16,108 results
Search Results
2. Review Paper. Recent Advances in Ecosystem-Atmosphere Interactions: An Ecological Perspective
- Author
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Moorcroft, P. R.
- Published
- 2003
3. PAPERS OF NOTE
- Published
- 2010
4. Index of Papers and Monographs Published, 1935-1956
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Madness in Our Method. A Comment on Jackofsky and Slocum's Paper, 'A Longitudinal Study of Climates'
- Author
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Payne, Roy
- Published
- 1990
6. Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 50th Anniversary Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 1954
- Published
- 1954
7. A Review of Papers on Meteorology and Climatology Published by the American Philosophical Society Prior to the Twentieth Century
- Author
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Humphreys, William J.
- Published
- 1942
8. The Carbon Footprint of Conference Papers.
- Author
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Spinellis, Diomidis and Louridas, Panos
- Subjects
- *
ECOLOGICAL impact , *CONFERENCE papers , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *SOCIAL impact , *CLIMATE change , *ENVIRONMENTAL economics , *ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
The action required to stem the environmental and social implications of climate change depends crucially on how humankind shapes technology, economy, lifestyle and policy. With transport CO2 emissions accounting for about a quarter of the total, we examine the contribution of CO2 output by scientific travel. Thankfully for the reputation of the scientific community, CO2 emissions associated with the trips required to present a paper at a scientific conference account for just 0.003% of the yearly total. However, with CO2 emissions for a single conference trip amounting to 7% of an average individual’s total CO2 emissions, scientists should lead by example by demonstrating leadership in addressing the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Scientists Shower Climate Change Delegates with Paper
- Author
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Pickrell, John
- Published
- 2001
10. The need for Pan‐European automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring: A stakeholder workshop position paper.
- Author
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Tummon, Fiona, Arboledas, Lucas Alados, Bonini, Maira, Guinot, Benjamin, Hicke, Martin, Jacob, Christophe, Kendrovski, Vladimir, McCairns, William, Petermann, Eric, Peuch, Vincent‐Henri, Pfaar, Oliver, Sicard, Michaël, Sikoparija, Branko, and Clot, Bernard
- Subjects
- *
FUNGAL spores , *POLLEN , *CLIMATOLOGY , *ENVIRONMENTAL management , *UNITS of measurement - Abstract
Background: Information about airborne pollen concentrations is required by a range of end users, particularly from the health sector who use both observations and forecasts to diagnose and treat allergic patients. Manual methods are the standard for such measurements but, despite the range of pollen taxa that can be identified, these techniques suffer from a range of drawbacks. This includes being available at low temporal resolution (usually daily averages) and with a delay (usually 3–9 days from the measurement). Recent technological developments have made possible automatic pollen measurements, which are available at high temporal resolution and in real time, although currently only scattered in a few locations across Europe. Materials & Methods: To promote the development of an extensive network across Europe and to ensure that this network will respond to end user needs, a stakeholder workshop was organised under the auspices of the EUMETNET AutoPollen Programme. Participants discussed requirements for the groups they represented, ranging from the need for information at various spatial scales, at high temporal resolution, and for targeted services to be developed. Results: The provision of real‐time information is likely to lead to a notable decrease in the direct and indirect health costs associated with allergy in Europe, currently estimated between €50–150 billion/year.1 Discussion & Conclusion: A European measurement network to meet end user requirements would thus more than pay for itself in terms of potential annual savings and provide significant impetus to research across a range of disciplines from climate science and public health to agriculture and environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Summary of Papers on the History of Atmospheric Science Presented at the History of Science Society Meeting, 29 October to 1 November 1987, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Author
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Fleming, James R.
- Published
- 1988
12. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS: NEW YORK MEETING (Continued)
- Published
- 1929
13. PAPERS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS MEETING
- Published
- 1929
14. Papers Offered in Celebration of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the American Meteorological Society (Continued)
- Author
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Brooks, C. F., Patterson, J., Woolard, E. W., Woolard, Edgar W., Thomson, Andrew, Hand, I. F., McDonald, W. F., Mattice, W. A., Little, D. M., Bernard, Merrill, Anderson, J. B., Weightman, R. H., and Willett, H. C.
- Published
- 1945
15. Capital vintage and climate change policies: the case of US pulp and paper.
- Author
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Davidsdottir, Brynhildur and Ruth, Matthias
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,AIR pollution ,ENERGY consumption ,CLIMATOLOGY ,ENERGY policy - Abstract
The climate change policy debate and ensuing discussions about industrial energy use and carbon emissions have highlighted the need to: (a) aggregate engineering information to a level relevant for economic policy analysis while maintaining sufficient detail so that results are meaningful for industry decision makers, (b) properly represent an industry’s capital vintage structure to better understand inertia associated with changes in aggregate industrial emissions profiles, and (c) identify policy instruments that leverage an industry’s potential for technological change such that carbon emissions can be noticeably reduced. This paper presents an econometric analysis of energy use and emissions profiles of the US Pulp and Paper Industry and uses the resulting set of equations to specify a dynamic model for the analysis of select climate change policies. Scenarios of cost of carbon, energy tax, and investment-led policies indicate that a combination of cost of carbon and investment-led policies can achieve the desired result of rapidly improving overall efficiency of the industry and promoting changes in fuel mix, which together can result in drastic reductions of carbon emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Global and regional carbon budget for 2015–2020 inferred from OCO-2 based on an ensemble Kalman filter coupled with GEOS-Chem.
