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BACKGROUND: Obesity has been demonstrated as a risk factor that seriously affects health. Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), as a major component of dietary fiber, has positive effects on obesity, inflammation and diabetes. RESULTS: In this study, complex IDF was prepared using 50% enoki mushroom IDF, 40% carrot IDF, and 10% oat IDF. The effects and potential mechanism of complex IDF on obesity were investigated in C57BL/6 mice fed a high‐fat diet. The results showed that feeding diets containing 5% complex IDF for 8 weeks significantly reduced mouse body weight, epididymal lipid index, and ectopic fat deposition, and improved mouse liver lipotoxicity (reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase), fatty liver, and short‐chain fatty acid composition. High‐throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and analysis of fecal metabolomics showed that the intervention with complex IDF reversed the high‐fat‐diet‐induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which is associated with obesity and intestinal inflammation, and affected metabolic pathways, such as primary bile acid biosynthesis, related to fat digestion and absorption. CONCLUSION: Composite IDF intervention can effectively inhibit high‐fat‐diet‐induced obesity and related symptoms and affect the gut microbiota and related metabolic pathways in obesity. Complex IDF has potential value in the prevention of obesity and metabolic syndrome. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have emerged as a promising encryption technology, utilizing intrinsic physical identifiers that offer enhanced security and tamper resistance. Multi‐level PUFs boost system complexity, thereby improving system reliability and fault tolerance. However, crosstalk‐free multi‐level PUFs remain a persistent challenge. In this study, a hierarchical PUF system that harnesses the spontaneous phase separation of silk fibroin /PVA blend and the random distribution of silicon‐vacancy diamonds within the blend is presented. The thermodynamic instability of phase separation and inherent unpredictability of diamond dispersion gives rise to intricate random patterns at two distinct scales, enabling time‐efficient hierarchical authentication for cryptographic keys. These patterns are complementary yet independent, inherently resistant to replication and damage thus affording robust security and reliability to the proposed system. Furthermore, customized authentication algorithms are constructed: visual PUFs authentication utilizes neural network combined structural similarity index measure, while spectral PUFs authentication employs Hamming distance and cross‐correlation bit operation. This hierarchical PUF system attains a high recognition rate without interscale crosstalk. Additionally, the coding capacity is exponentially enhanced using M‐ary encoding to reinforce multi‐level encryption. Hierarchical PUFs hold significant potential for immediate application, offering unprecedented data protection and cryptographic key authentication capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of an 18-year-old female diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who rapidly progressed to the blast phase despite treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Topics discussed include the identification of recurrent fusion genes in CML-blast phase, their potential role in disease progression and drug resistance, and the need for further research to understand their prevalence and clinical implications.

A key factor in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of photoelectrodes is the efficient separation and transfer of photogenerated charges. Herein, a novel photoanode comprising three‐dimensional (3D) WO3 nanoplate@ZnO nanosheet hierarchical type‐II heterojunction arrays (3D WO3@ZnO HHAs) is designed and constructed via modification of the WO3 nanoplate arrays with ZnO nanosheets. The synthesized materials are characterized viaX‐ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis), scanning electon microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) test results reveal that the synthesized 3D WO3@ZnO HHAs photoanode exhibits reduced charge transfer resistance, improved electron‐hole pair life, and enhanced photocurrent density (≈4.5 times increase in comparison to that of the bare WO3). The increased light capture and high surface area in contact with the electrolyte as well as the enhanced charge transfer through the synergy between morphology and band structures may be responsible for the improved PEC characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐chip metasurfaces integrated atop optical waveguides have demonstrated the capability of efficiently radiating guided‐waves into arbitrarily prescribed spatial modes by properly tailoring the phase distribution in the metasurface interface. To date, most on‐chip holographic metasurfaces, typically relying on path multiplexing or wavelength multiplexing to multiply the produced images, encounter certain limitations in further enhancing the image storage capacity due to the limited degrees of freedom available for on‐chip devices. This work introduces an on‐chip metasurface composed of polarization‐sensitive cross meta‐atoms allowing independent control of the propagation phase of diffracted waves from waveguided TE and TM modes. Meanwhile, incorporating the guided‐wave generated in‐plane detour phases into the metasurface yields another two degrees of freedom. Thus, four independent holographic images can be readily switched by simply selecting the excitation modes and waveguide ports. As a proof‐of‐concept, a dual‐port four‐channel multiplexed metasurface, whose optical functionalities are validated by performing full‐wave simulations, is successfully realized. Moreover, the application to the creation of 3D holograms is also extended. Thus, the presented method provides a new approach for multifunctional multiplexing of on‐chip metasurfaces, which could hold great potential for applications in next‐generation wearable AR devices, 3D vision, multifunctional micro‐photonic integrated circuits, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of hierarchical nanostructures can effectively strengthen phonon scattering to reduce lattice thermal conductivity for improving thermoelectric properties in inorganic solids. Here, we use Zn doping to induce a remarkable reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity in SnTe, approaching the theoretical minimum limit. Microstructure analysis reveals that ZnTe nanoprecipitates can embed within SnTe grains beyond the solubility limit of Zn in the Zn alloyed SnTe. These nanoprecipitates result in a substantial decrease of the lattice thermal conductivity in SnTe, leading to an ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of 0.50 W m−1 K−1 at 773 K and a peak ZT of ~0.48 at 773 K, marking an approximately 45 % enhancement compared to pristine SnTe. This study underscores the effectiveness of incorporating ZnTe nanoprecipitates in boosting the thermoelectric performance of SnTe‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and allergic diseases possess similar genetic backgrounds and pathogenesis. Observational studies have shown a correlation, but the exact direction of cause and effect remains unclear. The aim of this Mendelian randomization (MR) study is to assess bidirectional causality between inflammatory bowel disease and allergic diseases. Method: We comprehensively analyzed the causal relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and allergic disease (asthma, Hay fever, and eczema) as a whole, allergic conjunctivitis (AC), atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic asthma (AAS), and allergic rhinitis (AR) by performing a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study using summary‐level data from genome‐wide association studies. The analysis results mainly came from the random‐effects model of inverse variance weighted (IVW‐RE). In addition, multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis was conducted to adjust the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the