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The text is a call for papers for the VIII International Congress of Bioethics at the University of Murcia, taking place on April 25th and 26th, 2024. The congress is organized by the Center for Studies in Bioethics, Ethics, and Health at the University of Murcia, with the main theme being "Ethical and Legal Challenges of Nature Restoration." The congress will cover topics such as ethics and integrity in research, access to health data, and patient empowerment. The deadline for submitting abstracts is April 22nd, 2024, and interested individuals should provide a summary of 700-1000 words in either Spanish or English, including the title, presenter's information, and the chosen theme. More information can be found on the congress's website. [Extracted from the article]

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the newest technological hype. Although it involves a great diversity of technologies, the disseminated image of AI has been a generic, super-powerful, extremely negative one, at the edge of dystopian, especially in works of science fiction. Recently, following the launch of ChatGPT, one finds an explosion of journalistic and academic publications, some of which reinforce this public imagination. In academia, AI’s risks remain highlighted and even apocalyptic scenarios related to it are taken into consideration. Ethical concerns, then, take on eminently negative connotations, and the much more realistic possible benefits of AIs are under-focused. We highlight in this paper the importance of going beyond the hype and developing multi/interdisciplinary, delimited, realistic, and thoughtful approaches. Employing the collective intelligence embodied in the interaction between researchers from three fields —Computer Science, Linguistics, and Philosophy— we approach a free machine translation tool: Google Translate. Our goal is to show that well-defined, multidisciplinary, technically supported approaches that do not adhere to sensationalist discourse lead us to more epistemically consistent and more thoughtful critical-normative reflections, which would be crucial for advancing the debate on AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Los sistemas que utilizan la inteligencia artificial (IA) serán la norma del futuro. Sin embargo, la intervención humana es crucial a la hora de considerar las cuestiones éticas y legales basadas en los juicios de estos sistemas. La preocupación es sobre cómo usar, desarrollar e investigar la IA con un enfoque social a través de los análisis de impacto algorítmico (AIA). Esta metodología contribuye a una evaluación de los posibles riesgos asociados de la IA. Todas las organizaciones pueden aprovechar esta metodología para aumentar la confianza en las aplicaciones de IA. A pesar del esfuerzo por integrar estas estrategias de autorregulación, en algunas industrias, los principios éticos se quedan cortos en su aplicación. El documento analiza la metodología de AIA y del beneficio social a partir del análisis de un toolkit ético legal que se testeó para hacer un llamado a los reguladores a concretar reglas y estándares sobre las implicaciones de esta tecnología.

One of the greatest challenges faced by the editorial boards of scientific journals is related to the detection of plagiarism in the manuscripts received. This study addresses this issue based on the perception of the members of editorial committees of 166 journals in the field of Social Sciences in the Ibero-American context indexed in Scopus. The responses were collected through a digital questionnaire, and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the information provided was conducted. The results show that most of the journals consulted have plagiarism detection software, with numerous reasons for and against its use. Most of the articles discarded in the reception processes include self-plagiarism and covert plagiarism through paraphrasing. In cases of plagiarism, most journals reject manuscripts in the reception process, although it is noteworthy that more than 15% give authors the opportunity to correct the error and resubmit the paper. This study concludes that, despite taking preventive measures, these do not guarantee the eradication of such a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Three R's Principle (Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement), postulated more than 60 years ago, is the main ethical framework currently applied for conducting animal research. This principle has never been reviewed applying a philosophical reflection during all of these years, even though a variety of animal ethics studies have presented new insights. The Three R´s Principle was designed to be used as a policy tool to ameliorate the suffering of animals and to reduce the use of animals in research, but has failed in achieving these goals. This principle is only applied when using sentience vertebrates, and fails to consider invertebrates as their capacity to sentience is still disputed. In this way, invertebrates are reified, which has been determined to be detrimental as their suffering has been consistently denied. As a consequence, new insights are necessary to improve scientific practices. Epistemology and ethics have always been viewed as opposing approaches. ´Epistemology-based Ethics' subordinate ethical concern to scientific facts and 'Ethics-based Epistemology' purports that ethical practice should guide epistemological practices. Objective: In this paper, we maintain that unifying both approaches under a broader conceptual framework may result in the view that these are not, actually, opposite approaches. We propose to progress beyond the Three R's Principle and extend it to a position equal to the level of the ethical and epistemological approaches. We also propose to use the Precautionary Principle as it is always better to be safe than sorry, and to include two more Rs. Methods: This paper is based on the analysis of different ethical frameworks used in biology and ecology that can be implemented in invertebrates experimentation. Results: The analysis revealed that different ethical approaches are frequently used in biological research, but not all of them are implemented in experimental research that involves invertebrates. We argue that the ethical considerations used in any research field can be implemented in invertebrate research. Conclusion: We propose a Five R´s Principle: the traditional Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement, used along with Respect and Responsibility (a respectful relationship with every living being regardless of its complexity and personal commitment to conscientiously apply ethics concepts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Brazil, the presence of psychology in prisons was established by the Criminal Sentence Execution Act, in 1984, and it was intensified in the past three decades. In the paper, the results of a study are discussed to understand the activity of psychologists in the prisons in Minas Gerais, based on clinical approaches to the work. We performed a qualitative research, with content analysis of documents, observations in five prisons, and interviews with 14 psychologists who work at these prisons. We verified that the role of psychology in prisons has been controversial, with different institutional intersections resulting from the security and punishment logic, which seems to frequently oppose professional ethical principles. The institutional demand for classifying prisoners overlaps with the monitoring of rehabilitation programs, set forth by law. This scenario, worsened by the lack of professionals, results in obstructions in the activity, the distress of the worker, trivialization of the violation of rights, and uncritical adhesion to the repressive mechanism of the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the aim of this study is to discuss nudges in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic context, bringing back some reflections on ethics and revising them in the light of the new setting imposed by the pandemic. Theoretical approach: the theoretical framework of Behavioral Economics was the basis for nudges' analysis, while utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics were the classic moral theories used to reflect on ethical aspects. Methods: we undertook a literature review about nudges searched through the latest studies about this subject applied to COVID-19 mitigation. In the ethical discussion section, we used classical references to articulate the nudge theory with the following moral theories: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Results: our findings indicate that the trend intervention during the pandemic is 'nudging messages' and 'increase people's commitment,' mainly to nudge people toward the desired behavior and increase policy adherence. Many experiments did not show significant results, and some drawbacks in policies' applications indicate that nudges might be revised in crisis scenarios, such as a pandemic outbreak. The ethical discussion section relates three moral theories that justify some of the nudge's aspects. Conclusions: this paper showed some flaws and inconsistencies in nudge theory and its application during the pandemic that can be solved by discussing ethical aspects. We suggest that connecting these problems with moral views might be a solution for some deadlocks found in the nudge theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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