- Author
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Kong, Yawen, Zheng, Bo, Zhang, Qiang, and He, Kebin
- Subjects
KALMAN filtering ,INVERSION (Geophysics) ,CARBON cycle ,ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,SURFACE of the earth ,CLIMATOLOGY ,CARBON paper - Abstract
Understanding carbon sources and sinks across the Earth's surface is fundamental in climate science and policy; thus, these topics have been extensively studied but have yet to be fully resolved and are associated with massive debate regarding the sign and magnitude of the carbon budget from global to regional scales. Developing new models and estimates based on state-of-the-art algorithms and data constraints can provide valuable knowledge and contribute to a final ensemble model in which various optimal carbon budget estimates are integrated, such as the annual global carbon budget paper. Here, we develop a new atmospheric inversion system based on the 4D local ensemble transform Kalman filter (4D-LETKF) coupled with the GEOS-Chem global transport model to infer surface-to-atmosphere net carbon fluxes from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) V10r XCO 2 retrievals. The 4D-LETKF algorithm is adapted to an OCO-2-based global carbon inversion system for the first time in this work. On average, the mean annual terrestrial and oceanic fluxes between 2015 and 2020 are estimated as - 2.02 and - 2.34 GtC yr -1 , respectively, compensating for 21 % and 24 %, respectively, of global fossil carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions (9.80 GtC yr -1). Our inversion results agree with the CO 2 atmospheric growth rates reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and reduce the modeled CO 2 concentration biases relative to the prior fluxes against surface and aircraft measurements. Our inversion-based carbon fluxes are broadly consistent with those provided by other global atmospheric inversion models, although discrepancies still occur in the land–ocean flux partitioning schemes and seasonal flux amplitudes over boreal and tropical regions, possibly due to the sparse observational constraints of the OCO-2 satellite and the divergent prior fluxes used in different inversion models. Four sensitivity experiments are performed herein to vary the prior fluxes and uncertainties in our inversion system, suggesting that regions that lack OCO-2 coverage are sensitive to the priors, especially over the tropics and high latitudes. In the further development of our inversion system, we will optimize the data-assimilation configuration to fully utilize current observations and increase the spatial and seasonal representativeness of the prior fluxes over regions that lack observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. A methodological critique on using temperature-conditioned resampling for climate projections as in the paper of Gerstengarbe et al. (2013) winter storm- and summer thunderstorm-related loss events in Theoretical and Applied Climatology (TAC).
- Author
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Wechsung, Frank and Wechsung, Maximilian
- Subjects
- *
CLIMATOLOGY , *GLOBAL warming , *TEMPERATURE , *WINTER , *GENERAL circulation model - Abstract
The STatistical Analogue Resampling Scheme (STARS) statistical approach was recently used to project changes of climate variables in Germany corresponding to a supposed degree of warming. We show by theoretical and empirical analysis that STARS simply transforms interannual gradients between warmer and cooler seasons into climate trends. According to STARS projections, summers in Germany will inevitably become dryer and winters wetter under global warming. Due to the dominance of negative interannual correlations between precipitation and temperature during the year, STARS has a tendency to generate a net annual decrease in precipitation under mean German conditions. Furthermore, according to STARS, the annual level of global radiation would increase in Germany. STARS can be still used, e.g., for generating scenarios in vulnerability and uncertainty studies. However, it is not suitable as a climate downscaling tool to access risks following from changing climate for a finer than general circulation model (GCM) spatial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. How sensitive are US hurricane damages to climate? Comment on a paper by W.D. Nordhaus
- Author
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Laurens M. Bouwer, W. J. Wouter Botzen, Spatial analysis & Decision Support, and Environmental Economics
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Global and Planetary Change ,Climate change ,Data series ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Future climate ,Wind speed ,Climate change, hurricanes, damage, risk, uncertainty, USA ,Climatology ,Statistical analyses ,Hurricane Severity Index ,Damages ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Environmental science ,Economic impact analysis - Abstract
An article by William D. Nordhaus (2010) in this journal examined the economic impacts by hurricanes in the USA, and the potential impacts of climate change on future hurricane damages. His analyses show that hurricane damages normalized over time for changes in GDP have increased significantly since the year 1900, at a rate of about 3.1% per year. Moreover, the results of Nordhaus show that hurricane damages increase with the ninth power of maximum wind speed, which is considerably higher than findings of other studies. We perform similar statistical analyses with different data series of hurricane damage, which are more accurately corrected for changes in exposure of assets over time. Our results do not indicate an upward trend in hurricane losses since 1900, which is in line with earlier studies, and indicates that climate change has not increased hurricane damage in the past. Moreover, although the relation between damage and maximum wind speed appears to be considerably higher than assumed by other studies, this elasticity is more likely to be the eighth-power of maximum wind speed. This finding is relevant since it implies that future climate change impacts on hurricane damage may be considerably lower than Nordhaus indicates.
- Published
- 2011
19. Impacts of climate change on the seasonality of low flows in 134 catchments in the river Rhine basin using an ensemble of bias-corrected regional climate simulations. Discussion paper
- Author
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Arjen Ysbert Hoekstra, Mehmet C. Demirel, Martijn J. Booij, Water Management, and Faculty of Engineering Technology
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,lcsh:T ,IR-87510 ,IR-86166 ,lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,Climate change ,Forcing (mathematics) ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,lcsh:Technology ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,Current (stream) ,lcsh:G ,Greenhouse gas ,Climatology ,medicine ,Environmental science ,METIS-296552 ,Climate model ,Predictability ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,Rhine basin ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,METIS-298215 - Abstract
The impacts of climate change on the seasonality of low flows were analysed for 134 sub-catchments covering the River Rhine basin upstream of the Dutch-German border. Three seasonality indices for low flows were estimated, namely the seasonality ratio (SR), weighted mean occurrence day (WMOD) and weighted persistence (WP). These indices are related to the discharge regime, timing and variability in timing of low flow events respectively. The three indices were estimated from: (1) observed low flows; (2) simulated low flows by the semi-distributed HBV model using observed climate as input; (3) simulated low flows using simulated inputs from seven combinations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) for the current climate (1964–2007); (4) simulated low flows using simulated inputs from seven combinations of GCMs and RCMs for the future climate (2063–2098) including three different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. These four cases were compared to assess the effects of the hydrological model, forcing by different climate models and different emission scenarios on the three indices. Significant differences were found between cases 1 and 2. For instance, the HBV model is prone to overestimate SR and to underestimate WP and simulates very late WMODs compared to the estimated WMODs using observed discharges. Comparing the results of cases 2 and 3, the smallest difference was found for the SR index, whereas large differences were found for the WMOD and WP indices for the current climate. Finally, comparing the results of cases 3 and 4, we found that SR decreases substantially by 2063–2098 in all seven sub-basins of the River Rhine. The lower values of SR for the future climate indicate a shift from winter low flows (SR > 1) to summer low flows (SR < 1) in the two Alpine sub-basins. The WMODs of low flows tend to be earlier than for the current climate in all sub-basins except for the Middle Rhine and Lower Rhine sub-basins. The WP values are slightly larger, showing that the predictability of low flow events increases as the variability in timing decreases for the future climate. From comparison of the error sources evaluated in this study, it is obvious that different RCMs/GCMs have a larger influence on the timing of low flows than different emission scenarios. Finally, this study complements recent analyses of an international project (Rhineblick) by analysing the seasonality aspects of low flows and extends the scope further to understand the effects of hydrological model errors and climate change on three important low flow seasonality properties: regime, timing and persistence.
- Published
- 2013
20. Comparison of ozone retrievals from the Pandora spectrometer system and Dobson spectrophotometer in Boulder, Colorado.