instrumental variables. Results: The IVW‐RE method revealed that IBD genetically increased the risk of allergic disease as a whole (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01–1.04, fdr.p =.015), AC (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.06, fdr.p =.011), and AD (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02–1.09, fdr.p =.004). Subgroup analysis further confirmed that CD increased the risk of allergic disease as a whole (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.03, fdr.p =.031), AC (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01–1.05, fdr.p =.012), AD (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02–1.09, fdr.p = 2E−05), AAS (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.08, fdr.p =.002) and AR (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00–1.07, fdr.p =.025), UC increased the risk of AAS (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.98–1.07, fdr.p =.038). MVMR results showed that after taking BMI as secondary exposure, the causal effects of IBD on AC, IBD on AD, CD on allergic disease as a whole, CD on AC, CD on AD, CD on AAS, and CD on AR were still statistically significant. No significant association was observed in the reverse MR analysis. Conclusion: This Mendelian randomized study demonstrated that IBD is a risk factor for allergic diseases, which is largely attributed to its subtype CD increasing the risk of AC, AD, ASS, and AR. Further investigations are needed to explore the causal relationship between allergic diseases and IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral transition, the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth, is extremely important for the growth and development of flowering plants. In the summer chrysanthemum, CmBBX8, a member of the subgroup II B‐box (BBX) family, positively regulates the transition by physically interacting with CmERF3 to inhibit CmFTL1 expression. In this study, we show that CmBBX5, a B‐box subgroup I member comprising two B‐boxes and a CCT domain, interacts with CmBBX8. This interaction suppresses the recruitment of CmBBX8 to the CmFTL1 locus without affecting its transcriptional activation activity. CmBBX5 overexpression led to delayed flowering under both LD (long‐day) and SD (short‐day) conditions, while lines expressing the chimeric repressor gene‐silencing (CmBBX5‐SRDX) exhibited the opposite phenotype. Subsequent genetic evidence indicated that in regulating flowering, CmBBX5 is partially dependent on CmBBX8. Moreover, during the vegetative growth period, levels of CmBBX5 expression were found to exceed those of CmBBX8. Collectively, our findings indicate that both CmERF3 and CmBBX5 interact with CmBBX8 to dampen the regulation of CmFTL1 via distinct mechanisms, which contribute to preventing the premature flowering of summer chrysanthemum. Summary statement: Here, we found CmBBX5 and CmBBX8 dampen the recruitment of CmBBX8 to the CmFTL1 locus, thereby preventing premature flowering in summer chrysanthemum, which contributes to deep understanding of the flowering regulation and laying the foundations for molecular breeding in chrysanthemum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the incessant evolution of virtual reality (VR) technology, its pervasive integration into an expanding array of sectors, notably the medical field, has become increasingly conspicuous. Amid these developments, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition, has garnered heightened attention from the medical community. The contemporary therapeutic landscape predominantly revolves around psychological interventions, exemplified by exposure therapy and positive thinking therapy. However, a groundbreaking advancement, namely virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), has emerged as a prominent achievement, effectively intertwining VR technology with medical applications, particularly in the nuanced treatment of PTSD. As the realms of human‐computer interaction and brain‐computer interface undergo continuous and dynamic expansion, electroencephalography (EEG) has surfaced as a pivotal convergence point across diverse disciplines. The confluence of VRET technology with EEG signals holds the promise of enhancing the precision and objectivity of patient diagnoses. Furthermore, leveraging EEG signals enables a more nuanced and individualized approach to treatment within the framework of VRET technology. Despite extant studies that offer comprehensive summaries of VRET technology, the integration with EEG signals has thus far been a relatively unexplored terrain. This research endeavors to direct attention toward recent advancements in VRET technology within the sphere of mental health treatment. A meticulous synthesis and exposition of existing techniques and applications are presented, providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape. The exploration extends to the developmental trajectory and prospective implications arising from the amalgamation of VRET technology and EEG technology. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of the tangible contributions and practical significance of EEG signals in the domain of mental health treatment is undertaken, underscoring the potential avenues for their future applications and the transformative impact on the trajectory of therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety and stress pose significant mental health challenges in modern society, with traditional exposure therapy showing limitations, necessitating the quest for more effective interventions. Virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a promising tool for anxiety and stress management. This systematic review examines VR's application in anxiety and stress management from 2000 to 2023, drawing from three electronic databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect. The review highlights VR's potential in anxiety and stress management, particularly through virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), relaxation training (RT), and virtual‐reality‐based cognitive behavioral therapy (VR‐CBT). These approaches have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing anxiety levels and improving relaxation skills. Despite its promise, VR's application faces challenges such as high technical costs, device convenience, validation of long‐term effects, and personalized treatment plans. Further research is needed to assess VR therapy's long‐term effects and application value comprehensively. Future directions for VR in anxiety and stress management include the development of more intelligent and personalized treatment plans, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Large‐scale clinical trials and long‐term follow‐up studies are essential to validate VR technology's efficacy and support its widespread application in mental health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imminent emergence of the Metaverse heralds a paradigm shift in the digital landscape, promising immersive, customized experiences across social, professional, and recreational realms within self‐sustaining virtual domains. This evolution, fueled by the fusion of augmented, virtual, and mixed realities with artificial intelligence, holds transformative potential. However, with progress come inherent risks. In the realm of AI‐driven extended reality (AI‐XR) applications, addressing security and privacy is paramount to engendering user trust. Safeguarding against potential threats is crucial, especially in critical domains like the Metaverse, to ensure user privacy and safety. In this paper, we embark on a exploration of the security and privacy landscape within AI‐XR environments. By dissecting the foundational concepts and vulnerabilities at the nexus of AI, XR, and the Metaverse, we aim to uncover potential attack vectors. Through the lens of a novel taxonomy, we delineate these risks and chart a course for addressing them, examining current challenges and future trajectories in securing the integrity and trustworthiness of AI‐XR systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, gesture recognition technology has been increasingly