTT assay, agar diffusion test, release of cytokines, hemolytic test, dynamic clotting time, protein adsorption in vitro, and zebrafish embryonic compatibility in vivo. The combined results revealed that the micelles present good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility in vitro. Moreover, the cumulative effects of micelles throughout embryos developing stages have no toxicity in vivo. It is thus concluded that micelles prepared from PLGA-PEG copolymers present good biocompatibility as potential drug carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) are common clinical congenital heart defects. As an effective method for the treatment of ASD and PFO, transcatheter closure with occluders presents many advantages, including safety, ease of operation, minimal invasiveness, and reduced complications. This contribution reviews the various types of occluders currently used in clinical applications and under development, including non degradable occluders, partially degradable occluders, and totally degradable occluders. A number of case studies are described in detail. Comparison is made on the treatment outcomes using different occulders. Future development of transcatheter closure is discussed, in particular the use of totally degradable occluders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 433-443, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to evaluate the potential of a bioresorbable composite as material for bone regeneration. Surface-modified calcium carbonate whiskers (CCWs) were prepared by grafting of ethylene glycol (EG) using 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate as coupling agent, followed by ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide initiated by the hydroxyl group of EG. The resulting PLLA-EG- g-CCW was used as filler to reinforce a bioresorbable terpolymer, poly( l-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate-co-glycolide) (PLTG). The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the PLTG/PLLA-EG- g-CCW composites were greatly improved. Compared with neat PLTG, a 39.3% increase in tensile strength and 26.7% increase in elongation at break were obtained for the composite with 2 wt% PLLA-EG- g-CCW filler. This was assigned to the reinforcement effect of evenly dispersed PLLA-EG- g-CCW in the polymeric matrix. In fact, entanglement of PLLA grafts at the surface of PLLA-EG- g-CCW with PLTG chains results in a homogeneous distribution of the filler in the matrix. Thus, the composites are simultaneously strengthened and toughened. The cytocompatibility of the materials was evaluated from cell morphology and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The results indicate that the composite presents very low cytotoxicity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibody of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was found to associate with breast cancer (BC), whereas IgA positivity was related to a series of genetic markers in the genes of homologous recombination repair system (HRRs). We assessed the associations of the polymorphisms in HRR genes with the risk and survival of BC. Methods A case-control study was conducted with 1551 bc cases and 1605 age-matched healthy controls between October 2008 and March 2012 in the Guangzhou Breast Cancer Study (GZBCS), China, and the case population were followed up until 31 January 2016. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes in HRR system were genotyped. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazards ratios (HRs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the risk and prognostic effect, respectively. Results RFC1 rs6829064 (AA) was associated with an increased BC risk [OR = 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.73] compared to the wild genotype (GG). NRM rs1075496 (GT/TT versus GG) was associated with a worse progression-free survival (PFS) and the HR was 1.34 (95% CI = 1.01-1.78), particularly among advanced patients. LIG3 rs1052536 (CT/TT versus CC) was associated with a better PFS and the HR was 0.70 (95% CI = 0.53-0.93). However, RAD54L rs1710286 and RPA1 rs11078676 were not observed to be associated with either the risk or survival of BC. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that the polymorphisms in HRR genes were associated with BC risk ( RFC1 rs6829064) and prognosis ( NRM rs1075496 and LIG3 rs1052536), whereas RAD54L rs1710286 and RPA1 rs11078676 had null associations with BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]