- Author
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Herman, J., Evans, R., Cede, A., Abuhassan, N., Petropavlovskikh, I., and McConville, G.
- Subjects
OZONE ,SPECTROPHOTOMETERS ,CLIMATOLOGY ,TEMPERATURE ,ATMOSPHERIC ozone - Abstract
A comparison of retrieved total column ozone amounts TCO between the Pandora #34 spectrometer system and the Dobson #061 spectrophotometer from direct-sun observations was performed on the roof of the Boulder, Colorado NOAA building. This paper, part of an ongoing study, covers a one-year period starting on 17 December 2013. Both the standard Dobson and Pandora total column ozone TCO retrievals required a correction TCOcorr=TCO (1+C(T )) using the effective climatology derived ozone temperature T to remove a seasonal difference caused by using a fixed temperature in each retrieval algorithm. The respective corrections C(T ) are C
Pandora = 0.00333(T-225) and CDobson = -0.0013(T-226.7) per K. After the applied corrections removed the seasonal retrieval dependence on ozone temperature, TCO agreement between the instruments was within 1% for clear-sky conditions. For clear-sky observations, both co-located instruments tracked the day-to-day variation in total column ozone amounts with a correlation of r² = 0.97 and an average offset of 1.1±5.8 DU. In addition, the Pandora data showed 0.3% annual average agreement with satellite overpass data from AURA/OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and 1% annual average offset with Suomi-NPP/OMPS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, the nadir viewing portion of the Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Paper use in research ethics applications and study conduct.
- Author
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Chakladar, Abhijoy, Eckstein, Sue, and White, Stuart M.
- Subjects
- *
EQUIPMENT & supplies , *CLIMATOLOGY , *CONSERVATION of natural resources , *COST control , *MEDICAL ethics , *MEDICAL research , *WASTE recycling , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Application for Research Ethics Committee (REC) approval and the conduct of medical research is paper intensive. This retrospective study examined all applications to a single REC in the south of England over one year. It estimated the mass of paper used, comparing the proportional paper consumption of different trial types and during different stages of the research process, quantifying the consumption in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. In 2009, 68 trials were submitted to the REC. Total paper consumption for the REC process and study conduct was 176,150 sheets of A4 paper (879 kg), equivalent to an estimated 11.5 million sheets (88 tonnes, 2,100 trees) a year for the UK; the REC process accounted for 26.4%. REC applications and the conduct of approved trials generate considerable environmental impact through paper consumption contributing to the NHS's carbon footprint. Paper use might be reduced through the implementation of digital technologies and revised research methods, namely changing attitudes in both researchers and ethics committees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The Carbon Footprint of Conference Papers
- Author
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Diomidis Spinellis and Panos Louridas
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Natural resource economics ,Science Policy ,Economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Climate Change ,Science ,Climate change ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Science education ,Science Policy and Economics ,Geoinformatics ,Medicine ,Environmental Systems Modeling ,lcsh:Science ,Biology ,media_common ,Carbon Footprint ,Climatology ,Travel ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,business.industry ,Global warming ,lcsh:R ,Bioethics ,Carbon Dioxide ,Congresses as Topic ,Quarter (United States coin) ,Bibliometrics ,Computer Science ,Carbon footprint ,Earth Sciences ,Workforce ,TRIPS architecture ,Science policy ,lcsh:Q ,Environmental Economics ,business ,Environmental Protection ,Environmental Sciences ,Reputation ,Research Article ,Climate Modeling - Abstract
The action required to stem the environmental and social implications of climate change depends crucially on how humankind shapes technology, economy, lifestyle and policy. With transport CO2 emissions accounting for about a quarter of the total, we examine the contribution of CO2 output by scientific travel. Thankfully for the reputation of the scientific community, CO2 emissions associated with the trips required to present a paper at a scientific conference account for just 0.003% of the yearly total. However, with CO2 emissions for a single conference trip amounting to 7% of an average individual’s total CO2 emissions, scientists should lead by example by demonstrating leadership in addressing the issue.
- Published
- 2013
23. An Overview of Using Weather Radar for Climatological Studies: Successes, Challenges, and Potential.
- Author
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Saltikoff, Elena, Friedrich, Katja, Soderholm, Joshua, Lengfeld, Katharina, Nelson, Brian, Becker, Andreas, Hollmann, Rainer, Urban, Bernard, Heistermann, Maik, and Tassone, Caterina
- Subjects
SPHERICAL coordinates ,SEVERE storms ,RADAR meteorology ,CLIMATOLOGY ,PAPER arts ,TIME series analysis ,TASKS - Abstract
Weather radars have been widely used to detect and quantify precipitation and nowcast severe weather for more than 50 years. Operational weather radars generate huge three-dimensional datasets that can accumulate to terabytes per day. So it is essential to review what can be done with existing vast amounts of data, and how we should manage the present datasets for the future climatologists. All weather radars provide the reflectivity factor, and this is the main parameter to be archived. Saving reflectivity as volumetric data in the original spherical coordinates allows for studies of the three-dimensional structure of precipitation, which can be applied to understand a number of processes, for example, analyzing hail or thunderstorm modes. Doppler velocity and polarimetric moments also have numerous applications for climate studies, for example, quality improvement of reflectivity and rain rate retrievals, and for interrogating microphysical and dynamical processes. However, observational data alone are not useful if they are not accompanied by sufficient metadata. Since the lifetime of a radar ranges between 10 and 20 years, instruments are typically replaced or upgraded during climatologically relevant time periods. As a result, present metadata often do not apply to past data. This paper outlines the work of the Radar Task Team set by the Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC) and summarizes results from a recent survey on the existence and availability of long time series. We also provide recommendations for archiving current and future data and examples of climatological studies in which radar data have already been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. A note on the papers from the winter symposium of the Nordic Summer University held in Akureyri, Iceland, March, 1st-3rd 2013
- Author
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Jacob Dahl Rendtorff
- Subjects
H1-99 ,History ,NSU ,Archaeology ,ethics ,Social sciences (General) ,society ,value ,GF1-900 ,Human ecology. Anthropogeography ,Climatology ,politics ,cosmopolitan ,imagination - Abstract
The study group “Towards a New Ethical Imagination. Political and social values in a Cosmopolitan World Society” of the Nordic Summer University had its winter meeting at the University of Akureyri, Iceland, March 1-3, 2013. We discussed different topics in the fields of moral, political, economic, and social philosophy, with the addition of a special theme i.e. ethical, political and legal issues in the Arctic region. It was a very fruitful meeting and we would like to thank the organisers at the University of Akureyri, in particular Águst Thor Árnason, the Icelandic NSU Coordinator, for all the hard work done in Akureyri.