used in the field of virtual reality. Applying gesture recognition technology to the field of virtual reality is an important method to improve the immersion of virtual reality. This article introduces the main algorithms of vision‐based gesture recognition technology, such as convolutional neural network (CNN), introduces interactive devices widely used in virtual reality applications, and finally systematically analyzes the application of gesture recognition technology in virtual reality such as emergency rescue and education training. The current application status in real fields and prospects for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the arrival of the Internet 3.0 era, meta‐universe has become a hotspot for industry, academia, media and the public. Meta‐universe is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates VR/AR/MR, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other new technologies, and at the same time, these emerging technologies are the basis for connecting the real world and the meta‐universe. Starting from the concept of meta‐universe, this paper summarizes the different insights of experts, practitioners and scholars on the concept and connotation of meta‐universe. After that, the meta‐universe is deeply analyzed and comprehensively reviewed from both technical and application aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) is an immersive technology that can be used to generate scenes of emotional responses. For people with psychological problems, negative emotions can be treated with the help of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET). EEG signals can more accurately reflect the types of emotions, make up for the lack of emotion recognition, make the treatment more targeted, and the intervention treatment using virtual environment combined with the accurate recognition of emotions by EEG signals can more effectively achieve the therapeutic effect. Therefore, this paper comprehensively explores the research progress of EEG emotion recognition and exposure therapy, studies new psychotherapy regimens carried out in cooperation with therapists, and identifies some key technologies to create a more commercially effective VRET treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the new generation of information industry is closely related to the update of VR/AR technology. The development of 5G network, Internet of things, artificial intelligence and machine learning, edge computing and other technologies provides a new technical environment for the development of VR/AR technology. It not only enriches the functions of VR/AR, but also creates more application scenarios, thus promoting the further development and integration of the two in various fields. This paper will elaborate on the development prospect and application research of VR/AR technology in the new technology environment, in order to better grasp the VR/AR technology that is still innovating and developing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual Reality (VR) technology and Electroencephalography (EEG) have both made significant advancements in recent years, offering new possibilities for the integration of the two technologies. The combination of virtual reality (VR) and electroencephalography (EEG) technology not only allows users to feel a more immersive and personalized experience in a virtual environment, but also allows developers or researchers to obtain EEG data that is difficult to obtain in the real world. The integration of EEG and VR technology has been broadly employed in various fields, such as medical, education, scientific research, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's rapid development and accelerated pace of life, people generally face increased pressure, leading to a sharp increase in psychological problems. More than half of the population is sub‐healthy, and patients with mental illness are also increasing year by year. Mental stress is a common cause of psychological and physiological disorders, triggering emergency stress states. Psychotherapy has been developing as an important intervention method, and psychological relief based on relaxation and stress reduction has gradually become a research hotspot. Behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy are common psychological treatments, while relaxation induction methods include breathing training, meditation, music, etc. Virtual reality technology is used in psychological research to improve therapeutic effects. Among them, virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), which treats anxiety by creating virtual scenes, has attracted attention. And in virtual reality exposure therapy treatment, the patient's psychological state can be grasped by monitoring these physiological reactions. This article will discuss the key technologies for psychological decompression based on VRET, aiming to gain an in‐depth understanding of its principles, applications, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the frequent occurrence of disasters and accidents, as well as the rapid development of virtual reality technology, the immersive experience brought by virtual reality technology provides innovative solutions for the rescue field. This article reviews the development history and research status of virtual reality in the field of rescue, introduces the application of virtual reality technology in simulating disaster scenarios, training rescue personnel, and improving decision‐making efficiency in earthquake, fire, and mine rescue, and emphasizes the advantages of virtual reality technology in the rescue field. Finally, the prospects of virtual reality technology in the field of rescue were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricate physiological composition of the human face facilitates the manifestation of diverse facial expressions, serving as a conduit for the conveyance of emotions, cognitive states, and the anticipation of future reactions. This multifaceted ability holds paramount significance in character representation. The realistic reconstruction of 3D human facial expressions stands as a focal point within the realms of computer graphics and computer vision research. The endeavor to capture and reconstruct three‐dimensional models depicting facial expressions finds extensive utility across various domains, notably making notable strides in computer games, cinematic productions, medical applications, and social interaction paradigms. This paper directs its attention to the realm of facial animation capture, elucidating the evolution of its manifold techniques and their applications. Furthermore, a meticulous analysis of the distinctions between these techniques ensues, unraveling their respective merits and demerits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the World Mental Health Report, after the outbreak of the epidemic in China, the incidence rate of common mental diseases such as depression and anxiety has increased by 25%, and nearly 1 billion people suffer from mental diseases. According to statistics, more than 70% of people in China are in a state of sub‐health, the main reasons for sub‐health include academic pressure, fast pace of life, long working hours and psychological pressure. Traditional psychological stress treatment is through a face‐to‐face dialogue with a professional mental health professional to solve personal psychological stress or emotional problems, traditional psychological stress treatment requires the patient to go to the therapist's office, treatment also takes a period of time, which takes a lot of time for the patient. In addition, there is a high demand for psychological stress treatment services, and in some areas it may be difficult to make an appointment with a psychological stress therapist, and patients may have to wait a long time to get treatment. In response to the above problems, researchers have introduced virtual reality technology into psychological stress treatment, simulating various virtual environments to help individuals deal with psychological stress and mental health problems. In addition, this paper will discuss in detail the research results