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Flood management has until recently emphasised investment and trust in constructed solutions that rely mainly on structural robustness. However, there has been a shift in the attitudes and policies towards flood risk management that emphasises a systems approach in which robustness and resilience now have an equal part to play. Agencies that have responsibility for flood management are now looking at the role of communities and individuals, ideas of accommodation and living with floods and placing an emphasis on building resilience among stakeholders as a coping strategy within the management of flood risks. The paper uses the case study of Bradford to explore what might be meant by resilience and how the actions taken by Bradford City Council have contributed towards building social resilience with respect to flood risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is 21 years since the publication of the author's Flashpoints: Studies in Public Disorder. In this book, and in subsequent publications, David Waddington and his colleagues have outlined and refined the so-called Flashpoints Model of Public Disorder, which has underpinned separate analyses of orderly and disorderly crowd events in Britain, Europe, Asia, Australasia, and North and South America. The model has had its critics and detractors—the most recent being Paul Bagguley and Yasmin Hussain, who level several criticisms at the model in their book, Riotous Citizens: Ethnic Conflict in Multicultural Britain, an analysis of the 2001 Bradford riot. This paper not only addresses these criticisms, but uses Bagguley and Hussain's own account as the basis of a re-analysis of the Bradford riot in terms of the flashpoints model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract Much has been written about the importance of involving service users in the research process. Far less is available about the experience of involvement from the perspective of service users themselves. The present paper is a joint account by service users and researchers of a service users’ advisory group set up to support and advise a project to evaluate diabetes services in Bradford, UK. The establishment of a separate advisory group for service users is, to our knowledge, an innovative approach to lay involvement within mainstream National Health Service (NHS)-based research. Factors that contributed to the group's success included personal contact, continuity of membership and integration into the management structure of the project. Also valued were the confidence in numbers which membership of the group gave, and the opportunity to meet and discuss issues away from the formal and somewhat intimidating atmosphere of the project's steering group. Aside from the personal value to participants and any impact on the quality of research outcomes, wider benefits included the ability to share knowledge with others and gain greater intercultural understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the international congress on transcultural psychiatry held in Great Britain. Sponsorship of World Federation for Mental Health and the University of Bradford; Details of the papers presented in the conference; Training of psychiatrists relative to survey instrument management.