- Published
- 2013
25. Climate Change Research in View of Bibliometrics.
- Author
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Haunschild, Robin, Bornmann, Lutz, and Marx, Werner
- Subjects
CLIMATE change research ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,CITATION analysis ,BIOMASS ,GLOBAL warming - Abstract
This bibliometric study of a large publication set dealing with research on climate change aims at mapping the relevant literature from a bibliometric perspective and presents a multitude of quantitative data: (1) The growth of the overall publication output as well as (2) of some major subfields, (3) the contributing journals and countries as well as their citation impact, and (4) a title word analysis aiming to illustrate the time evolution and relative importance of specific research topics. The study is based on 222,060 papers (articles and reviews only) published between 1980 and 2014. The total number of papers shows a strong increase with a doubling every 5–6 years. Continental biomass related research is the major subfield, closely followed by climate modeling. Research dealing with adaptation, mitigation, risks, and vulnerability of global warming is comparatively small, but their share of papers increased exponentially since 2005. Research on vulnerability and on adaptation published the largest proportion of very important papers (in terms of citation impact). Climate change research has become an issue also for disciplines beyond the natural sciences. The categories Engineering and Social Sciences show the strongest field-specific relative increase. The Journal of Geophysical Research, the Journal of Climate, the Geophysical Research Letters, and Climatic Change appear at the top positions in terms of the total number of papers published. Research on climate change is quantitatively dominated by the USA, followed by the UK, Germany, and Canada. The citation-based indicators exhibit consistently that the UK has produced the largest proportion of high impact papers compared to the other countries (having published more than 10,000 papers). Also, Switzerland, Denmark and also The Netherlands (with a publication output between around 3,000 and 6,000 papers) perform top—the impact of their contributions is on a high level. The title word analysis shows that the term climate change comes forward with time. Furthermore, the term impact arises and points to research dealing with the various effects of climate change. The discussion of the question of human induced climate change towards a clear fact (for the majority of the scientific community) stimulated research on future pathways for adaptation and mitigation. Finally, the term model and related terms prominently appear independent of time, indicating the high relevance of climate modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. PAPERS OF NOTE.
- Author
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Potvin, Corey K.
- Subjects
- *
CLIMATOLOGY , *LIGHTNING , *EQUIPMENT & supplies , *HURRICANES , *TORNADOES - Abstract
The article presents updates related to climatology and weather studies in the U.S. Research reveals the significance of using the cloud-resolving model simulations in forecasting the dangers of lightning. Meanwhile, several climate scientists are searching for the best method in estimating the peak surface winds of a hurricane. Moreover, it also looks on the effectiveness of the latest multiple-Doppler tornado detection in determining the upcoming tornadoes.
- Published
- 2009
27. PAPER OF NOTE.
- Author
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Doyle, James D. and Durran, D. R.
- Subjects
- *
METEOROLOGY , *CLIMATOLOGY , *GEOPHYSICAL prediction ,WORLD news briefs - Abstract
The article offers world news briefs related to meteorology. The subrotors and the internal structure of the parent rotor lifts off the surface and breakdown along the edge of the lee wave through Kelvin-Helmholtz like instability. Greenland extends one quarter of the distance between the North Pole and Equator averaging 1.5 kilometer (km) in height and reaching skyward more than 3.5 km. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) offers the opportunity to analyze climate variation.
- Published
- 2008
28. PAPERS OF NOTE.
- Subjects
- *
CLIMATOLOGY , *WEATHER forecasting , *ATMOSPHERE , *METEOROLOGY - Abstract
The article offers news briefs related to climatology. A cold tongue which is a narrow band of cool sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the salient features in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Two of the factors that contributed to the weather-forecasting errors increase in time are the amplification uncertainties of nonlinearities in the initial state of the atmosphere and the model deficiencies leading the model to predict the wrong rate of change for even the most certain initial conditions. INSETS: DUDE, WE'RE, LIKE, PROTESTING;PLEASED TO ZAP YOU.
- Published
- 2007
29. RESEARCH PAPER Bergmann's rule does not apply to geometrid moths along an elevational gradient in an Andean montane rain forest.
- Author
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Brehm, Gunnar and Fiedler, Konrad
- Subjects
- *
BERGMANN'S rule , *MOTHS , *CLIMATOLOGY , *GEOMETRIDAE - Abstract
Bergmann's rule generally predicts larger animal body sizes with colder climates. We tested whether Bergmann's rule at the interspecific level applies to moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) along an extended elevational gradient in the Ecuadorian Andes. Moths were sampled at 22 sites in the province Zamora-Chinchipe in southern Ecuador in forest habitats ranging from 1040 m to 2677 m above sea level. Wingspans of 2282 male geometrid moths representing 953 species were measured and analysed at the level of the family Geometridae, as well as for the subfamily Ennominae with the tribes Boarmiini and Ourapterygini, and the subfamily Larentiinae with the genera Eois, Eupithecia and Psaliodes. Bergmann's rule was not supported since the average wingspan of geometrid moths was negatively correlated with altitude ( r = −0.59, P < 0.005). The relationship between body size and altitude in Geometridae appears to be spurious because species of the subfamily Larentiinae are significantly smaller than species of the subfamily Ennominae and simultaneously increase in their proportion along the gradient. A significant decrease of wingspan was also found in the ennomine tribe Ourapterygini, but no consistent body size patterns were found in the other six taxa studied. In most taxa, body size variation increases with altitude, suggesting that factors acting to constrain body size might be weaker at high elevations. The results are in accordance with previous studies that could not detect consistent body size patterns in insects at the interspecific level along climatic gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. RESEARCH PAPER Does climate determine broad-scale patterns of species richness? A test of the causal link by natural experiment.
- Author
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H-Acevedo, Dagoberto and Currie, David J.