and application of virtual reality technology in the treatment of social anxiety disorder, test anxiety disorder, post‐traumatic stress disorder, fear of heights and other symptoms. At the same time, the current research content of the laboratory is also introduced, which takes the pre‐processed EEG signal as the basis for judging the patient's mood, and recommends VR videos that may make the patient relax, and the patients can achieve the purpose of decompression by watching VR videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban centers serve as dynamic hubs of data and information, continually shaping the modern landscape. The fusion of Big Data and Digital Twin (DT) technology plays a pivotal role in advancing smart city initiatives. DT, acting as a comprehensive virtual replica mirroring physical entities' lifecycles, utilizes real‐time data, simulations, and machine learning to enrich decision‐making processes. In urban development, Big Data assumes diverse roles, particularly in urban planning, resource management, and traffic optimization, providing valuable, data‐driven insights to decisionmakers. Simultaneously, DT technology contributes significantly to modeling urban environments, enabling real‐time simulations, and strengthening decision support systems. However, challenges persist, notably in data security and model precision. Addressing these challenges necessitates concerted efforts to enhance data privacy measures and refine the cognitive capabilities of DT models. This paper examines the intricate interplay between Big Data and DT technology in shaping the evolution of smart cities, offering insights into their roles, applications, and implementation challenges. Furthermore, it advocates for future research endeavors aimed at overcoming existing obstacles, thereby fostering secure and effective deployment of Big Data‐driven DT technology and promoting innovative advancements in smart city management and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apical barrier technique in permanent teeth with extensive destruction of the periapical tissue and a long infection time is much more difficult to succeed, which is a clinical challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the long‐term effects of iRoot BP Plus as an apical material in adult teeth. Fifty incisors and premolars were chosen for this study. All teeth were performed apical barrier with the same operator. After treatment, the teeth were clinically and radiographically evaluated at 1, 2 and 6 years. At the 1‐year follow‐up, 35 teeth had healed, and three patients developed an apical abscess due to root fracture at the 2‐year follow‐up. Six years postoperatively, one tooth showed root resorption, which was considered a failure. The long clinical evaluation confirmed that iRoot BP Plus is a suitable material for the apical barrier of mature teeth with open apices and periapical lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study investigated the impact of an 8‐month daily‐guided intensive meditation‐based intervention (iMI) on persistent hallucinations/delusions and health‐related quality of life (QoL) in male inpatients with schizophrenia with treatment‐refractory hallucinations and delusions (TRHDs). Methods: A randomized controlled trial assigned 64 male inpatients with schizophrenia and TRHD equally to an 8‐month iMI plus general rehabilitation program (GRP) or GRP alone. Assessments were conducted at baseline and the third and eighth months using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), 36‐Item Short Form‐36 (SF‐36), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Primary outcomes measured PANSS reduction rates for total score, positive symptoms, and hallucinations/delusions items. Secondary outcomes assessed PANSS, SF‐36, and FFMQ scores for psychotic symptoms, health‐related QoL, and mindfulness skills, respectively. Results: In the primary outcome, iMI significantly improved the reduction rates of PANSS total score, positive symptoms, and hallucination/delusion items compared with GRP at both the third and eighth months. Treatment response rates (≥25% reduction) for these measures significantly increased in the iMI group at the eighth month. Concerning secondary outcomes, iMI significantly reduced PANSS total score and hallucination/delusion items, while increasing scores in physical activity and mindfulness skills at both the third and eighth months compared with GRP. These effects were more pronounced with an 8‐month intervention compared with a 3‐month intervention. Conclusions: An iMI benefits patients with TRHDs by reducing persistent hallucinations/delusions and enhancing health‐related QoL. Longer iMI duration yields superior treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic devices based on silicon waveguides are essential to versatile high‐performance and low‐cost photonic integrated systems. Extremely complex silicon photonic devices with hundreds or even thousands of degrees of freedom (DOF) are successfully designed and manufactured based on recent advances in data science and nanofabrication technology. At this level, conventional forward‐reasoning may no longer be suitable for designing high‐performance silicon photonic devices with novel functionalities since the light‐matter interaction is complex and non‐intuitive. Therefore, the timely development of sub‐wavelength silicon photonic devices that can precisely mold the flow of light is a critical and urgent issue requiring joint engineering and scientific efforts. In this paper, an inverse design strategy based on heuristic and gradient descendant algorithms, enabling the realization of large‐scale integrated devices is first introduced. Subsequently, the burgeoning deep learning technology, which offers a promising direction for the automation design of silicon photonics with a data‐driven approach, is discussed. Finally, the obstacles and prospects in this emerging research direction are revealed. Detail discussions from multiple perspectives are provided. This review aims to provide general guidance and a comprehensive reference for scientists developing photonic integrated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Defects in RARS2 cause cerebellopontine hypoplasia type 6 (pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6, PCH6, OMIM: #611523), a rare autosomal recessive inherited mitochondrial disease. Here, we report two male patients and their respective family histories. Methods: We describe the clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of these patients. Whole‐exome sequencing was used to identify the genetic mutations. Results: One patient showed hypoglycemia, high lactic acid levels (fluctuating from 6.7 to 14.1 mmol/L), and frequent seizures after birth, with progressive atrophy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and pons. The other patient presented with early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (EIDEEs) with an initial developmental delay followed by infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) at 5 months old, with no imaging changes. Whole‐exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous RARS2 variants c.25A>G (p.I9V) with c.1261C>T (p.Q421*) and c.1A>G (p.M1V) with c.122A>G (p.D41G) in these two patients. Of these loci, c.1261C>T and c.122A>G have not been previously reported. Significance: Our findings have expanded the RARS2 gene variant spectrum and present EIDEEs and IESS as phenotypes which deepened the association between PCH6 and RARS2. Plain Language Summary: Defects in RARS2 cause cerebellopontine hypoplasia type 6, a rare autosomal recessive inherited mitochondrial disease. Two patients with RARS2 variants were reported in this article. One patient showed hypoglycemia, high lactic acid levels, and frequent seizures after birth, with progressive atrophy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and Page 3 of 21 Epilepsia OpenFor Review Only pons. The other patient presented with an initial developmental delay followed by refractory epilepsy at 5 months old, with no imaging changes. Our findings deepened the association between PCH6 and RARS2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious oral diseases are longstanding global public health concerns. However, traditional medical approaches to address these diseases are costly, traumatic, and prone to relapse. Here, we propose a foodborne prophylactic strategy using aloin to safeguard dental collagen. The effect of aloin on the stability of dental collagen was evaluated by treating dentin with a solution containing aloin (0.1 mg/mL) for 2 min. This concentration is comparable to the natural aloin content of edible aloe. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the interactions between aloin and dentin collagen. Our findings, obtained through fluorescence spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Gaussian peak fitting, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction, revealed that aloin interacts with dental collagen through noncovalent bonding, specifically hydrogen bonding in situ. This interaction leads to a reduction in the distance between molecules and an increase in the proportion of stable α‐helical chains in the dental collagen. The ultimate tensile strength and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that dental collagen treated with aloin exhibited improved mechanical strength and thermostability. Additionally, the release of hydroxyproline, cross‐linked carboxy‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and C‐terminal cross‐linked telopeptide of type I collagen, along with weight loss, indicated an enhancement in the enzymatic stability of dental collagen. These findings suggest that aloin administration could be a daily, nondestructive, and cost‐effective strategy for managing infectious oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruptions of neural metabolism and function occur in parallel during Alzheimer's disease (AD). While many studies have shown diverse metabolic‐functional relationships in specific brain regions, much less is known about how large‐scale network‐level functional activity is associated with the topology of metabolism in AD. In this study, we took the advantages of simultaneous PET/MRI and multivariate analyses to investigate the associations between AD‐related stereotypical spatial patterns (topographies) of glucose metabolism, measured by fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and functional connectivity, measured by resting‐state functional MRI. A total of 101 participants, including 37 patients with AD, 25 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 39 cognitively normal controls, underwent PET/MRI scans and cognitive assessments. Three pairs of distinct but optimally correlated metabolic and functional topographies were identified, encompassing large‐scale networks including the default‐mode, executive and control, salience, attention, and subcortical networks. Importantly, the metabolic‐functional associations were not only limited to one‐to‐one‐corresponding regions, but also occur in remote and non‐overlapping regions. Furthermore, both glucose metabolism and functional connectivity, as well as their linkages, exhibited various degrees of disruptions in patients with MCI and AD, and were correlated with cognitive decline. In conclusion, our results support distributed and heterogeneous topographic associations between metabolism and function, which are jeopardized by AD. Findings of this study may deepen our understanding of the pathological mechanism of AD through the perspectives of both local energy efficiency and long‐term interactions between synaptic disruption and functional disconnection contributing to the clinical symptomatology in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortical gray to white matter signal intensity ratio (GWR) measured from T1‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images was associated with neurodegeneration and dementia. We characterized topological patterns of GWR during AD pathogenesis and investigated its association with cognitive decline. The study included a cross‐sectional dataset and a longitudinal dataset. The cross‐sectional dataset included 60 cognitively healthy controls, 61 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 63 patients with dementia. The longitudinal dataset included 26 participants who progressed from cognitively normal to dementia and 26 controls that remained cognitively normal. GWR was compared across the cross‐sectional groups, adjusted for amyloid PET. The correlation between GWR and cognition performance was also evaluated. The longitudinal dataset was used to investigate GWR alteration during the AD pathogenesis. Dementia with β‐amyloid deposition group exhibited the largest area of increased GWR, followed by MCI with β‐amyloid deposition, MCI without β‐amyloid deposition, and controls. The spatial pattern of GWR‐increased regions was not influenced by β‐amyloid deposits. Correlation between regional GWR alteration and cognitive decline was only detected among individuals with β‐amyloid deposition. GWR showed positive correlation with tau PET in the left supramarginal, lateral occipital gyrus, and right middle frontal cortex. The longitudinal study showed that GWR increased around the fusiform, inferior/superior temporal lobe, and entorhinal cortex in MCI and progressed to larger cortical regions after progression to AD. The spatial pattern of GWR‐increased regions was independent of β‐amyloid deposits but overlapped with tauopathy. The GWR can serve as a promising biomarker of neurodegeneration in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) cures relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation through the graft‐versus‐tumor (GVT) effect. Although the important role of magnesium in enhancing immunity has been mentioned in studies, limited clinical data have explored how magnesium affects the efficacy of DLI. Besides, although laboratory data demonstrate that magnesium can enhance CD8+ T cells effector function, whether magnesium regulates the tumor killing effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) remains to be explored. Here, for the retrospective study, we collected clinical data of relapsed patients receiving DLI and explored the relationship between different serum magnesium levels and patient outcomes. For in vitro studies, we investigated the effect of magnesium on the cytotoxicity of DLI cells which were PBMCs and preliminarily explored the mechanism. Eighty‐one patients were enrolled in this study. It was found that the high post‐DLI magnesium level was significantly associated with a higher incidence of complete remission (CR) or partial remission (CR/PR) and a higher possibility of survival. The magnesium level after DLI was an independent risk factor of overall survival. In vitro studies proved that increased magnesium enhanced the cytotoxic function of PBMCs on hematologic malignancies. Besides, magnesium modulated LFA‐1 headpiece opening. When blocking the integrin‐ligand interaction between LFA‐1 and ICAM‐1, the regulation effect of magnesium on PBMCs was weakened. Therefore, it was possible that magnesium regulated PBMCs effector function by stimulating LFA‐1. These results show that serum magnesium levels affect immunological responses mediated by donor lymphocytes in hematologic malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the effect of Cr2O3 on the crystallization and flow behavior of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–CaF2 continuous casting mold slags is investigated. The viscosity in the slag at 1200–1500 °C is measured by the rotating cylinder method and a quantitative relationship between the viscosity and the Raman structure Q3/Q2 is constructed. The time–temperature–transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams for various slags are obtained using a single hot‐thermocouple technique. The results show that with the crystallization temperature decreases, it can be observed that the crystal growth mode gradually changes from 3D spherical and 2D massive to 1D needle‐like. The study finds the transition from network modifier to network forming agent in the slag for Cr2O3 content from 0 to 3 wt%. The Cr2O3 added to 1–2 wt% decreases the viscosity and promotes crystallization. The