Background: Within the United Kingdom, a developing role for primary care services in cancer and palliative care has resulted in an increase in palliative home care teams. The provision of professional care in the home setting seeks to provide necessary services and enhanced choice for patients whose preference is to die at home. A mismatch between patient preference for home death and the actual number of people who died at home was identified within Bradford, the locality of this study. In response to this mismatch, and reflecting the policy environment of wishing to enhance community service provision, the four Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in the city sought to offer support to patients who wished to remain in their own homes through the final stages of a terminal illness. To offer this support they set up a dedicated hospice at home team. This would provide services and support for patients in achieving a dignified, symptom free and peaceful death, allowing families to maximise time spent together. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Bradford hospice at home service from the perspective of carers, nurses and General Practitioners. Methods: Postal questionnaires were sent to carers (n = 289), district nurses (n = 508) and GP's (n = 444) using Bradford's hospice at home service. Resulting quantitative data was analysed using the Statical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and qualitative data was analysed using grounded theory techniques. Results: The data from carers, district nurses and GPs provide general support for the Bradford hospice at home service. Carers valued highly the opportunity to 'fulfil a promise' to the individual who wished to be cared for at home. District nurses and GPs cited the positive impact of access to specialist expertise. This was a 'reassuring presence' for primary healthcare teams and offered 'relief of carer anxiety' by providing prompt, accessible and sensitive care. Conclusion: Carers and health professionals welcomed the increased possibility of patients being cared for at home. The study identified the need to focus on improving skill levels of staff and on ensuring continuity of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bradford, one of the most deprived cities in the United Kingdom, has a wide range of public health problems associated with socioeconomic deprivation, including an infant mortality rate almost double that for England and Wales. Infant mortality is highest for babies of Pakistani origin, who comprise almost half the babies born in Bradford. The Born in Bradford cohort study aims to examine environmental, psychological and genetic factors that impact on health and development perinatally, during childhood and subsequent adult life, and those that influence their parents' health and wellbeing. This protocol outlines methods for the recruitment phase of the study. Methods: Most Bradford women attend for antenatal care and give birth at the Bradford Royal Infirmary, which has approximately 5,800 births per year. Women are eligible for recruitment if they plan to give birth here. Babies born from March 2007 are eligible to participate, recruitment is planned to continue until 2010. Fathers of babies recruited are invited to participate. Women are usually recruited when they attend for a routine oral glucose tolerance test at 26-28 weeks gestation. Recruitment of babies is at birth. Fathers are recruited whenever possible during the antenatal period, or soon after the birth. The aim is to recruit 10,000 women, their babies, and the babies' fathers. At recruitment women have blood samples taken, are interviewed to complete a semi-structured questionnaire, weighed, and have height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold measured. Umbilical cord blood is collected at birth. Within two weeks of birth babies have their head, arm and abdominal circumference measured, along with subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness. Fathers self-complete a questionnaire at recruitment, have height and weight measured, and provide a saliva sample. Participants are allocated a unique study number. NHS numbers will be used to facilitate record linkage and access to routine data. A wide range of hospital and community sources is being accessed to provide data for the women and children. Data are checked for accuracy and consistency. Conclusion: Born in Bradford will increase understanding of the factors that contribute to health and wellbeing, and identify factors that influence differences in them between people of Pakistani and European origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Pakistani Muslim male violence in the public and private spheres in Bradford, UK, and explores the relationship between this and ideas of culture and religion. It contrasts male and female attitudes to Islam: some men are using it to justify violence against women, while women of all ages and backgrounds are using it in a very different way, as a source of strength and to negotiate (with ingenuity and humour) the cultural and religious requirements which men try to impose on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the orbital complications of nose and throat conditions, with emphasis on cases seen in the ENT Department at the Bradford Royal Infirmary in Bradford, England. The anatomical relationships of the nose and sinus to the orbit is significant in understanding the symptoms and spread of disease, as well as in planning surgery. Orbital complications may result from direct spread from the sinuses into the orbit, involvement of the nerves supplying the orbit, and nasal surgery.

The article presents a study that describes gastrointestinal tuberculosis over the ten-year period 1967-1977, and obtains information that would help to characterized the symptoms and investigation that would assist future diagnosis in Bradford, England. It states that all the tubercle bacilli positively identified were of the hominis type. On the other hand, they conclude that clinical awareness and diagnostic vigilance remain the key to the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tuberculosis.

Discusses the representative Victorian building, the Bradford Wool Exchange, popularity of Gothic and industrial capitalism in Bradford, England. Forces that shaped Bradford's history; Main line of argument of the opponents of Gothic; Legitimization of the way of life of urban concentrations.

The article describes the algae collected from Miles Rough bog in Bradford, England. Miles Rough bog is located at the upper end of a glacial overflow channel in the Millstone Grit. It is a sphagnum bog and scattered among the sphagnum are Juncus bulbosus L., Potentilla erecta (L.) Hampe, Viola Pallustris L., Hydrocotyle vulgaris L., Drosera rotundifolia L., and Carex flava L. The principal algae found were two species of Mougeotia, three species of Microspora and Zygogonium. The relation between Algal growth and the environment is discussed.

Although cosmetic tanning and unprotected solar exposure are common, little is known about general attitudes, beliefs and behaviour regarding the use of sunbeds. We sought to determine the frequency of sunbed use in a select sample and to assess the knowledge and beliefs regarding this behaviour. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 648 employees working for Bradford Hospitals NHS Trust. The questionnaire explored demographic information (including hair and skin type, family history with skin cancer), frequency of sunbed use, knowledge about the risks of UV exposure and motivations for practising this behaviour. Four hundred and eighteen women and 52 men completed the questionnaire, making a response rate of 73%. Nearly half of respondents (207; 44%) reported using sunbeds to some extent; of these 12% reported frequent use. Appearance (‘to look better’) was the most popular reason given by respondents for using sunbeds, followed by ‘feel healthy’. Frequency of using sunbeds was found to be negatively correlated with the age of respondents and the existence of family experience with skin cancer, and strongly associated with the opinion that it is safer to use a sunbed than sunbathing outdoors, the female sex and smoking. It is clear from this study that the psychological factors that influence sunbed use are complex and that so far public education campaigns have had little impact on it. This study highlights some of these psychological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]