- Subjects
- *
BIRD populations , *CLIMATE change , *CLIMATOLOGY , *SPECIES - Abstract
Broad-scale spatial patterns of species richness are very strongly correlated with climatic variables. If there is a causal link, i.e. if climate directly or indirectly determines patterns of richness, then when the climatic variables change, richness should change in the manner that spatial correlations between richness and climate would predict. The present study tests this prediction using seasonal changes in climatic variables and bird richness. We used a grid of equal area quadrats (37 000 km2) covering North and Central America as far south as Nicaragua. Summer and winter bird distribution data were drawn from monographs and field guides. Climatic data came from published sources. We also used remotely sensed NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index — a measure of greenness). Bird species richness changes temporally (between summer and winter) in a manner that is close to, but statistically distinguishable from, the change one would predict from models relating the spatial variation in richness at a single time to climatic variables. If one further takes into account the seasonal changes in NDVI and within-season variability of temperature and precipitation, then winter and summer richness follow congruent, statistically indistinguishable patterns. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) and vegetation cover directly or indirectly influence patterns of bird species richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Coping with impacts of climate variability and climate change in water management: a scoping paper
- Subjects
climatic change ,milieueffect ,waterbeheer ,climatology ,klimaatverandering ,drought ,environmental impact ,rampen ,climatic factors ,disasters ,klimaatfactoren ,floods ,water management ,Alterra - Centre for Water and Climate ,klimatologie ,droogte ,Wageningen Environmental Research ,overstromingen ,Alterra - Centrum Water en Klimaat - Published
- 2003
32. Coping with impacts of climate variability and climate change in water management: a scoping paper
- Author
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Kabat, P., Schulze, R.E., Hellmuth, M.E., and Veraart, J.A.
- Subjects
climatic change ,milieueffect ,waterbeheer ,climatology ,klimaatverandering ,drought ,environmental impact ,rampen ,climatic factors ,disasters ,klimaatfactoren ,floods ,water management ,Alterra - Centre for Water and Climate ,klimatologie ,droogte ,Wageningen Environmental Research ,overstromingen ,Alterra - Centrum Water en Klimaat - Published
- 2003
33. Climatological variations of total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea surface waters.
- Author
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Gemayel, E., Hassoun, A. E. R., Benallal, M. A., Goyet, C., Rivaro, P., Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Krasakopoulou, E., Touratier, F., and Ziveri, P.
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,ALKALINITY ,SALINITY - Abstract
A compilation of several cruises data from 1998 to 2013 was used to derive polynomial fits that estimate total alkalinity (A
T ) and total inorganic carbon (CT ) from measurements of salinity and temperature in the Mediterranean Sea surface waters. The optimal equations were chosen based on the 10-fold cross validation results and revealed that a second and third order polynomials fit the AT and CT data respectively. The AT surface fit showed an improved root mean square error (RMSE) of ±10.6 μmol kg-1 . Furthermore we present the first annual mean CT parameterization for the Mediterranean Sea surface waters with a RMSE of ±14.3 μmol kg-1 . Excluding the marginal seas of the Adriatic and the Aegean, these equations can be used to estimate AT and CT in case of the lack of measurements. The seven years averages (2005-2012) mapped using the quarter degree climatologies of the World Ocean Atlas 2013 showed that in surface waters AT and CT have similar patterns with an increasing eastward gradient. The surface variability is influenced by the inflow of cold Atlantic waters through the Strait of Gibraltar and by the oligotrophic and thermohaline gradient that characterize the Mediterranean Sea. The summer-winter seasonality was also mapped and showed different patterns for AT and CT . During the winter, the AT and CT concentrations were higher in the western than in the eastern basin, primarily due to the deepening of the mixed layer and upwelling of dense waters. The opposite was observed in the summer where the eastern basin was marked by higher AT and CT concentrations than in winter. The strong evaporation that takes place in this season along with the ultra-oligotrophy of the eastern basin determines the increase of both AT and CT concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Understanding Aerosol–Cloud Interactions through Lidar Techniques: A Review.
- Author
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Cairo, Francesco, Di Liberto, Luca, Dionisi, Davide, and Snels, Marcel
- Subjects
HYDROLOGIC cycle ,ATMOSPHERIC sciences ,REMOTE sensing ,CLIMATOLOGY ,SHAPE of the earth ,ICE clouds - Abstract
Aerosol–cloud interactions play a crucial role in shaping Earth's climate and hydrological cycle. Observing these interactions with high precision and accuracy is of the utmost importance for improving climate models and predicting Earth's climate. Over the past few decades, lidar techniques have emerged as powerful tools for investigating aerosol–cloud interactions due to their ability to provide detailed vertical profiles of aerosol particles and clouds with high spatial and temporal resolutions. This review paper provides an overview of recent advancements in the study of ACI using lidar techniques. The paper begins with a description of the different cloud microphysical processes that are affected by the presence of aerosol, and with an outline of lidar remote sensing application in characterizing aerosol particles and clouds. The subsequent sections delve into the key findings and insights gained from lidar-based studies of aerosol–cloud interactions. This includes investigations into the role of aerosol particles in cloud formation, evolution, and microphysical properties. Finally, the review concludes with an outlook on future research. By reporting the latest findings and methodologies, this review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers engaged in climate science and atmospheric research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Climatology of the terms and variables of transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) equations from multiple reanalyses: MERRA-2, JRA-55, ERA-Interim, and CFSR.
- Author
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Fujiwara, Masatomo, Martineau, Patrick, Wright, Jonathon S., Abalos, Marta, Šácha, Petr, Kawatani, Yoshio, Davis, Sean M., Birner, Thomas, and Monge-Sanz, Beatriz M.
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,GRAVITY waves ,ENTHALPY ,EQUATIONS - Abstract
A 30-year (1980–2010) climatology of the major variables and terms of the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) momentum and thermodynamic equations is constructed by using four global atmospheric reanalyses: the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2); the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55); the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim); and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). Both the reanalysis ensemble mean (REM) and the differences in each reanalysis from the REM are investigated in the latitude–pressure domain for December–January–February and for June–July–August. For the REM investigation, two residual vertical velocities (the original one and one evaluated from residual meridional velocity) and two mass streamfunctions (from meridional and vertical velocities) are compared. Longwave (LW) radiative heating and shortwave (SW) radiative heating are also shown and discussed. For the TEM equations, the residual terms are also calculated and investigated for their potential usefulness, as the residual term for the momentum equation should include the effects of parameterized processes such as gravity waves, while that for the thermodynamic equation should indicate the analysis increment. Inter-reanalysis differences are investigated for the mass streamfunction, LW and SW heating, the two major terms of the TEM momentum equation (the Coriolis term and the Eliassen–Palm flux divergence term), and the two major terms of the TEM thermodynamic equation (the vertical temperature advection term and the total diabatic heating term). The spread among reanalysis TEM momentum balance terms is around 10 % in Northern Hemisphere winter and up to 50 % in Southern Hemisphere winter. The largest uncertainties in the thermodynamic equation (about 50 %) are found in the vertical advection, for which the structure is inconsistent with the differences in heating. The results shown in this paper provide basic information on the degree of agreement among recent reanalyses in the stratosphere and upper troposphere in the TEM framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Anomaly-Based Variable Models: Examples of Unusual Track and Extreme Precipitation of Tropical Cyclones.