viscosity increases and the crystallization is inhibited when the content of Cr2O3 increases to 3 wt%. Meanwhile, when Cr2O3 is added to 3 wt%, the Cr2O3 crystalline phase precipitates except for the main crystalline phase 2CaO·SiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensor calibration is an important step in SLAM, and lightweight, inexpensive sensors are often used in Augmented Reality applications. The accuracy of sensor calibration directly affects the accuracy and reliability of subsequent image processing, recognition, perception, and positioning. The inertial processing unit is robust to the sudden motion effect, blurring appears in the middle of camera motion, and the overlap area between two frames is too small, so it is difficult to match feature points. The camera itself can solve the problem of IMU drift in the middle of slow motion, and the two are complementary. VI‐SLAM, which integrates vision and IMU, has become a hot research topic at present. In this paper, the INDEMIND calibration method is analyzed and improved, the maximum likelihood method is used to improve the calibration accuracy, and its effectiveness is verified in the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for modulating transverse magnetic intrinsic graphene plasmons by temperature is proposed. In contrast to existing 2D or 3D infinite graphene structures, an intrinsic graphene 3D finite structure with periodicity in all three directions is designed. At the matching point, where the dispersion curve of the intrinsic graphene plasmons intersects with that of electromagnetic radiation, the intrinsic graphene plasmons and electromagnetic radiation can be excited by each other; in other words, the plasmon can be excited by light without additional mechanisms. Furthermore, the influence of environment temperature on the matching point is shown. The study reveals that the plasmon modulation is adaptive to the temperature. These results are beneficial for the design of compact graphene‐based optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The volume doubling time (VDT) of breast cancer was most frequently calculated using the two‐dimensional (2D) diameter, which is not reliable for irregular tumors. It was rarely investigated using three‐dimensional (3D) imaging with tumor volume on serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Purpose: To investigate the VDT of breast cancer using 3D tumor volume assessment on serial breast MRIs. Study Type: Retrospective. Subjects: Sixty women (age at diagnosis: 57 ± 10 years) with breast cancer, assessed by two or more breast MRI examinations. The median interval time was 791 days (range: 70–3654 days). Field Strength/Sequence: 3‐T, fast spin‐echo T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI), single‐shot echo‐planar diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and gradient echo dynamic contrast‐enhanced imaging. Assessment: Three radiologists independently reviewed the morphological, DWI, and T2WI features of lesions. The whole tumor was segmented to measure the volume on contrast‐enhanced images. The exponential growth model was fitted in the 11 patients with at least three MRI examinations. The VDT of breast cancer was calculated using the modified Schwartz equation. Statistical Tests: Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Chi‐squared test, intraclass correlation coefficients, and Fleiss kappa coefficients. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The exponential growth model was evaluated using the adjusted R2 and root mean square error (RMSE). Results: The median tumor diameter was 9.7 mm and 15.2 mm on the initial and final MRI, respectively. The median adjusted R2 and RMSE of the 11 exponential models were 0.97 and 15.8, respectively. The median VDT was 540 days (range: 68–2424 days). For invasive ductal carcinoma (N = 33), the median VDT of the non‐luminal type was shorter than that of the luminal type (178 days vs. 478 days). On initial MRI, breast cancer manifesting as a focus or mass lesion showed a shorter VDT than that of a non‐mass enhancement (NME) lesion (median VDT: 426 days vs. 665 days). Data Conclusion: A shorter VDT was observed in breast cancer manifesting as focus or mass as compared to an NME lesion. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence indicates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are inextricably linked to cancer development. However, the function and mechanism of nucleus‐localized circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still require investigation. Here, qRT‐PCR and receiver‐operating characteristic curve were used to detect the expression and diagnostic potential of circSLC39A5 for HCC. The biological function of circSLC39A5 in HCC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Nucleoplasmic separation assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, the HDOCK Server, the NucleicNet Webserver, crosslinking‐immunoprecipitation, MG132 treatment, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were utilized to explore the potential molecular mechanism of circSLC39A5 in HCC. The results showed that circSLC39A5 was downregulated in both HCC tissues and plasma and was associated with satellite nodules and lymph node metastasis/vascular invasion. CircSLC39A5 was stably expressed in plasma samples under different storage conditions, showing good diagnostic potential for HCC (AUC = 0.915). CircSLC39A5 inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, facilitated the apoptosis of HCC cells, and was associated with low expression of Ki67 and CD34. Remarkably, circSLC39A5 is mainly localized in the nucleus and binds to the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), affecting its stabilization and expression. STAT1 binds to the promoter of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG). Overexpression of circSLC39A5 elevates TDG expression and reverses the increase of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and the overactive cell proliferation caused by TDG silencing. Our findings uncovered a novel plasma circRNA, circSLC39A5, which may be a potential circulating diagnostic marker for HCC, and the mechanism by which nucleus‐localized circSLC39A5 exerts a transcriptional regulatory role in HCC by affecting STAT1/TDG/PCNA provides new insights into the mechanism of circRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous investigations proposed that the dissolution of chromite ore is the rate‐controlling step for the smelting reduction of chromite ore. The mechanism of chromite ore dissolution in the binary CaO‐SiO2 system is presented. The effect of basicity, temperature, and reducing conditions on chromite ore dissolution is elaborated. The solubility of chromite ore increases considerably when the basicity increases from 0.56 to 0.65. However, the solubility of chromite ore decreases when the basicity further increases from 0.65 to 0.74. The positive effect of reducing conditions on the solubility of chromite ore is evident. The maximum dissolved Cr2O3 in slag under reducing conditions by using a graphite crucible reaches 2.6 wt% after 15 min of dissolution. The element diffusion behavior at the chromite/slag interface is elaborated through SEM‐EDS technology. The analysis suggests that the rate‐controlling step in the early stage is the interface dissolution reaction. After a certain time, the rate‐controlling step becomes the mass transfer of Cr2O3 from the chromite ore to the chromite/slag interface. The activation energy of the dissolution reaction is Er$E_{\text{r}}$ = 285.29 kJ mol−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As a potentially life‐threatening condition, myasthenia gravis (MG) has limited epidemiological studies on mortality. We aim to provide demographic distribution, geographical variation, and temporal trend of MG‐related mortality in China. Methods: The national population‐based analysis was conducted based on records derived from the National Mortality Surveillance System of China. All deaths related to MG were identified from 2013 to 2020, and MG‐related mortality was evaluated by sex, age, location, and year. Results: A total of 4224 deaths were related to MG during 2013–2020, and the median age at death of MG was 59.45 years, significantly lower than that in the general population (75.47 years, P < 0.05). In 2020, the age‐standardized mortality rate of MG was 1.86 per million people and markedly higher in males than in females (2.37 vs. 1.31 per million). The mortality rate per million was lower than 1 in young children, peaking at 2.83 only in males (vs. 0.36 in females) aged 10–19 years, and substantially increased with age, reaching the highest rate of 13.31 for males and 10.58 for females aged 80 years and older. Geographical disparity across China was observed with the highest age‐standardized mortality rate in Southwest (2.53 per million). From 2013 to 2020, MG‐related mortality rate showed an increasing trend with the average annual percentage change of 3.5% (95% CI, 1.4–5.6). The notable increases occurred in age 10–19 years and over 70 years. Interpretation: In China, MG‐related mortality was notably high among adolescent males and the elderly. The increasing death burden due to MG highlight challenges to disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a direct conversion route for the production of ethylene from methane, the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is highly promising. The Mn2O3‐Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst doped with 44 μm anatase‐TiO2, consisting of 5 wt% TiO2, 5 wt% Mn2O3, 8 wt% Na2WO4 and balance SiO2 was prepared, achieving ∼22 % CH4 conversion with ∼72 % selectivity towards C2−C3 hydrocarbons even at the relatively low temperature of 700 °C. This catalyst was found to run stably for at least 300 h without signs of deactivation, which provides promising and comparable low‐temperature activity and selectivity but a more cost‐effective alternative to the previously‐reported Mn2O3‐Na2WO4/Ti‐MWW catalyst containing expensive Ti‐MWW zeolite. XRD and Raman analyses revealed that the in situ formation of MnTiO3 in the TiO2‐doped catalyst is responsible for the gains in low‐temperature OCM activity. In addition, TPR and TPO results also indicated that MnTiO3 activates O2 more readily at ∼650 °C, while three‐step switchover experiments clearly demonstrated that MnTiO3 could trigger facile redox behavior at low reaction temperatures. Thus, the MnTiO3‐induced redox cycle for O2 activation enables this TiO2‐doped catalyst to provide superior CH4 conversion at 700 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abnormally expressed in various tumor tissues and served as a key regulator in the occurrence and development of cancer. However, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the molecular mechanism of circRNAs in body fluids remains to be further explored. Methods: The expression levels of genes and proteins were detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Cell counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8), 5‐Ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine (EdU), wound healing assay, Transwell assays, flow cytometry, and tumor formation models in nude mice were conducted to investigate the effects of circFAM114A2 on HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. RNA antisense purification (RAP), dual luciferase reporter assays and rescue assays were carried out to verify the interaction between circFAM114A2, miR‐630 and HHIP. Results: CircFAM114A2 was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues and was associated with microvascular invasion and lymph node metastasis of HCC patients. We also observed that circFAM114A2 was lowly expressed in HCC plasma, which may serve as an effective biomarker to screen HCC patients from healthy controls (area under curve (AUC)=0.922). In vitro, circFAM114A2 overexpression significantly blunted HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis, whereas circFAM114A2 silencing posed opposite effects. In vivo, circFAM114A2 overexpression inhibited the growth of HCC cells. Mechanistically, circFAM114A2 could increase the expression of the tumor suppressor HHIP via acting as a sponge for miR‐630. Conclusions: CircFAM114A2 exerts a tumor suppressor role in HCC through miR‐630/HHIP axis, and may be served as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for HCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi‐one‐dimensional antimony sulfoselenide (Sb2(S,Se)3) semiconductor is one of the most promising light‐harvesting materials owing to its simple phase and tunable absorption spectra. However, the oriented [Sb4(S,Se)6]n ribbons of Sb2(S,Se)3 thin films nearly horizontally stacked in parallel to the substrate severely hinders the transport of carriers, yet is critical to control the absorber orientation growth for high‐performance Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells. Herein, a new close spaced sublimated (CSS) CdS buffer layer with high crystallization is introduced for the development of all‐vacuum‐processed Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells that attempt to induce the orientation of Sb2(S,Se)3 absorbers to achieve effective carrier transport and reduce the adverse effects. The resulting Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells with CSS‐CdS buffer layers exhibit a prominent [221] orientation and better heterointerfaces as well as lower defect densities and longer capture lifetime compared to the commonly solar cells used chemically deposited CdS buffer layers, as a result of suppressed the non‐radiative recombination. The optimized solar cells, yield up to an efficiency of 7.12%, is the first for an all‐vacuum‐process for Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biominerals can exhibit exceptional mechanical properties owing to their hierarchically‐ordered organic/inorganic nanocomposite structure. However, synthetic routes to oriented artificial biominerals of comparable complexity remain a formidable technical challenge. Herein we design a series of soft, deformable nanogels that are employed as particulate additives to prepare nanogel@calcite nanocomposite crystals. Remarkably, such nanogels undergo a significant morphological change—from spherical to pseudo‐hemispherical—depending on their degree of cross‐linking. This deformation occurs normal to the growth direction of the (104) face of the calcite and the underlying occlusion mechanism is revealed by in situ atomic force microscopy studies. This model system provides new mechanistic insights regarding the formation of oriented structures during biomineralization and offers new avenues for the design of synthetic nanocomposites comprising aligned anisotropic nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data‐driven scientific discovery methods have been developed and applied to discover governing equations from data, involving the attempt to discover the unsaturated flow equation in soils from data. However, an important but unresolved problem is how to reconstruct the unsaturated flow equation from highly noisy and scarce discrete data. In this study, we present a new deep‐learning framework: DeepGS (deep‐learning‐based group sparsity framework), that leverages the synergy of group sparsity and physics‐informed deep learning (PIDL) to reconstruct the latent governing equation for unsaturated flow. In particular, we design a strategy that decomposes the identification of the unsaturated flow equation into two tasks: the determination of the partial differential equation structure and the reconstruction of the nonlinear coefficients. The tasks can be seamlessly handled by group sparse regression and the PIDL approach. Through the training, it realizes the simultaneous reconstruction of soil moisture dynamics and unsaturated flow governing equation. A series of comprehensive numerical experiments are conducted to determine the optimal architecture and test its performance. The results show the efficacy and robustness of DeepGS, which significantly outperform previous methods. We also conclude that accurately reconstructing soil moisture dynamics and spatiotemporal derivatives from noisy and scarce data play a critical role in governing equation discovery. This study further demonstrates the potential of