- Author
-
Qian, Weihong, Du, Jun, Ai, Yang, Leung, Jeremy, Liu, Yongzhu, and Xu, Jianjun
- Subjects
TROPICAL cyclones ,METEOROLOGICAL precipitation ,CLIMATOLOGY ,EXTREME weather ,WEATHER forecasting - Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) can cause severe wind and rain hazards. Unusual TC tracks and their extreme precipitation forecasts have become two difficult problems faced by conventional models of primitive equations. The case study in this paper finds that the numerical computation of the climatological component in conventional models restricts the prediction of unusual TC tracks. The climatological component should be a forcing quantity, not a predictor in the numerical integration of all models. Anomaly-based variable models can overcome the bottleneck of forecast time length or the one-week forecasting barrier, which is limited to less than one week for conventional models. The challenge in extreme precipitation forecasting is how to physically get the vertical velocity. The anomalous moisture stress modulus (AMSM), as an indicator of heavy rainfall presented in this paper, considers the two conditions associated with vertical velocity and anomalous specific humidity in the lower troposphere. Vertical velocity is produced by the orthogonal collision of horizontal anomalous airflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Humidity sensor failure: a problem that should not be neglected by the numerical weather prediction community.
- Author
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Liu, Y. and Tang, N.
- Subjects
NUMERICAL weather forecasting ,DETECTORS ,HYGROMETRY ,CLIMATOLOGY - Abstract
In this paper, a new issue that very low relative humidity observations exist in a deeper atmosphere layer in the low- and mid-troposphere is studied on the basis of the global radiosonde observations from December 2008 to November 2009, and the humidity retrieval productions from Formosa Satellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, referred to as COSMIC hereafter) in the same period. Results show that these extremely dry relative humidity observations are considerable universal in the worldwide operational radiosonde data. Globally, the annual average occurrence probability of the extremely dry relative humidity is of 4.2 %. These measurements usually occur between 20° and 40° latitudes in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and in the height from 700 to 450 hPa in the low- and mid-troposphere. Winter and spring are the favoured seasons for these extremely dry humidity observations, with the maximum ratio of 9.53% in the Northern Hemisphere and 16.82% in the Southern Hemisphere. The phenomenon is mainly related to the performance of the radiosonde humidity sensor and the cloud types traversed by the radiosonde balloon. These extremely low relative humidity observations are erroneous, which cannot represent the real atmospheric status, and are likely caused by the failure of humidity sensor. However, these observations have been archived as the formal data. It will affect the reliability of numerical weather prediction, the analysis of weather and climate, if the quality control procedure is not applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Hindcast regional climate simulations within EURO-CORDEX: evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble.
- Author
-
Katragkou, E., García-Díe, M., Vautard, R., Sobolowski, S., Zanis, P., Alexandri, G., Cardoso, R. M., Colette, A., Fernández, J., Gobiet, A., K. Goergen, K., Karacostas, T., Knist, S., Mayer, S., Soares, P. M. M., Pytharoulis, I., Tegoulias, I., Tsikerdekis, A., and Jacob, D.
- Subjects
METEOROLOGICAL precipitation ,CLIMATOLOGY ,ATMOSPHERIC physics ,SIMULATION methods & models ,OPERATIONS research - Abstract
In the current work we present six hindcast Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations for the EURO-CORDEX domain with different configurations in microphysics, convection and radiation for the time period 1990-2008. All regional model simulations are forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis and have the same spatial resolution (0.44°). These simulations are evaluated for surface temperature, precipitation, short- and longwave downward radiation at the surface and total cloud cover. The analysis of the WRF ensemble indicates systematic biases in both temperature and precipitation linked to different physical mechanisms for the summer and winter season. Overestimation of total cloud cover and underestimation of downward shortwave radiation at the surface, mostly when using Grell-Devenyi convection and the CAM radiation scheme, intensifies the negative summer temperature bias in northern Europe (max -2.5 °C). Conversely, a strong positive downward shortwave summer bias in central (40-60 %) and southern Europe mitigates the systematic cold bias in WRF over these regions, signifying a typical case of error compensation. Maximum winter cold bias is over north-eastern Europe (-2.8 °C); this location is indicative of land-atmosphere rather than cloud-radiation interactions. Precipitation is systematically overestimated in summer by all model configurations, especially the higher quantiles, which are associated with summertime deep cumulus convection. The Kain-Fritsch convection scheme produces the larger summertime precipitation biases over the Mediterranean. Winter precipitation is reproduced with lower biases by all model configurations (15-30 %). The results of this study indicate the importance of evaluating not only the basic climatic parameters of interest for climate change applications (temperature-precipitation), but also other components of the energy and water cycle, in order to identify the sources of systematic biases, possible compensatory or masking mechanisms and suggest methodologies for model improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Ships' logbooks from the Arctic in the pre-instrumental period.
- Author
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Ayre, Matthew, Nicholls, John, Ward, Catharine, and Wheeler, Dennis
- Subjects
- *
LOGBOOKS , *SHIP'S papers , *CLIMATOLOGY , *GEOLOGY - Abstract
Ships' logbooks are now an accepted part of the repertoire of data sources in climate change studies. This article examines some of the particular issues surrounding logbooks from the Arctic region in the so-called pre-instrumental period. Attention is given to the means by which narrative descriptions of wind, weather and sea ice cover can be reliably expressed in index form. Consideration is also given to the various means by which these data can be most effectively managed for scientific analysis as in most cases they were not recorded for such purposes. Many such logbooks remain yet to be digitized and the methods described here can be applied with equal confidence in future through such undertakings using English language documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. PAPERS OF NOTE.
- Subjects
- *
STRATOSPHERE , *METEOROLOGICAL research , *FORCING (Model theory) , *GLOBAL warming , *ASTRONOMICAL observations , *PLANETARY observations , *CLIMATOLOGY , *OZONE layer - Abstract
The article presents a study which examines the effect of synoptic-scale forcing on the stratospheric sudden warnings (SSWs) in 2006 in the U.S. The researchers used the meteorological fields from Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-4 analyses in determining such effects. The study found out that stratospheric polar displaced off the pole due to earlier minor warming events. The researchers also suggest that there is a need for further investigation to determine the kind of fraction of major SSWs are initiated.
- Published
- 2009
41. The Role of Climate in the Collapse of the Maya Civilization: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Discourse.
- Author
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Marx, Werner, Haunschild, Robin, and Bornmann, Lutz
- Subjects
BIBLIOMETRICS ,CLIMATOLOGY ,ANCIENT civilization ,PALEOCLIMATOLOGY ,METEOROLOGY ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,GEOLOGY - Abstract
This bibliometric analysis dealswith research on the collapse of the Maya civilization--a research topic with a long-lasting history, which has been boosted significantly by recent paleoclimatic research. The study is based on a publication set of 433 papers published between 1923 and 2016. The publications covered by theWeb of Science (WoS) show a significant increase since 1990, reaching about 30 papers per year at present. The results show that the current discourse on the collapse of the Maya civilization is focused on the role of climate as a major factor for the demise of this ancient civilization. The bibliometric analyses also reveal that (1) paleoclimatic records become numerous and are increasingly better dated; (2) the explanatory power of the records has been significantly increased by analyzing samples from regions closer to the relevant Maya sites; and (3) interdisciplinary cooperation of the humanities (archeology, anthropology, history) with natural sciences disciplines (geoscience, ecology, paleoclimatology, meteorology) seems to be highly promising. The collapse of the Maya civilization is a good example of how natural sciences entered research in the humanities and social sciences (anthropology, archeology, history) and boosted research (and solutions) around long-discussed, but unsolved questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Data Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Rain Rates Estimated by Neural Network in Convective Environments: A Study over Italy.
- Author
-
Torcasio, Rosa Claudia, Papa, Mario, Del Frate, Fabio, Mascitelli, Alessandra, Dietrich, Stefano, Panegrossi, Giulia, and Federico, Stefano
- Subjects
ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,CLIMATOLOGY ,ATMOSPHERIC sciences ,METEOROLOGICAL research ,WEATHER forecasting ,RAINFALL ,SUMMER ,KALMAN filtering ,FORECASTING - Abstract
The accurate prediction of heavy precipitation in convective environments is crucial because such events, often occurring in Italy during the summer and fall seasons, can be a threat for people and properties. In this paper, we analyse the impact of satellite-derived surface-rainfall-rate data assimilation on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's precipitation prediction, considering 15 days in summer 2022 and 17 days in fall 2022, where moderate to intense precipitation was observed over Italy. A 3DVar realised at CNR-ISAC (National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate) is used to assimilate two different satellite-derived rain rate products, both exploiting geostationary (GEO), infrared (IR), and low-Earth-orbit (LEO) microwave (MW) measurements: One is based on an artificial neural network (NN), and the other one is the operational P-IN-SEVIRI-PMW product (H60), delivered in near-real time by the EUMETSAT HSAF (Satellite Application Facility in Support of Operational Hydrology and Water Management). The forecast is verified in two periods: the hours from 1 to 4 (1–4 h phase) and the hours from 3 to 6 (3–6 h phase) after the assimilation. The results show that the rain rate assimilation improves the precipitation forecast in both seasons and for both forecast phases, even if the improvement in the 3–6 h phase is found mainly in summer. The assimilation of H60 produces a high number of false alarms, which has a negative impact on the forecast, especially for intense events (30 mm/3 h). The assimilation of the NN rain rate gives more balanced predictions, improving the control forecast without significantly increasing false alarms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The computational and energy cost of simulation and storage for climate science: lessons from CMIP6.
- Author
-
Acosta, Mario C., Palomas, Sergi, Paronuzzi Ticco, Stella V., Utrera, Gladys, Biercamp, Joachim, Bretonniere, Pierre-Antoine, Budich, Reinhard, Castrillo, Miguel, Caubel, Arnaud, Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Epicoco, Italo, Fladrich, Uwe, Joussaume, Sylvie, Kumar Gupta, Alok, Lawrence, Bryan, Le Sager, Philippe, Lister, Grenville, Moine, Marie-Pierre, Rioual, Jean-Christophe, and Valcke, Sophie
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,ENERGY industries ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,ECOLOGICAL impact ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is one of the biggest international efforts aimed at better understanding the past, present, and future of climate changes in a multi-model context. A total of 21 model intercomparison projects (MIPs) were endorsed in its sixth phase (CMIP6), which included 190 different experiments that were used to simulate 40 000 years and produced around 40 PB of data in total. This paper presents the main findings obtained from the CPMIP (the Computational Performance Model Intercomparison Project), a collection of a common set of metrics, specifically designed for assessing climate model performance. These metrics were exclusively collected from the production runs of experiments used in CMIP6 and primarily from institutions within the IS-ENES3 consortium. The document presents the full set of CPMIP metrics per institution and experiment, including a detailed analysis and discussion of each of the measurements. During the analysis, we found a positive correlation between the core hours needed, the complexity of the models, and the resolution used. Likewise, we show that between 5 %–15 % of the execution cost is spent in the coupling between independent components, and it only gets worse by increasing the number of resources. From the data, it is clear that queue times have a great impact on the actual speed achieved and have a huge variability across different institutions, ranging from none to up to 78 % execution overhead. Furthermore, our evaluation shows that the estimated carbon footprint of running such big simulations within the IS-ENES3 consortium is 1692 t of CO 2 equivalent. As a result of the collection, we contribute to the creation of a comprehensive database for future community reference, establishing a benchmark for evaluation and facilitating the multi-model, multi-platform comparisons crucial for understanding climate modelling performance. Given the diverse range of applications, configurations, and hardware utilised, further work is required for the standardisation and formulation of general rules. The paper concludes with recommendations for future exercises aimed at addressing the encountered challenges which will facilitate more collections of a similar nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Review article: Interdisciplinary perspectives on climate sciences – highlighting past and current scientific achievements.
- Author
-
Galfi, Vera Melinda, Alberti, Tommaso, De Cruz, Lesley, Franzke, Christian L. E., and Lembo, Valerio
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,GEOPHYSICAL fluid dynamics ,STATISTICAL physics ,DYNAMICAL systems ,SYSTEMS theory - Abstract
In the online seminar series "Perspectives on climate sciences: from historical developments to future frontiers", which took place during 2020–2021, well-known and established scientists from several fields – including mathematics, physics, climate science and ecology – presented their perspectives on the evolution of climate science and on relevant scientific concepts. This special issue aims to create a platform for a more detailed elaboration of the topics discussed in the seminars but also to publish new scientific findings. In this paper, we first give an overview of the content of the seminar series, and then we introduce the written contributions to this special issue. In line with the spirit of the seminar series, this paper is structured along thematic areas of the broad field of climate science, conveying different perspectives on the climate system: geophysical fluid dynamics, dynamical systems theory, multiscale processes, statistical physics, paleoclimate and the human dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. A directional surface reflectance climatology determined from TROPOMI observations.