discovering the governing equation for unsaturated flow from data in more complex scenarios, where rich and accurate soil moisture observations are generally intractable to access. Plain Language Summary: Establishing an equation to describe soil water flow is important for scientists and engineers to understand its physical characteristics and apply it to scientific and engineering practice. Deriving the equation from physical principles step by step is difficult due to the complexity of soil water flow and even may be inaccurate. Recently, a class of physics‐informed data‐driven methods has been proposed, which enables learning the physical equations directly from data, and it has been applied to soil water flow equation establishment. However, it requires rich and accurate soil water observations, which are generally difficult to access. Here, we propose a new deep‐learning approach to reduce the high dependence of previous methods on high‐quality data. Specifically, we designed a special deep‐learning architecture and its training method to realize this objective. We designed and conducted comprehensive numerical experiments to test the methods. This study provides insights into how to accurately discover the soil water flow equation from data. Broadly, it is a step forward in revealing yet unclear physical laws of soil water flow from data. Key Points: A deep‐learning framework is proposed for reconstructing the unsaturated flow equation from sparse and noisy dataEquation discovery tasks are decomposed into determining equation structure and reconstructing coefficientsRecovering and calculating accurate derivatives from data is key for the equation reconstruction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been greatly improved recently. However, in organic–inorganic polycrystalline perovskite films many defects inevitably exist, which limits the PCE and stability of PSCs. Herein, a small organic molecule 2‐chlorothiazole‐4‐carboxylic acid (SN) is spin coated on a perovskite film to enhance the performance of PSCs. We find that the multifunctional molecule SN reacts with under‐coordinated Pb2+ ions and I− vacancies because of the presence of the sulfur and nitrogen donor atoms, and the −COOH groups, which are conducive to suppressing charge recombination and passivating defects. Even more, the introduction of the SN layer can effectively adjust the energy level alignment, which is conducive to the separation and extraction of charge carriers in PSCs. Therefore, devices with SN modification show a champion PCE of 22.55 %. Besides, PSCs with SN show impressive stability, retaining 96 % of its initial PCE after storage in ambient air for 500 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binocular stereo vision is based on the principle of parallax and uses imaging equipment to obtain two images of the measured object from different positions, and obtains the three-dimensional geometric information of the object by calculating the position deviation between the corresponding points of the image. As an important execution component of the six-degree-of-freedom platform in the flight simulator, the electric cylinder can undertake the important task of dynamic simulation, and its abnormal working state directly affects the training effect and life safety of the flight simulator users. In this paper, the electric cylinder position pose is obtained by the three-dimensional point cloud method, and the improved active learning anomaly detection algorithm is proposed to predict the electric cylinder position posture, so as to determine whether the platform electric cylinder fails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ORB-SLAM3 algorithm operates around the matching relationship of feature points. Only when the extracted matching points are sufficient and accurate can the camera pose and the world coordinates of map points be calculated correctly and quickly, then sufficient effective data can be extracted in the environment. It is particularly important. ORB-SLAM3 can extract images up to 30ms/frame. The real-time performance on the PC is very good, but the performance on the embedded side is not good enough. This paper optimizes the problems existing in the feature point extraction and map construction of the monocular ORB-SLAM3 system to improve the illumination invariance, uniformity and human-computer interaction of the algorithm, improve the threshold and improve the extraction accuracy with the help of the IMU sensor. The radius algorithm and YOLOv7 algorithm filter the best points to improve the matching accuracy of feature points. In order to achieve the final effect of augmented reality, a set of augmented reality development system was constructed based on the Unity3D cross-platform game engine. The system guarantees synchronous rendering, particle effects, background video rendering and real-time shadow rendering. At the same time, the interface is packaged and can be connected to the perception positioning algorithm library under different platforms. The augmented reality system is completed by using HoloLens. The system can autonomously detect the environment, Track and record the position of relevant objects in the environment, and at the same time use the visual SLAM perception positioning algorithm to ensure the safety of users, providing a new idea for the application of augmented reality devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, emotion recognition has become a research hotspot in the field of pattern recognition. Considering the problems of incomplete information and strong interference in single‐modal emotion recognition, multimodal emotion recognition has been widely studied. Multimodal data includes, but is not limited to, emoji, text, and voice modality data. There are various ways to express emotion, among which expression, text and voice are the most direct and reliable emotional information carriers. Therefore, it is of great research and practical significance to comprehensively consider the emotion recognition research of expression, text and voice modalities, and to apply its research results to the field of virtual reality (referred to as VR). This paper analyzes the relevant situation of multimodal emotion recognition, extracts features of voice, text and expression, and then fuses them into multimodal for emotional analysis, and applies it to the VR field. The main work content is as follows: the relevant technologies of multimodal emotion recognition research in the field of VR are introduced, including deep learning related technologies, virtual reality technology, and multimodal fusion methods. In terms of deep learning, the focus is on convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks and their variants. In terms of virtual reality technology, the characteristics and applications of virtual reality are introduced. In terms of multimodal fusion, three commonly used fusion methods are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of virtual reality technology, most of the current simulation training of aeromedical rescue is head-mountedVR equipment for operation process simulationtraining, which lacks the assessment of personnel adaptability. In order to objectively and quantitatively assess the adaptability status of testers, an adaptability assessment system based on heart rate variability and brain electrophysiological signals was designed. The design is based on a combined mind-brain approach that can detect the testers' adaptive state moreobjectively, comprehensively and accurately. The design uses HUAWEI WATCH D and Brainlink to acquire the heart rateand EEG signal changes of the monitored person in real time, and transmits the signal conditioning to the host computer wirelessly via Bluetooth. The upper computer performs heart rate variability analysis and extracts the adaptive features of EEG data, including concentration, relaxation, and various brainwave energy spectra. Finally, the results of heart rate variability data and EEG data analysis are combined to realize the adaptation assessment of VR in the simulated environment of air medical rescue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]