- Author
-
Tilstra, Lieuwe G., de Graaf, Martin, Trees, Victor J. H., Litvinov, Pavel, Dubovik, Oleg, and Stammes, Piet
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY observations ,SURFACE of the earth ,DATABASES ,CLIMATOLOGY ,REFLECTANCE - Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a spectral surface reflectivity climatology based on observations made by TROPOMI on board the Sentinel-5P satellite. The database contains the directionally dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (DLER) of the Earth's surface for 21 wavelength bands ranging from 328 to 2314 nm and for each calendar month. The spatial resolution of the database grid is 0.125° × 0.125°. A recently developed cloud shadow detection technique is implemented to avoid dark scenes due to cloud shadow. In the database, the anisotropy of the surface reflection is described using a third-order parameterisation of the viewing angle dependence. The viewing angle dependence of the DLER is analysed globally and for a selection of surface type regions. The dependence is found to agree with the viewing angle dependence found in the GOME-2 surface DLER database. Differences exist, related to the actual solar position. On average, the viewing angle dependence in TROPOMI DLER is weaker than for GOME-2 DLER, but still important. Validation of the new database was first performed by comparison of the non-directional TROPOMI surface LER with heritage LER databases based on GOME-1 , OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 data. Agreement was found within 0.002–0.02 in the UV-VIS (below 500 nm), up to 0.003 in the NIR (670–772 nm), and below 0.001 in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) (2314 nm). These performance numbers are dominated by the performance over ocean, but they are in most cases also representative for land surfaces. For the validation of the directional TROPOMI surface DLER, we made use of comparison with the MODIS surface bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) for a selection of surface type regions. In all cases the DLER performed significantly better than the traditional LER, and we found good agreement with the MODIS surface BRDF. The TROPOMI surface DLER database is a clear improvement on previous surface albedo databases and can be used as input not only for satellite retrievals from TROPOMI observations, but also for retrievals from observations from other polar-orbiting satellite instruments provided that their equator crossing time is close to that of TROPOMI. The algorithm that is introduced in this paper can be used for the retrieval of surface reflectivity climatologies from other polar satellite missions as well, including Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on the Sentinel-3 satellites, Sentinel-5, and Multi-viewing Multi-channel Multi-polarisation imager (3MI) on the MetOp-SG-A1 satellite to be launched in 2025, as well as the future CO2M mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. What Is the Role of AI for Digital Twins?
- Author
-
Emmert-Streib, Frank
- Subjects
DIGITAL twins ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,CLIMATOLOGY ,TWIN studies ,MACHINE learning ,PROBABILISTIC generative models ,DIGITAL computer simulation - Abstract
The concept of a digital twin is intriguing as it presents an innovative approach to solving numerous real-world challenges. Initially emerging from the domains of manufacturing and engineering, digital twin research has transcended its origins and now finds applications across a wide range of disciplines. This multidisciplinary expansion has impressively demonstrated the potential of digital twin research. While the simulation aspect of a digital twin is often emphasized, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is severely understudied. For this reason, in this paper, we highlight the pivotal role of AI and ML for digital twin research. By recognizing that a digital twin is a component of a broader Digital Twin System (DTS), we can fully grasp the diverse applications of AI and ML. In this paper, we explore six AI techniques—(1) optimization (model creation), (2) optimization (model updating), (3) generative modeling, (4) data analytics, (5) predictive analytics and (6) decision making—and their potential to advance applications in health, climate science, and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Carbon capture and storage in the light of circulation economics
- Author
-
Rapp Nilsen, Heidi
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Climatology of stratocumulus cloud morphologies: microphysical properties and radiative effects.
- Author
-
Muhlbauer, A., McCoy, I. L., and Wood, R.
- Subjects
CLIMATOLOGY ,STRATOCUMULUS clouds ,RADIATIVE forcing ,PROBABILITY density function ,ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,CLOUD classification - Abstract
An artificial neural network cloud classification scheme is combined with A-Train observations to characterize the physical properties and radiative effects of marine low clouds based on their morphology and type of mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) on a global scale. The cloud morphological categories are (i) organized closed MCC, (ii) organized open MCC and (iii) cellular but disorganized MCC. Global distributions of the frequency of occurrence of MCC types show clear regional signatures. Organized closed and open MCCs are most frequently found in subtropical regions and in mid-latitude storm tracks of both hemispheres. Cellular but disorganized MCC are the predominant type of marine low clouds in regions with warmer sea surface temperature such as in the tropics and trade wind zones. All MCC types exhibit a pronounced seasonal cycle. The physical properties of MCCs such as cloud fraction, radar reflectivity, drizzle rates and cloud top heights as well as the radiative effects of MCCs are found highly variable and a function of the type of MCC. On a global scale, the cloud fraction is largest for closed MCC with mean cloud fractions of about 90%whereas cloud fractions of open and cellular but disorganized MCC are only about 51% and 40 %, respectively. Probability density functions (PDFs) of cloud fractions are heavily skewed and exhibit modest regional variability. PDFs of column maximum radar reflectivities and inferred cloud base drizzle rates indicate fundamental differences in the cloud and precipitation characteristics of different MCC types. Similarly, the radiative effects of MCCs differ substantially from each other in terms of shortwave reflectance and transmissivity. These differences highlight the importance of low cloud morphologies and their associated cloudiness on the shortwave cloud forcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Correction of static pressure on a research aircraft in accelerated flight using differential pressure measurements.
- Author
-
Rodi, A. R. and Leon, D. C.
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC pressure ,RESEARCH aircraft ,ATMOSPHERIC research ,CLIMATOLOGY ,METEOROLOGY - Abstract
The article presents a study which examines the static pressure on a research aircraft in accelerated flight. Geometric altitude data from an integrated inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) on the King Air research aircraft of the University of Wyoming is investigated. Differences in pressure measurements during the accelerated flights of research aircrafts are outlined.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. On the relationship between metrics to compare greenhouse gases - the case of IGTP, GWP and SGTP.
- Author
-
Azar, C. and Johansson, D. J. A.
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC models ,GREENHOUSE gases ,GLOBAL temperature changes ,CLIMATOLOGY ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature - Abstract
The article focuses on the metrics used for comparing greenhouse gases with focus on the Integrated Temperature Change Potential (IGTP). It states that the IGTP and global warming potentials (GWP) are asymptotically equal is the time horizon reaches infinity. It says that the IGTP is equal to the Sustained Global Temperature change Potential (SGTP) under standard assumptions when calculating GWPs.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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